시민 연합

Civil union
다음 항목도 참조하십시오.국내 파트너십: 시민 조합의 더 넓은 권리 또는 혜택 없이 관계를 법적으로 인정하는 것입니다.
크로아티아의 남성 커플은 시민적 동반자 관계를 허용하지만 동성 결혼은 허용하지 않습니다.
LGBT 인권 시리즈의 일부
결혼.
시민 조합과
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시민 조합은 주로 동성 커플에게 법률상의 인정을 제공하기 위해 만들어진 결혼과 유사한 법적으로 인정된 협정이다.시민 조합은 자녀 입양 및/또는 직함 자체를 제외한 결혼의 일부 또는 모든 권리를 부여한다.

미혼 동성 커플에 의해 형성된 관계에 대한 법적 인정을 제공하고 합법적으로 결혼한 커플과 비슷하거나 동일한 권리, 혜택, 세금 감면 및 책임을 제공하기 위해 하나 또는 다른 이름으로 구성된 시민 연합이 법에 의해 설립되었습니다.1989년에 덴마크는 동성 커플을 위한 시민 조합을 합법화한 첫 번째 국가였지만, 대부분의 다른 선진 민주주의 국가들은 1990년대나 2000년대 초까지 시민 조합을 설립하기 시작했고, 종종 덜 공식적인 국내 파트너십을 통해 시민 조합을 발전시켰다.시민 조합은 종종 이성 커플과 동성 커플 모두에게 설립되지만, 많은 나라에서는 동성 커플에게만 허용된다.브라질에서는 2002년 동성커플을 위한 시민결합이 처음 만들어졌고 2011년 대법원 판결을 통해 동성커플까지 확대됐다.동성결혼을 설립한 대부분의 국가에서는 그 이후로 동성결혼이 보완되거나 동성결혼으로 대체되고 있다.시민 노조는 LGBT 권리 지지자들에 의해 "개별적이지만 평등" 또는 "이류" 신분으로 간주되기 때문에 LGBT 인권 운동가들에 의해 동성 결혼을 확립하기 위한 "첫걸음"으로 여겨진다.

민간노조가 있는 많은 관할구역은 외국노조가 본질적으로 자국노조와 동등한 경우 이를 인정하고 있다.예를 들어 영국은 2004년 민간동반자법 부칙 20에 동등한 조합을 열거하고 있다.해외에서 행해지는 동성 커플의 결혼은 후자만 있는 관할구역에서 시민결합으로 인정될 수 있다.

개요 및 용어

뉴욕시에서 캘리포니아 발의안 [1]8호에 반대하는 대규모 시위를 벌였던 이 시위자와 같은 일부 사람들은 시민 조합의 개념을 거부한다.

시민단체를 지칭하는 용어는 표준화 되어 있지 않고 나라마다 천차만별이다.민간 조합과 유사하거나 동등한 정부 승인 관계에는 민간 파트너십, 등록 파트너십, 국내 파트너십, 중요한 관계, 상호 수혜자 관계, 관습법 결혼, 성인 상호의존 관계, 생명 파트너십, 안정된 조합, 시민 연대 협정 등이 포함된다.권리, 이익, 의무 및 책임의 정확한 수준은 특정 국가의 법률에 따라 달라집니다.일부 관할구역은 동성 커플의 입양을 허용하는 반면, 다른 관할구역은 동성 커플의 입양을 금지하거나 특정 상황에서만 입양을 허용한다.

미국에서는 동성 커플의 결혼과 동등한 지위를 나타내기 위해 2000년 버몬트 주에서 시민 결합이라는 용어가 도입되었습니다.이 용어는 "가정 파트너 관계" 또는 "시민 합의"[2]와 같은 문구를 선호하여 주 입법자들에 의해 선택되었습니다.

1985년부터 [3]일부 주, 카운티, 시 및 고용주가 제공한 국내 파트너십은 일반적으로 낮은 지위와 적은 [4]혜택을 내포하고 있다.그러나 서부 캘리포니아, 오리건 및 워싱턴 주의 입법부는 동부 해안 주의 시민 노조법과 유사하거나 동등한 법률에 대해 국내 파트너십이라는 용어를 선호해 왔습니다.

