urban fringes

URBAN FRINGES
PRESENTED BY : PADAMATIKONA SWAPNIKA

IMPORTANCE OF URBAN FRINGE
• Urban fringes are receiving more and more attention, given the transformational changes in
both urban and rural areas plus the fact that both are becoming increasingly interwoven.
• A main driver for the increased attention on the urban fringe is the demographic change that
many countries are, and will be, experiencing in the coming decades.
• For a long time the urban fringe was a `temporary zone’ waiting for the next wave of urban
expansion.
• In many cases it is no longer expected that this ongoing process of expansion will continue much
longer. This gives the urban fringe a much more permanent character and calls for specific attention.

DEFINITION OF URBAN FRINGE
• FRINGE is defined as
relation to the city and
exists in agriculture
hinterland (area around or
beyond a major town)
where land use is changing.
• URBAN FRINGE is an
area that situates between
urban and rural system. It’s
the most sensitive, dynamic
and swiftly changing area
during the urbanization
process (Gu & Xiong, 1989).

HOW LAND MASS AFFECTS URBAN FRINGE?
• Urban fringes character is deciding based
on the availability of amount of
land in countries.
• If any country has less land to
accommodate more population, those
countries are trying people to settle
them in outskirts of the cities which is
giving negative impact on the existing
environment

EFFECTS OF URBAN FRINGE ON SUBURBAN AREAS
• Suburbanization often occurs in or near
the urban fringe. In the U.S, as a city grows
and more room is needed to support the
expanding population, the urban fringe also
expands to meet these demands, thus
surrounding large cities like Cleveland, St.
Louis, and New York in vast suburban areas,
thus making the urban fringe a large "ring"
around the city than is itself also vast and
gradual.
• As a city's population grows and more people
move farther out, the urban fringe is
often swallowed up and developed as
a suburb, thus pushing the urban fringe out
even further. THE OUTWARD SHIFT OF THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

. MAJOR CONCERN – PRESERVING NATURE
• One of the best aspects of living in the urban
fringe for the people who live there is its
proximity to nature, the ability to get
away from the fast pace and crowding in the
city.
• Many cities are built in mountain valleys or
near open water, and the need to preserve
these lands is for the population's leisure
activities, wildlife and the ecosystem is
extremely important. Preserving nature is
more dependent on what the population
demands and the land surrounding the city

NATURE OF THE URBAN FRINGES
• The nature of the rural-urban
fringe is influenced by four main
factors: agricultural policy,
regional planning, the
urban economy and the
agricultural economy.
• Baker et al have identified four
types of fringe resulting from
these influences:
1. disturbed landscapes
2. neglected landscapes
3. simplified landscapes
4. valued landscapes.
THE NATURE OF THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

STAGES OF GROWTH
 INTRODUCTION:
o R .Ramachandran and srivastava, well known urban geographer.
o In 1950’s during a study of villages lying in the RUF of delhi, they
had found a particular pattern of stages trough which a village
community passes as the village gets transformed into an urban
one.

STAGES OF GROWTH
The rural urban fringe developed as FOUR aspects:
1) Spatial interaction with city.
2) Social dimensions.
3) Physical aspects.
4) Economic aspects.
Keeping this aspects in view, there can be FIVE stages in
the process of transformation.

1)RURAL STAGE:
 Agriculture is the main
occupation of the people who
live in villages.
 Land less laborers form a large
group and work as a
agricultural laborers.

1)RURAL STAGE
 Interaction between the city
and village is minimum.
 Movement is restricated only to
jobs in urban areas and trips for
sale of agricultural produce.
 Such villages lack almost all the
facilities available in the city.

2)THE STAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE CHANGE
• The city offers a market for products like milk, vegetables and e. t. c . And
villagers are in a position to supply.
• Few farmers notice it and take advantage of this opportunity.
• The village in this manner becomes vegetable farm and milk shed of the city.
• The three FACTORS which are responsible for development is:
1. Increase in city population leads to the demand for products like milk, and
vegetables.
2. Improvement in transportation facilities. As a result, village become more
accessible then before.
3. In this case, people’s awareness and direct contact with the city increases
over a period of time.

3)STAGE OF OCCUPATIONAL CHANGE
• The village population responds to the employment
opportunity in the city.
• Some village families have started business like repair shops,
tea shops, grocery in city.
• The mobility of village population increases and number of
scooters, bikes, cars and city buses increases.
• Houses are rebuilt with better furnished and well equipped
in the villages.

4)STAGE OF URBAN LAND USE GROWTH
• A few plots of land from villagers are purchased by real
estate agents from the city.
• They develop into a residential colonies within a short
time and they convert village lands into city life.
• Lands near main road which connects the village to city
are first developed.

5)URBAN VILLAGE STAGE
• Now the fringe village is
converted into urban uses.
• No agricultural lands
around the village.
• Migration starts.
• All around the village site, we
have a number of urban
residential localities.

