Network Management Devices

Network
Management Devices
BRIDGE, SWITCHES, GATEWAYS, REPEATERS, HUBS, ROUTERS
Rahul P
Roll no:35
SSM Polytechnic college, Tirur

Topics Covered
 Network Management Devices
Routers
 Bridges
 Repeaters
 Hubs
 Switch
 Gateway

Network Management Devices
With the expansion of the world wide web and
the Internet, computer networks have become very large
and complex, making them impossible to manage
manually. In response, a suite of network management
software was developed to help reduce the burden of
managing the growing complexity of computer networks

Routers
 A router is a networking device that forwards data
packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing
functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one
router to another router through the networks that constitute the
internetwork until it reaches its destination node
 A router is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks. When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router
reads the address information in the packet to determine the ultimate
destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy,
it directs the packet to the next network on its journey

Routers (cont…)
 A router may have interfaces for different physical types of network
connections, such as copper cables, fiber optic, or wireless transmission.
Its firmware can also support different networking communications
protocol standards. Each network interface is used by this specialized
computer software to enable data packets to be forwarded from one
protocol transmission system to another

How does a router work?
 A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their
conditions and use this information along with distance and cost algorithms
to determine the best route for a given packet. Typically, a packet may travel
through a number of network points with routers before arriving at its
destination. Routing is a function associated with the network layer (Layer
3) in the standard model of network programming, the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model

Routing in internet
Router /wired router
Wireless Router

Types of Routers
• Broadband Routers
Broadband routers can do different types of things. Broadband routers
can be used to connect computers or to connect to the Internet. If you connect to
the internet through phone and using Voice over IP technology (VOIP) then you
need broadband router. These are often a special type of modem (ADSL) that will
have both Ethernet and phone jacks.
• Wireless Routers
Wireless routers create a wireless signal in your home or office. So,
any PC within range of Wireless routers can connect it and use your Internet. In
order to secure your Wireless routers, you simply need to come secure it with
password or get your IP address. Then, you'll log on into your router with the user
ID and passwords will that come with your router.

Other Type of Router
• Edge Router
This type of router are placed at the edge of the ISP network, the are normally
configured to externalprotocol like BGP (Border gateway protocol) to another BGP of
other ISP or large organization.
• Subscriber Edge Router
This type of router belongs to an end user (enterprise) organization. It’s
configured to broadcast external BGP to it’s provider’s AS(s)
• Inter-provider Border Router
This type of router is for Interconnecting ISPs, this is a BGP speaking router
that maintains BGP sessions with other BGP speaking routers in other providers' ASes.
• Core Router
A router that resides within the middle or backbone of the LAN network rather
than at its periphery. In some instances , a core router provides a step down backbone ,
interconnecting the distribution routers from multiple building of a campus ( LAN), or
Large enterprise Location (WAN).

Bridges
• A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a
single aggregate network from multiple communication
networks or network segments. This function is called network
bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing, which allows multiple
different networks to communicate independently while
remaining separate. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the
first two layers, below the network layer

Types of Bridges
• Transperent Bridge :
Transperent Bridges is invisible to the other devices on the network.
Transperent Bridge only perform the function of blocking or forwarding data
based on MAC address. MAC address may also be referred as hardware address or
physical address. These addresses are used to built tables and make decision
regarding whether a frame should be forward and where it should be forwarded.
• Translational Bridge :
Translational Bridges are useful to connect segments running at different
speeds or using different protocols such as token Ring and Ethernet networks.
Depending on the direction of travel, a Translational Bridge can add or remove
information and fields from frame as needed.

Types of Bridges
• Source-route Bridge :
Source-route Bridges were designed by IBM for use on Token ring
networks. the SR Bridge derives the entire route of the frame embedded within
the frame. This allows the Bridge to make specific decision about how the frame
should be forwarded through the network.
• Local Bridge :
A Local Bridge provides packet filtering and repeating services for the
network segments of the same type. this is also called MAC-layer Bridge. This is
the simplest type of Bridge because it has no need for packet filtering or
buffering. This Bridge simply propagates the incoming packets to the appropriate
ports or discard them.

Types of Bridges
Remote Bridge :
• Remote Bridge connects network segments at different locations, using WAN
link such as MODEM or Leased line. The difference in speed between Local and
wide area links, a remote Bridge uses internal buffer to store the data received
from LAN while it is waiting for transmission to the remote site.