성소수자 공동체에서 많은 사람들은 시민결합이 결혼을 대신하는 것으로 보지 않는다."미국의 결혼은 시민 결합이지만, 소위 말하는 시민 결합은 결혼이 아닙니다,"라고 프리덤 투 [5]메리의 에반 울프슨은 말했다."대부분의 장소에는 존재하지 않기 때문에 동성애자들에게서 소중한 것을 금지하기 위해 제안된 가상의 법적 메커니즘입니다.그럴 이유가 없다.그러나 동성결혼에 반대하는 일부 사람들은 시민결합이 결혼의 독특한 지위를 강탈한다고 주장한다; 캘리포니아 가족 캠페인의 집행 책임자인 랜디 토마슨은 시민결합을 "다른 이름으로 동성결혼"이라고 부르며 시민결합은 "주 법에 따라 결혼의 모든 권리를" 제공한다고 주장한다.캘리포니아 대법원은 재혼 사건 판결에서 주법의 9가지 차이를 지적했다[7].[6]

시민 조합은 흔히 '동성적이지만 평등하다'고 비판받는다; 전 뉴질랜드 하원의원과 페미니스트 마릴린 워링과 같은 비평가들은 동성 커플들이 결혼의 권리에서 제외된 채 별도의 [8]제도를 사용하도록 강요받고 있다고 지적한다.동성결혼 지지자들은 동성 커플을 다른 커플들과 다르게 대우하는 것은 열등한 대우를 허용하며 만약 시민 결합이 결혼과 같다면 두 개의 별도 법이 있을 이유가 없다고 주장한다.주의 시민 조합법을 검토한 뉴저지 위원회는 이 법이 "동성 커플과 그들의 자녀에 대한 불평등한 대우를 유도하고 장려한다"[9]고 보고했다.일부 사람들은 이성 커플에게 개방적인 시민 조합을 만드는 것이 [10]아파르트헤이트의 비난을 피할 수 있을 것이라고 제안했다.

시민노조의 찬성론자들은 동성 커플에게 실질적인 평등을 제공하고, 법적 [11]인식 부족으로 인한 병원 방문권과 재산 이전과 같은 영역들에 대한 문제를 해결한다고 말한다.찬성론자들은 또한 동성커플이 결혼을 둘러싼 더 논란이 많은 이슈와 그 용어가 종교적 근원을 가지고 있다는 주장을 피하기 때문에 동성커플이 법적 권리를 가질 수 있도록 하는 보다 실용적인 방법이라고 말한다.

동성결혼의 많은 지지자들은 '결혼'이라는 단어가 중요하고 '시민결합'이라는 용어는 감정적인 의미를 전달하거나 [9][12]결혼과 함께 오는 존경을 가져다 주지 않는다고 말한다.페리 대 슈워제네거 사건의 전 법무장관이자 변호사인 시어도어 올슨은 '국내 동반자 관계'라는 용어로 동성 커플을 인정하는 것은 동성애자들의 관계를 "사랑하는 [13]결합이 아닌 상업적인 모험과 비슷한 것"으로 취급하면서 오명을 씌운다고 말했다.많은 사람들은 또한 시민 조합이 종종 이해되지 않는다는 사실이 긴급 상황에 [14]처한 동성 커플들에게 어려움을 야기할 수 있다고 주장한다.

동성결혼은 인정되지만 동성결혼은 인정되지 않는 관할구역 목록

2022년 7월 8일 현재, 동성 커플을 위한 결혼은 하지 않고 시민 결합을 제공하는 주는 다음과 같다.

동성결혼을 인정하는 관할구역 목록

주요 기사: 동성 결혼에 관한 법률
동성결혼 가능 (반지 : 개별 케이스)
동성결혼을 확립하는 법률 또는 구속력 있는 국내 법원의 판결, 그러나 결혼은 아직 제공되지 않았다.
특정 다른 관할구역에서 수행될 때 인정되며, 지역 동성 결혼보다 더 큰 권리를 부여받은 동성 결혼(있는 경우)
민간 조합 또는 국내 파트너십
제한된 법적 인정(동거 등기)
법적 강제성이 없는 현지 인증
특정 다른 관할구역에서 이루어지는 결혼에 대한 제한적 인정(배우자 거주권)
국제법원의 동성결혼 인정 판결 대상국
동성결혼은 법적으로 인정되지 않는다.

다음은 동성 커플 또는 이성 커플을 위한 시민 조합을 설립한 국가 및 기타 관할 지역의 목록으로, 대륙별로 구분되며, 해당 국가 또는 기타 관할 구역에서 시민 조합을 설립하는 법이 시행된 연도를 괄호로 묶은 것이다.

아프리카

아메리카 대륙

아시아

유럽

오세아니아

구시민연합이 있는 나라

몇몇 나라들은 동성 커플에게만 시민 결합을 제공하곤 했다.동성결혼이 합법화되면서 시민결합을 허용하던 법률이 폐지되었다.다음은 동성 커플에게 시민 결합을 제공하던 국가 및 기타 관할 지역의 목록과 사용 가능 연수를 괄호로 묶은 것이다.

유럽
아메리카 대륙
오세아니아

도입 사례

아르헨티나

주요 기사: 아르헨티나의 동성결혼

2003년 이후 아르헨티나 리오네그로 주와 부에노스아이레스 시는 국내 파트너십을 허용하고 있다.City of Villa Carlos Paz (Cördoba)는 2007년부터 그것을 허용했다.2009년부터 리오 쿠아르토 시(코르도바)는 시민연합을 허용하고 있다.

호주.