CASE STUDY- NORTH AMERICAN RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
• The main processes operating in North American fringe
areas are:
• A marked change in ownership land size with distance
from the built-up area. Units of land show decreasing size
and increasing value with proximity to the urban area.
• The rate at which land ownership changes also varies with
distance from the boundary of the built-up area with
the most intense activity closest to the urban area.
• Development takes the forms of peripheral accretion (adding
on directly to the existing urban area), linear development
along major route ways and leap-frogging. The locations of
the latter are determined by a number of factors including
the varying desirability of different locations and the
ownership status of the land. A MODEL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN RURAL-
URBAN FRINGE

CHALLENGES
• Differences and fluctuations in
property value
Lack of coherence in planning policy and
regulations, potentially leading to a decline in spatial
quality and loss of attractiveness of the area.

CHALLENGES
In contrast, sometimes a lack of
identity: not rural, not urban, lack of
specific cultural or regional identity, as a
result of the lack of coherent planning and
the diversity of functions.
services may get failure due to the sudden increase in
population

CHALLENGES
An area with specific environmental
risks and opportunities: ‘urban’ water
is contaminating clean rural water,
landscape cluttering, risk of decrease in
biodiversity in situations of deterioration.
A change of functions as a result of local, regional, national
and international developments: agricultural property
becomes available for other functions

GUIDELINES
To Climate Change:
• Encourage appropriate woodland or other planting in landscapes higher up the river catchment areas
to help provide natural alleviation to extreme weather events and reduce the amount of hard
engineered solutions needed alongside rivers and close to settlements.

GUIDELINESGUIDELINES
To Natural Features:
• Establish new woodlands or tree groups on prominent skylines in order to soften their windswept
appearance and provide screening where climatic conditions allow.
• Manage and restore existing semi-natural woodlands.

GUIDELINES
Development:
• When new development takes place consider opportunities to enhance and strengthen
green infrastructure to provide a link between urban areas and the wider countryside.
Reinforcing woodland belts, enhancing water and soil quality and the provision of green corridors
from and between settlements could all help reinforce landscape and biodiversity features.
• Along major roads, develop schemes to improve visual awareness of the individual
settlements, land uses and cultural landmarks.
• Conserve and maintain traditional farm buildings within their own setting.
• Reduce the impact of large scale new farm buildings by careful location so as not to
dominate the traditional farm buildings on a plot adequate to accommodate circulation, storage and
landscape proposals using a choice of sympathetic colours and non-reflective finishes.

GUIDELINES
Access and Recreation:
• Public rights of way should be well maintained and quiet recreational areas and facilities
should be improved and developed to be compatible and reinforce the remaining pastoral
characteristics of this sub type.
• Seek opportunities to enhance access to farmland through farm stewardship or other
schemes.

CONCLUSION:
Though urban fringes are becoming as extension areas for cities, It is our
responsibility to not to disturb/destroy existing features like nature, settlements,
economic activities etc.. of the urban fringe areas. while zoning, its recommended
to give recreational zone/ agri zone as major landuse to urban fringes, so that the
existing features wont get disturbed by this landuse and bio-diversity can be
maintained in cities

BIBLIOGRAPHY
GEOCASES: ACCESS TO GEOGRAPHICAL CASES STUDIES FOR A LEVEL: THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
ANBUMOZHI, V., 2007. ECO-INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS IN URBAN-RURAL FRINGE AREAS- A STRATEGIC APPROACH FOR
INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC PLANNING, BUSINESS AND THE ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH PROJECT, KANSAI
RESEARCH CENTER, HYOGO, JAPAN.
ANDREWS, R. B., 1942. ELEMENTS IN THE URBAN FRINGE PATTERN, JOURNAL OF LAND AND PUBLIC UTILITY ECONOMICS,
VOL. 18, MAY, PP. 169-183.
ASIF, K., 2010. DEVELOPING AGRO-PROCESSING ENTERPRISES IN THE RURAL-URBAN FRINGE AREAS – A VIEW POINT ON
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PROPELLING RURAL PROSPERITY, EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENVIRONMENT, PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 29-30TH OCTOBER, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING, A.M.U., ALIGARH, PP. 592-595.
RODRIGUE, J. P., COMTOIS, C. AND SLACK, B., 2009. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL
STUDIES & GEOGRAPHY, HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK. HTTP://PEOPLE.HOFSTRA.EDU/GEOTRANS.
DANIEL R. FESENMAIER, MICHAEL F. GODCHILD AND SANDRA MORRISON. THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE RRAL-URBAN
FRINGE
HTTP://PEOPLEOF.OUREVERYDAYLIFE.COM/URBAN-FRINGE-9706.HTML
HTTP://WWW.TUTOR2U.NET/GEOGRAPHY/REFERENCE/7-CHARACTERISTICS-OF-THE-RURAL-URBAN-FRINGE

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