Repeater
• A network device used to regenerate or replicate a signal.
Repeaters are used in transmission systems to regenerate
analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss. Analog
repeaters frequently can only amplify the signal while digital
repeaters can reconstruct a signal to near its original quality.
• In a data network, a repeater can relay messages between sub
networks that use different protocols or cable types. Hubs can
operate as repeaters by relaying messages to all connected
computers. A repeater cannot do the intelligent routing performed
by bridges and routers.

Types Repeater
• Telephone repeater
This is used to increase the range of telephone signals in a telephone line.
They are most frequently used in trunk lines that carry long distance calls. In
an analog telephone line consisting of a pair of wires Telephone repeaters were
the first type of repeater and were some of the first applications of amplification.
• Radio repeater
This is used to extend the range of coverage of a radio signal. A radio
repeater usually consists of a radio receiver connected to a radio transmitter. The
received signal is amplified and retransmitted

Types Repeater
• Optical communications repeater
This is used to increase the range of signals in a fiber optic cable. Digital
information travels through a fiber optic cable in the form of short pulses of light.
The light is made up of particles called photons, which can be absorbed or
scattered in the fiber. An optical communications repeater usually consists of
a phototransistor which converts the light pulses to an electrical signal,
an amplifier to increase the power of the signal, an electronic filter which
reshapes the pulses, and a laser which converts the electrical signal to light again
and sends it out the other fiber

Hubs
• A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network.
Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub
contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is
copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all
packets.

What Hubs Do
Hubs and switches serve as a central connection for all of your network
equipment and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry your data.
When a frame is received, it is amplified and then transmitted on to the port of
the destination PC.
In a hub, a frame is passed along or "broadcast" to every one of its ports. It
doesn't matter that the frame is only destined for one port. The hub has no way of
distinguishing which port a frame should be sent to. Passing it along to every port
ensures that it will reach its intended destination. This places a lot of traffic on the
network and can lead to poor network response times.

Types Hubs
• Active, passive and intelligent hubs are the three of the most commonly know
hubs.
• In a situation of data received being weak but readable, the active hub restores
the signal before rebroadcasting the same.
• A passive hub on the other hand, do very little to enhance the performance of
the network. Neither, it helps in any way in the troubleshooting operations
which have become an integral part of the networking operations in recent
times.
• Intelligent hub is another form of hub that is increasingly being used. An
advanced version that comprises the best of both active and passive hubs

Switch
• In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels
incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output
port that will take the data toward its intended destination. On
an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the
physical device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each
incoming message frame which output port to forward it to and out
of. In a wide area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a
switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output
port to use for the next part of its trip to the intended destination.
• Switches are a fundamental and essential part of any computer
network. Network switches make it possible for multiple devices like
computers to connect and communicate together using Ethernet
connections on a Local Area Network (LAN).

Types Switches
Type of Network Switch Configuration Features
Fully Managed Advanced options, can be configured,
software needs updating, most costly
option
Partially Managed Limited control, basic management,
cheaper than fully managed
Unmanaged Plug and Play, no control options, easy
to use, affordable

Gateway
• In computer networking and telecommunications, a gateway is a
component that is part of two networks, which use
different protocols. The gateway will translate one protocol into the
other. A router is a special case of a gateway.
• Gateways, also called protocol converters, can operate at any network
layer. The activities of a gateway are more complex than that of the
router or switch as it communicates using more than one protocol.
• Both the computers of internet users and the computers that serve
pages to users are host nodes. The nodes that connect the networks in
between are gateways. These are gateway nodes.

Types Gateway
• There are two main types of gateways: unidirectional gateways and bidirectional
gateways.
• Unidirectional gateways allow alerts to flow in only one direction. Changes made
in the source Object Server are replicated in the destination Object Server or
application, but changes made in the destination Object Server or application are not
replicated in the source Object Server. Unidirectional gateways can be considered
as archiving tools.
• Bidirectional gateways allow alerts to flow from the source Object Server to the
target Object Server or application, and also allow feedback to the source Object
Server. In a bidirectional gateway configuration, changes made to the contents of a
source Object Server are replicated in a destination Object Server or application, and
the destination Object Server or application replicates its alerts in the source Object
Server. Bidirectional gateways can be considered as synchronization tools.

Conclusion
So in this section we studied about
 Routers
 Bridges
 Repeaters
 Hubs
 Switch
 Gateway

Knowledge is
having the right
ANSWER.
Intelligence is
asking the right
QUESTION.
?

Network Management Devices

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