주요 기사: 호주의 동성결혼

거의 모든 호주 법령에 따라 호주 정부의 모든 레벨은 2009년 [116]이후 동성 커플을 사실상의 부부로서 등록되지 않은 동거 또는 사실상의 신분으로 인정하고 있다.2009년 7월 1일부터 Centrelink는 동성커플을 관습법 결혼, 사실상의 지위 또는 미등록 [117]동거 하에서 사회보장에 관해 동등하게 인정하였다.

주 정부에 등록된 관계 인정:

주 또는 지역 공식관계현황 제정년도
오스트레일리아 수도 지역 Yes 시민 파트너십 2008
뉴사우스웨일스 주 Yes 등록된 관계 2010
퀸즐랜드 Yes 시민 파트너십 2012
태즈메이니아 주 Yes 중요한 관계 2004
빅토리아 Yes 가정 관계 2008
사우스오스트레일리아 주 Yes 가정 관계 2017

호주 내 5개 지방 정부 지역에서 등록된 관계 인정:

브라질

주요 기사 : 브라질 동성결혼
남미에서의 동성 결혼 인정
결혼
기타 파트너십 유형
IACHR 판결 대상국
인식되지 않음
헌법은 결혼을 이성 커플로 제한한다.
동성의 성관계는 불법이지만 처벌은 강제되지 않는다.

2002년 이후 브라질에서는 동거가 가족 단체로서 112개의 혜택을 주고 있다.그것은 양쪽 모두 법적으로 결혼이 허가될 때 유니앙 에스타벨로 알려져 있고, 적어도 한쪽 당사자가 법적으로 [123]결혼이 금지되어 있을 때 첩으로 알려져 있다.동거란 결혼한 커플이 접근할 수 있는 4가지 재산 공유 시스템 중 하나에 대한 자동 동의와 자동 상속권을 제외하고 모든 결혼 신청자에게 권리를 부여한다.브라질 포르투갈어가 유니앙 civil을 지칭할 때 casamento civil 또는 civil marries의 줄임말인 경향이 있기 때문에 용어에 대한 혼란이 발생할 수 있다.

양 당사자의 후손으로 등록된 자녀가 적어도 한 명 있는 부부들은 유니앙 에스타벨 또는 후궁 권리에 접근할 수도 있다.

브라질에서의 동성 안정 동거가 2011년 5월 5일부터 법적으로 전국적으로 인정되고 있다.브라질 대법원은 2004년까지 거슬러 올라가는 이러한 관계를 인정한 후 동성 커플에게 기권 1표로 10대 0으로 동성 커플에게 기권 1표를 던졌다.이 판결은 이러한 관계에 있는 동성 커플들에게 혼성 [124]커플들이 누리는 동일한 경제적, 사회적 권리를 부여했다.

2012년 8월 합법성에 [125]의문이 제기됐지만 여성 2명과 남성 1명의 결혼이 신고됐다.

캐나다

주요 기사: 캐나다의 동성결혼

캐나다:

2005년 캐나다에서 동성결혼이 전국적으로 제정되기 전에 동성커플까지 확대되었다.

시민 조합의 권리를 확장하려는 또 다른 주목할 만한 시도는 온타리오의 평등권 법령 개정법이 1994년에 무산되었다.

콜롬비아

주요 기사: 콜롬비아의 동성결혼

콜롬비아는 2007년 동성 커플을 법적으로 인정하는 법안을 통과시킬 뻔했지만, 이 법안은 한 의회에서 최종 통과되지 못했다.그러나 2007년 10월 법원 판결은 사회보장권과 건강보험권을 동성 [126]커플에게까지 확대했다.2009년 1월 29일, 헌법 재판소는 동성 커플에게 미혼 [127]이성 커플에게 모든 권리를 제공해야 한다고 판결했고, 콜롬비아는 모든 시민에게 이 권리를 완전히 부여한 최초의 라틴 아메리카 국가가 되었다.부부들은 2년 동안 함께 산 후에 이러한 권리를 주장할 수 있다.콜롬비아는 그 이후로 동성 결혼을 승인했다.

코스타리카

주요 기사:코스타리카의 동성 결혼 인정

코스타리카 입법회는 2013년 7월 초 광역전선의 호세 마리아 비야르타 플로레스 에스트라다 의원이 삽입한 '차별 없는 시민연합의 사회적 권리와 이익을 보장한다'는 법안을 통과시켰다.이 법안이 통과된 후 몇몇 언론들은 보수성향 의원들이 이 법안의 동성결혼에 대한 의미를 깨닫고 2014년 대선에서 비야르타와 맞붙게 될 로라 친칠라 대통령에게 거부권을 행사해 법안이 법으로 제정되는 것을 막으라고 촉구했다고 보도했다.친칠라는 코스타리카에서 동성결혼의 합법성을 법원이 판단해야 한다고 제안해 왔지만 이를 거부하고 7월 4일 법안에 서명했다.한 동성애자 커플이 코스타리카 대법원에 자신들의 결혼을 새로운 법에 [128]따라 인정해 줄 것을 요청하는 항소를 제기했습니다.이 법에 반대하는 동성애자 인권 운동가들은 [129][130]이 법이 법정에서 헌법적 도전을 견뎌내야 한다고 말했다.일부 헌법변호사들은 동성커플이 [131]법안의 통과에도 불구하고 그들의 결혼을 공식화할 법적 능력이 여전히 부족할 것이라고 말했다.

