Usapho
Usapho liqela labantu abaye bathi, kwiimeko ezininzi, bahlale kunye. Babelana ngemali nangokutya kwabo kwaye bamelwe kukukhathalelana. Amalungu alo asenokuzalana ngokwegazi (njengomntu nomnakwabo okanye nodade wabo) okanye ngokubotshelelwa kwabo ngokomthetho, umzekelo ngokwasemtshatweni. Kumasiko amaninzi, amalungu osapho anefani
Usapho lubizwa ngokuba sisiseko sentlalo. Ubomi bosapho bungeemfihlelo zosapho kwaye ukuzalana kwamalungu alo kusondelelene kakhulu kunobomi bukawonke wonke. Kodwa ke kumazwe amaninzi kukho imithetho yako. Umzekelo, kukho imiqathango yokutshata apha kusapho kwaye kuyatshatyalaliswa ukwabelana ngesondo kwamalungu azalanayo, eingakumbi ebantwaneni.
Iintlobo zosapho
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]Zintathu iintlobo zeentsapho, nazi, : usapho lwe-nuclear , usapho lwabazali abangenabalingani kunye nosapho ngokuzalana.
- Usapho lwe-nuclear lunabazali kunye nabantwana usenokuba mnye nangaphezulu bonke behlala ndawonye.
- Usapho olumzali mnye lolo athi emnye nje abe enomntwana omnye okanye abantwana ababini nangaphezulu.
- Usapho ngokuphangaleleyo okanye iintsapho ngomnanyeneyo luthetha utata, umama, intombi, oonyana, umakhulu notat'omkhulu, umalume, u-anti, umzala, abatshana. Kumazwe amaninzi aquka iTshayina, iPakistan kunye ne-India, Lonke usapho ngokwanda kwalo luhlala ndawonye.
Zombini ezi ntsapho "olwabazali bobabini" nolo"lunomzali omnye" babizwa ngokuba ziintsapho "ezikufutshane".
Iintsapho zefoster ziintsapho apho umntwana akhuliswa khona ngabantu abangamzaliyo.
Ukusondelelana
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]Ezinye iintsapho zisondelelene ngokuzalana. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lunika imizekelo yokuzalana ngokwesiNgesi.
| I-Kinship | Iqondo lokuzalana |
Genetic overlap |
|---|---|---|
| izilwanyana zomnombo omnye ngokuzalana |
Akukho qondo | 99% |
| umceph'ucandiwe wamawele | Akukho qondo |
100%[1] |
| abazalwa kunye ngabazali abanye |
Iqondo lokuqala |
50% (2−2+2−2) |
| I-Parent-offspring[2] | iqondo lokuqala |
50% (2−1) |
| I-Offspring/progeny | Iqondo lokuqalafirst-degree |
50% (2−1) |
| I-Half-sibling | Iqondo lesibini | 25% (2−2) |
| I-3/4 siblings or sibling-cousin | iqondo lesibini | 37.5% (2−2+2⋅2−4) |
| Umhakhulu/uta'omkhulu | iqondo lesibini | 25% (2−2) |
| Abatshana | Iqondo lesithathu |
25% (2⋅2−3) |
| U-Anti/umalume | iqondo lesithathu |
25% (2⋅2−3) |
| i-Half-aunt, half-uncle | Iqondo lesithathu |
12.5% (2⋅2−4) |
| I-Half-niece/half-nephew | Iqondo lesithathu |
12.5% (2⋅2−4) |
| umama kamhakhulu | Iqondo lesithathu |
12.5% (2−3) |
| umzala omkhulu | Iqondo lesine | 12.5% (2⋅2−4) |
| i-Double first couisin | Iqondo lesine | 25% (2−3+2−3) |
| I-Half-first cousin | Iqondo lesine | 6.25% (2−4) |
| i-First cousin once removed | Iqondo lesihlanu |
6.25% (2⋅2−5) |
| I-Second cousin | Iqondo lesithandathu |
3.125% 3.13% (2−6+2−6) |
| I-Double second cousin | Iqondo lesithandathu |
6.25% (4⋅2−6) |
| I-Triple second cousin | iqondo lesithandathu |
12.5% (8⋅2−6) |
| i-Quadruple second cousin | Iqondo lesithandathu |
9.38% (6⋅2−6) |
| Umzala wesithathu | Iqondo esixhenxe |
0.781% (2⋅2−8) |
| umzala wesine |
Iqondo leshumi |
0.20% (2⋅2−10)[3] |
Amanye amaphepha anxulumene neli
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]Notes
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]- ↑ By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by meiosis".
- ↑ "Kin Selection".
- ↑ This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).