에콰도르

주요 기사:에콰도르의 동성 결혼 인정

2008년 에콰도르 헌법은 남녀를 불문하고 두 사람 사이의 시민 결합을 제정해 동성 커플에게 [132]입양권을 제외하고 합법적으로 결혼한 이성 커플과 동일한 권리를 부여했다.

유럽

주요 기사:유럽에서의 동성 결혼 인정
유럽에서 시민 연합을 수행하는 국가
성 중립적인 시민 연합.
동성 커플만을 위한 시민 조합입니다.
동성 커플을 위한 이전의 시민 조합, 결혼으로 대체되었습니다.
시민 조합은 공연을 한 적이 없다.
유럽의 동성 파트너십에 관한 법률 ★
결혼
시민 연합
한정된 국내 인정(동거)
제한된 해외 인정(거주권)
인식되지 않음
헌법은 결혼을 이성 커플로 제한한다.
§ 아직 시행되지 않은 최근의 법률이나 법원의 결정을 포함할 수 있다.

유럽에서는:

안도라

주요 기사:안도라의 동성 결혼 인정

오스트리아

주요 기사:오스트리아의 동성 결혼 인정

2018년, 법무부 장관 요제프 모저는 동성연애자와 이성애자 모두에게 결혼과 혼인 관계를 개방할 것이라고 발표했다.이는 Helga Ratzenböck와 Martin Seydl이 수년간 오스트리아에서 등록된 시민 파트너십에 대해 법정에서[timeframe?] 항소했기 때문에 일어났다.스트라스부르에 있는 유럽인권법원에서 그들은 이성 커플이고 등록된 파트너쉽의 혜택에서 제외되었기 때문에 [when?]그들의 성차별에 대해 오스트리아를 고소하려고 시도했지만 실패했다.[133][134]

크로아티아

주요 기사:크로아티아의 동성 결혼 인정

키프로스

주요 기사:키프로스의 동성 결혼 인정

체코 공화국

주요 기사:체코의 동성 결혼 인정

덴마크

주요 기사: 덴마크의 동성결혼

덴마크에서는 1989년 6월 7일 시민 조합이 법으로 도입되어 1989년 10월 1일부터 시행되었다.2012년 6월 7일, 이 법은 2012년 [135]6월 15일부터 시행된 새로운 동성 결혼법으로 대체되었다.

동업 등록은 민간 의식에 의해서만 이루어졌지만, 덴마크 교회는 교회가 제도가 아닌 사람들에게 축복을 내린다고 명시했기 때문에 동성 커플의 축복을 성직자들에게 허락했다.이 새로운 법은 교회에서 동성결혼을 가능하게 하지만,[135] 교회에서는 동성 커플의 결혼을 거부할 수 있도록 허용하고 있다.

2009년 3월 17일, Folketing은 등록된 동반자 관계에 있는 동성 커플들에게 [136]공동 입양권을 주는 법안을 제출했다.이 법안은 2010년 5월 4일에 승인되어 2010년 [137]7월 1일에 발효되었습니다.

에스토니아

주요 기사:에스토니아에서의 동성 결혼 인정

프랑스.

프랑스의 PACS(파란색) 및 결혼(빨간색)
주요 기사:시민 연대 조약

동성 커플에게 혜택을 주는 프랑스 법은 결혼보다 이런 형태의 동반자 관계를 선택하는 이성 커플에게도 적용된다.PACS(Pacte civil de solidarité)로 알려진 그것은 결혼에 적용되는 이혼 절차보다 더 쉽게 해결된다.조세혜택은 즉시(2007년부터만[citation needed]) 적립되며, 이민혜택은 계약이 1년간 발효된 후에만 적립된다.동업자들은 공통의 주소를 가지고 있어야 하며, 이는 외국인들이 이 법을 거주 허가 수단으로 사용하는 것을 어렵게 하고, 프랑스 시민들이 외국인 동업자와 함께 살 권리를 얻는 것을 어렵게 만든다. 특히 결혼이 [138]그러하듯이, 계약은 자동적으로 이민 권리를 부여하지 않기 때문이다.

2000년과 2010년 사이에 결혼 건수는 감소했고 PACS의 수는 크게 증가했다.2010년에는 프랑스에서 [139]결혼 4회당 3회의 PACS가 있었다.특히 2019년에는 [140]PACS 커플 100쌍 중 96쌍이 이성애자일 정도로 PACS의 인기가 높다.

독일.

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Germany

Civil unions in Germany began in 2001.[citation needed]

In 2017, registered civil partnership was replaced with marriage, with any couple regardless of sex allowed to marry.[141]

Greece

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Greece

Greek parliament voted in favor of a Cohabitation Pact (Greek: Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης) giving almost the same rights as marriage to couples regardless of their sex. The draft was approved in the relevant Greek parliament committee[when?] and during voting on 22 December 2015, the law was passed with 194 positive votes (out of 300).[142]

Hungary

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Hungary

Civil unions in Hungary began in 2009.[citation needed]

Iceland

Iceland does not have a comprehensive legal act on civil unions (Icelandic: óvígð sambúð). Instead, various laws deal with civil unions and their meaning. When Iceland legalised same-sex marriages in 2010, the Act on Registered Partnerships (87/1996) was abolished. Registered partnerships (Icelandic: staðfest samvist) had been the principal legal unions for same-sex partners since the law was passed in 1996.[143]

Ireland

In 2010, the lower house of the Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann passed the bill on Civil Partnerships unanimously. This bill allows civil partnerships of same-sex couples, and establishes an extensive package of rights, obligations and protections for same-sex couples who register as civil partners.[144] The bill passed all stages of in both Houses of the Oireachtas,[145] and came into effect on 1 January 2011. The first partnership between two men was registered on 7 February 2011.[146]

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Ireland since 2015 following a referendum.[citation needed]

Italy

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy

Civil unions in Italy began in 2016.[citation needed]

Liechtenstein

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Liechtenstein

Civil unions in Liechtenstein began in 2011.[147]

Monaco

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Monaco

Civil unions in Monaco began in 2020.[citation needed]

Montenegro

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Montenegro

Civil unions in Montenegro began in 2020.[citation needed]

Netherlands

In 2001, the Netherlands passed a law allowing same-sex couples to marry, in addition to its 1998 "registered partnership" law (civil union) for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[148][149]

Poland

In 2004, Senator Maria Szyszkowska proposed a bill which would legalize same-sex civil unions in Poland. The project was approved by the Senate but was never voted upon by the Sejm, as Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (then the Marshal of the Sejm) did not bring it for the deliberation.[citations needed]

In 2008, when asked about same-sex civil unions, First Cabinet of Donald Tusk spokeswoman Agnieszka Liszka answered: "Council of Ministers did not and would not take care of that matter."[150]

On January 25, 2013, Sejm voted upon three separate bills regarding same-sex civil unions in Poland: by the centre-left Democratic Left Alliance, liberal Palikot's Movement and centre-right Civic Platform. The first bill had 283 against, 137 for, 30 abstaining. The second had 276 against, 150 for, 23 abstaining. The third had 228 against, 211 for, 10 abstaining. All three were rejected, mainly with the votes of centre-right, right-wing and conservative parties: Polish People's Party, Law and Justice and United Poland. A majority of deputies from the ruling centre-right Civic Platform also voted against the first two bills.[151][152][153] The Roman Catholic Church in Poland, Polish Orthodox Church and Polish Muslims opposed all three bills.

In March 2013, Prime Minister Donald Tusk officially stated that a new project of civil unions bill would be presented to the parliament "in two months time" (in May 2013), but as of April 2014[needs update] no such initiatives took place.

In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 68% of Poles were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% were against same-sex marriage and 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples.[154]

In December 2014, the Sejm refused to deal with a civil partnership bill proposed by Your Movement, with 235 MPs voting against debating the bill, and 185 MPs voting for.[155]

In May 2015, the Sejm again refused to deal with the topic, with 215 MPs voting against and only 146 for. The Prime Minister, Ewa Kopacz, said that civil partnerships are an issue for the next parliament to deal with.[156]

San Marino

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in San Marino

Slovenia

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Slovenia

Switzerland

Main article: Recognition of same-sex unions in Switzerland

The Canton of Geneva has a law on the cantonal level, the Partenariat cantonal (the Cantonal Domestic Partnership), since 2001. It grants unmarried couples, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, many of the rights, responsibilities and protections that married couples have. However, it does not allow benefits in taxation, social security, or health insurance premiums (unlike the federal law). Geneva was the first Canton to recognise same-sex couples through this law.

On September 22, 2002, voters in the Swiss canton of Zurich voted to extend a number of marriage rights to same-sex partners, including tax, inheritance, and social security benefits.[157] The law is limited to same-sex couples, and both partners must have lived in the canton for six months and formally commit to running a household together and supporting and aiding each another.

On November 12, 2003, the Constituent assembly of the Canton of Fribourg granted Registered Partnership as a constitutional right under the Article 14.

On January 27, 2004, the Canton of Neuchâtel voted for a law on the cantonal level, the Partenariat enregistré (the Cantonal Registered Partnership). It grants unmarried couples, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, the same rights as married couple for cantonal matters such as responsibilities and protections, benefits in taxation, social security, or health insurance premiums.

On June 5, 2005, voters extended this right to the whole of Switzerland through a federal referendum. This was the first time that the civil union laws were affirmed in a nationwide referendum in any country. The Federal Domestic Partnership Law, reserved for same-sex couples, came into force on January 1, 2007. It grants the same rights as marriage, but full joint adoption rights, facilitated naturalization and medically assisted procreation are explicitly forbidden for same-sex domestic partners.[158]

In 2017, the Federal Councilor Simonetta Sommaruga addressed the issue that civil union is not open yet for heterosexual couples, in collaboration with experts at the University of Bern. In Geneva and Neuchâtel a type of civil union called cantonal PACS is available to opposite-sex and same-sex couples.[159]

On September 26, 2021, the people of Switzerland approved on national referendum the initiative "Marriage for all", which would grant marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples. This initiative would be made effective on July 1, 2022.

United Kingdom

Main article: Civil partnership in the United Kingdom

In 2003, the British government announced plans to introduce civil partnerships which would allow same-sex couples the rights and responsibilities resulting from marriage. The Civil Partnership Bill was introduced into the House of Lords on 30 March 2004. After considering amendments made by the House of Commons, it was passed by the House of Lords, its final legislative hurdle,[colloquialism] on 17 November 2004, and received royal assent on 18 November. The Act came into force on 5 December 2005, and same-sex, but not opposite-sex, couples were able to form the civil partnerships from 19 December 2005 in Northern Ireland, 20 December 2005 in Scotland and 21 December 2005 in England and Wales.[160] Separate provisions were included in the first Finance Act 2005 to allow regulations to be made to amend tax laws to give the same tax advantages and disadvantages to couples in civil partnerships as apply to married couples. At that time, the Church of England, the state church in England, permitted clergy to enter into same-sex civil partnerships.[161]

Aside from the manner in which couples register and the non-use of the word "marriage", civil partnerships grant most of the same legal rights as marriage and generally operate under the same constrictions (one difference being that marriage requires dissolution by divorce while a civil union does not). It is not legal to be in both a civil partnership and a marriage at the same time. Nevertheless, some of those in favour of legal same-sex marriage object that civil partnerships do not grant full equality.

Both same-sex marriages and civil unions of other nations will be automatically considered civil partnerships under UK law providing they came within Section 20 of the Act. This means, in some cases, non-Britons from nations with civil unions will have greater rights in the UK than in their native countries. For example, a Vermont civil union would have legal standing in the UK; however, in cases where one partner was American and the other British, the Vermont civil union would not provide the Briton with right of abode in Vermont (or any other US state or territory), whereas it would provide the American with right of abode in the UK.

In September 2011, the succeeding coalition government announced its intention to legalise same-sex marriage in England and Wales by 2015 at the latest.[162] The future status of civil partnerships is unclear. The Scottish Government, which has devolved responsibility for such legislation, held a consultation concerning both civil and religious same sex marriage in the autumn of 2011.[when?] Legislation to allow same-sex marriage in England and Wales was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in July 2013 and came into force on 13 March 2014, and the first same-sex marriages took place on 29 March 2014. The first same-sex marriages in Scotland took place in December 2014.

In June 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that restricting civil partnerships to same-sex couples was discriminatory.[163] In response, the Prime Minister announced in October 2018 that civil partnerships would be opened to heterosexual couples.[164]

Mexico

Main articles: Recognition of same-sex unions in Mexico and Same-sex marriage in Mexico City
Same-sex unions in Mexico
Same-sex marriages performed.*
Stripes: In some municipalities only.
Marriage not performed (except by amparo) despite court order.
Marriage accessible by amparo or by traveling out of state.
*Legislation is not equal in all states. See details.

On 9 November 2006, Mexico City's unicameral Legislative Assembly passed and approved (43–17) a bill legalizing same-sex civil unions, under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia (Law for Co-existence Partnerships), which became effective on 16 March 2007.[165] The law gives property and inheritance rights to same-sex couples. On 11 January 2007, the northern state of Coahuila, which borders Texas, passed a similar bill (20–13), under the name Pacto Civil de Solidaridad (Civil Pact of Solidarity).[166] Unlike Mexico City's law, once same-sex couples have registered in Coahuila, the state protects their rights no matter where they live in the country.[166] Twenty days after the law had passed,[when?] the country's first same-sex civil union took place in Saltillo, Coahuila.[167] Civil unions have been proposed in at least six states since 2006.[168]

In Colima, governor Mario Anguiano Moreno has agreed to discuss the legalization of civil unions and adoption by same-sex couples.[169][when?] In Jalisco, local congress approved on 31 October 2013 the Free Coexistence Act, which allows the performance of civil unions in the state.[170]

New Zealand

Main article: Civil union in New Zealand

On 9 December 2004 the New Zealand Parliament passed the Civil Union Bill, establishing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The debate over Civil Unions was highly divisive in New Zealand, inspiring great public emotion both for and against the passing. A companion bill, the Relationships (Statutory References) Bill was passed shortly thereafter to remove discriminatory provisions on the basis of relationship status from a range of statutes and regulations. As a result of these bills, all couples in New Zealand, whether married, in a civil union, or in a de facto partnership, now generally enjoy the same rights and undertake the same obligations. These rights extend to immigration, next-of-kin status, social welfare, matrimonial property and other areas.

The Civil Union Act 2004 came into effect on 26 April 2005 with the first unions able to occur from Friday 29 April 2005.

South Africa

Main article: Civil partnership in South Africa

In South Africa, a "civil union" is either a marriage or a civil partnership, although confusingly[according to whom?] the term "civil union" is commonly used when "civil partnership" is meant. Same-sex and opposite-sex couples may register their unions either as marriages or as civil partnerships. In laws where "marriage" is mentioned, its definition now retroactively includes civil partnerships.[citations needed]

United States

Main articles: Same-sex unions in the United States and Domestic partnership in the United States

The first civil unions in the United States were offered by the state of Vermont in 2000. The federal government does not recognize these unions. By the end of 2006, Connecticut and New Jersey had also enacted civil union laws; New Hampshire followed in 2007. Furthermore, California's domestic partnership law had been expanded to the point that it became practically a civil union law as well. The same might be said[by whom?] for domestic partnership in the District of Columbia, domestic partnership in Washington, and domestic partnership in Oregon.

Jurisdictions in the U.S. that offer civil unions or domestic partnerships granting nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples include:

States in the U.S. with domestic partnerships or similar status granting some of the rights of marriage include:

Since October 2014, all states that provide for civil unions, domestic partnerships, or similar arrangements between same-sex partners also allow same-sex partners to legally wed.

Arizona

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Arizona

In 2013, Bisbee became the first city in Arizona to legalize civil unions for same-sex couples.[171] After its passage, the state's Attorney General, Tom Horne, threatened to challenge the law in court, arguing that it violated the state's constitution.[172] However, the Attorney General agreed to withdraw the challenge after Bisbee amended the law, and the civil union ordinance was approved.[173]

Following Bisbee, also in 2013, Tucson became the second municipality to legalize civil unions.[174]Jerome followed in the same year.[175] Also in 2013, Clarkdale and Cottonwood were the next cities in the Verde Valley to pass civil unions.[176][177] A measure to allow civil unions failed in Camp Verde by a split 3–3 vote in the city council making it the only city in the Verde Valley to not have passed the bill.[178]

Sedona passed civil unions in September 2013.[179] The city of Tempe considered legal advice about a civil union ordinance, but it did not pass a bill.[180] After the legalization of same-sex marriage in Arizona, civil unions may continue to be registered in the cities that had legalized the ordinances.[181]

California

Main article: Domestic partnership in California

In California, where domestic partnership (DP) has been available to same-sex and certain opposite-sex couples since 2000, a wholesale revision of the law in 2005 made it substantially equivalent to marriage at the state level. In 2007, the Legislature took a further step when it required same-sex DP couples to file state income taxes jointly. (Couples must continue to file federal taxes as individuals.) In the May 2008 In re Marriage Cases decision, the state supreme court noted nine differences between Domestic Partnerships and same-sex marriage in state law, including a cohabitation requirement for domestic partners, access to CalPERS long-term care insurance (but not CalPERS in general), and the lack of an equivalent to California's "confidential marriage" institution.[7] The cohabitation requirement was dropped on January 1, 2012, and a "confidential option" for domestic partners became available the same day.

Colorado

A bill to establish civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples passed both chambers of the Colorado legislature and was signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper. Civil unions began on May 1, 2013.

Connecticut

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Connecticut

In 2005, the Connecticut General Assembly passed a bill to adopt civil unions in Connecticut. Connecticut's civil unions were identical to marriage and provided all of the same rights and responsibilities except for the title. Connecticut was the first state in the U.S. to voluntarily pass a same-sex civil unions law through the legislature without any immediate court intervention.[182] The law was repealed on October 1, 2010, and replaced with a law making marriage gender-neutral.

Delaware

Delaware Governor Jack Markell signed a civil union bill on May 12, 2011, that establishes civil unions in the state effective January 1, 2012.[183] The law was repealed on July 1, 2014, and replaced with a law making marriage gender-neutral.

District of Columbia

Main article: Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia

Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia was legalized on December 18, 2009. Marriage licenses became available on March 3, 2010, and marriages began on March 9, 2010. Domestic Partnerships in the District of Columbia (1992 law implemented, 2002 law came into effect – expanded over time to 2009)

Hawaii

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Hawaii

Hawaii legalized civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples on January 1, 2012. Same-sex marriage became legal on December 2, 2013.

Illinois

On December 1, 2010, the Illinois state senate passed SB1716 – the "Illinois Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act" – in a 32–24–1 vote, just one day after the Illinois House of Representatives did the same in a 61–52–2 vote. On January 31, 2011, Illinois state Governor Pat Quinn signed SB1716 into law, establishing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The new law came into effect on June 1, 2011. The provision allowing opposite-sex couples to establish a civil union effectively doubles as a tool for widowed seniors to keep survivor's benefits from a marriage while gaining marital rights at the state level with another partner.[184]

Maine

Main article: Domestic partnership in Maine

Maine legalized domestic partnership for same-sex and opposite-sex couples in 2004. Maine's domestic partnership registry only provides limited rights, most of which are geared toward[colloquialism] protecting couples' security in emergency situations.

New Hampshire

Main article: Same-sex marriage in New Hampshire

On April 26, 2007, the New Hampshire General Court (state legislature) passed a civil union bill, and Governor John Lynch signed the bill into law on May 31, 2007.[185] At the time, New Hampshire was "... the first state to embrace same-sex unions without a court order or the threat of one".[186] The New Hampshire civil union legislation became effective on January 1, 2008.[187] The law was replaced by the same-sex marriage law on January 1, 2010.

New Jersey

Main article: Same-sex marriage in New Jersey

On October 25, 2006, the Supreme Court of New Jersey gave New Jersey lawmakers 180 days to rewrite the state's marriage laws, either including same-sex couples or creating a new system of civil unions for them. On December 14 the Legislature passed a bill establishing civil unions in New Jersey, which was signed into law by Governor Jon Corzine on December 21, 2006. The first civil unions took place on February 19, 2007.[188]

There are differences between civil unions and domestic partnerships. In 2004, the state of New Jersey enacted a domestic partnership law, offering certain limited rights and benefits to same-sex and different-sex couples. In 2006, however, after a state Supreme Court ruling that same-sex couples must be extended all the rights and benefits of marriage, the Legislature passed a civil unions law, effective in 2007, which is an attempt to satisfy the court's ruling.

Nevada

On May 31, 2009, the Nevada legislature overrode Governor Jim Gibbons' veto of a domestic partnership bill. The bill allows registered domestic partners, whether they are a same-sex or opposite-sex couple, to have most of the state level rights and responsibilities afforded to married couples. It does not require any other entity to provide rights or benefits afforded to married individuals. This has left the partnership bill ineffective compared to those of other states. The law took effect on 1 October 2009.

Oregon

Main article: Domestic partnership in Oregon

Since 4 February 2008, Oregon offers domestic partnerships which grant nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples.

Rhode Island

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Rhode Island

Civil unions were permitted in Rhode Island since July 1, 2011 until July 1, 2013.

Vermont

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Vermont

The controversial[citation needed] civil unions law[189] that was passed in the Vermont General Assembly in 2000 was a response to the Vermont Supreme Court ruling in Baker v. Vermont, requiring that the state grant same-sex couples the same rights and privileges accorded to married couples under the law.

A Vermont civil union is nearly identical to a legal marriage, as far as the rights and responsibilities for which state law, not federal law, is responsible are concerned.[189] It grants partners next-of-kin rights and other protections that heterosexual married couples also receive. However, despite the "full faith and credit" clause of the United States Constitution, civil unions are generally not recognized outside Vermont in the absence of specific legislation. Opponents of the law have supported the Defense of Marriage Act and the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment in order to prevent obligatory recognition of same-sex couples in other jurisdictions. This means that many of the advantages of marriage, which fall in the federal jurisdiction (over 1,100 federal laws, such as joint federal income tax returns, visas and work permits for the foreign partner of a U.S. citizen, etc.), are not extended to the partners of a Vermont civil union.

Regarding voluntary recognition of the civil union in other jurisdictions, New York City's Domestic Partnership Law, passed in 2002, recognizes civil unions formalized in other jurisdictions. Germany's international civil law (EGBGB) also accords to Vermont civil unions the same benefits and responsibilities that apply in Vermont, as long as they do not exceed the standard accorded by German law to a German civil union. The law was replaced by the same-sex marriage law on September 1, 2009.

Washington

Main article: Domestic partnership in Washington

Washington offers domestic partnerships which grant nearly all of the state-recognized rights of marriage to same-sex couples. Washington is the first state to have passed a same-sex civil union bill by a popular vote.

Washington legalized same-sex marriage early in 2012, which provided that a couple in a civil union would have two years to convert their civil union to a marriage. The law was upheld by popular referendum in November 2012.[190]

Uruguay

Main article: Same-sex marriage in Uruguay

Civil unions in Uruguay were allowed nationwide from January 1, 2008.

National debates

International standards

To date, only two countries, Spain and Portugal, have signed onto the Convention on the Recognition of Registered Partnerships, a draft multilateral agreement on the status of civil, unmarried partnerships. The document is inclusive of rights for both same and opposite sex partnerships.

See also

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