跳转到内容

堅定決心行動

维基百科,自由的百科全书
堅定決心行動
对伊斯兰国的国际军事干预反恐战争的一部分

美国海军的 F/A-18F 超级大黄蜂卡爾·文森號航空母艦起飞 支持美国 2014 年 10 月的“堅定決心行動”。
日期2014 年 6 月 15 日 – 至今
(10年4个月2周又5天)
  • 伊拉克:2014年6月15日 - 2021年12月9日
  • 叙利亚:2014年9月22日 - 至今
  • 利比亚:2015年11 月13日 - 2019年10月30 日
地点
状态

进行中 持续

  • 2017 年 12 月 9 日在伊拉克击败伊黎伊斯兰国
  • 2019年3月23日在叙利亚击败伊黎伊斯兰国
  • 伊黎伊斯兰国在利比亚被击败
  • 美国盟军地面部队从伊斯兰国手中夺回的领土达11万平方公里,根据统计,这片领土上居住着约770万人口。
参战方

 美国

 伊斯蘭國 [1] [2][3]


基地组织

突厥斯坦伊斯兰党[8]


伊斯兰阵线(2013-2015)

[9] 叙利亚救国政府(2017年至今)

指挥官与领导者

乔·拜登
(总统,2021 年至今)
唐纳德·特朗普(总统,2017–2021)
巴拉克·奥巴马(总统,2009–2017)
劳埃德·奥斯汀 将军(中央司令部司令,2014–2016 年)
(国防部长,2021 年至今)

马克·埃斯珀(国防部长,2019 –2020 年)
詹姆斯·马蒂斯(国防部长,2017-2018)
阿什顿·卡特(国防部长,2015-2017)
查克·哈格尔(国防部长,2014-2015 年)
将军 肯尼思·麦肯齐(中央司令部司令,2019 年至今)
将军约瑟夫·沃特尔(中央司令部司令,2016 – 2019)
中将罗伯特·P·怀特英语Robert_P._White
指挥联合特遣部队 - 坚定决心行动
凯文·M·科普西少将[10]
(CJTF-OIR 稳定副指挥官)
少将 Alexus Grynkewich英语Alexus G. Grynkewich
(CJTF-OIR 作战与情报副司令)

阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·库雷希 (伊斯兰国前领导人)[11][12]
阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪 [13] (伊斯兰国前领导人)
伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 阿布·阿里·安巴里 
(IS 副领导人)[14]
伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 阿布·穆罕默德·阿德纳尼  (发言人)
阿布·艾曼·伊拉克英语Abu Ayman al-Iraqi  (军事委员会主席)[15]
阿布·穆斯利姆·图尔克马尼  (伊拉克埃米尔)[16]
阿布·阿里·安巴里  (叙利亚埃米尔)
阿布·奥马尔·希沙尼  (叙利亚战地指挥官)[17][18]


阿布·哈伊尔·马斯里英语Abu Khayr al-Masri  (基地组织副领导人)[19]
艾哈迈德·侯赛因·沙尔阿 (努斯拉阵线领导人))
阿布·胡玛姆·沙米英语Abu Humam al-Shami 
(努斯拉阵线军事首领兼胡拉斯丁领导人)[20]
穆罕默德·伊斯兰布利(呼罗珊领导人)[21]
姆吉斯南·阿尔法赫利英语Muhsin al-Fadhli (呼罗珊领导人)[22]
戴维-德鲁吉恩英语David Drugeon (首席炸弹制造者)[23]


阿布·叶希亚·哈马维 (沙姆自由党埃米尔 (2015–2017))[24]
阿布·贾比尔·谢赫英语Abu Jaber Shaykh (沙姆自由党埃米尔(2014-2015 年);沙姆解放运动埃米尔(2017 年))[25][26]

阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼英语Abu Mohammad al-Julani(沙姆解放组织埃米尔(2017 年至今))
参战单位

成员包括:

[28]

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 伊斯兰国的军事活动英语Military activity of the Islamic State

兵力
美国:

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国:


基地组织:


伊斯兰阵线

叙利亚救国政府

伤亡与损失

美国 美国:

  • 20 人死于敌对行动[70]
  • 87 例非敌对死亡
  • 295 (負傷)[70]
  • 18 名平民丧生
    (5 人被处决 處決,1 人身份不明)[71][72][73][74]
  • 1 架 F-16 坠毁[75] 1 架 F-15 损坏[76]
  • 损失 2 架直升机(Ch 53 型 "海种马 "直升机)[77][78]
  • 4 架 MQ-1 "捕食者 "无人机被击落[79][80]

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国:

  • 超过 80,000 人死于美国和盟军的空袭[81]
  • 32 000 多个目标被摧毁或损坏(截至 2016 年 9 月 30 日)[82]
    • 164辆坦克
    • 388 辆悍馬
    • 2 638 个石油基础设施
    • 1,000 多辆油罐车[83]
    • 2,000 多辆皮卡车、VBIED 和其他车辆

(每个联盟)


基地组织:


伊斯兰阵线

  • 自由沙姆:

Ahrar ash-Sham: 3人死亡[84][86][87]
叙利亚救国政府:

  • 沙姆解放军:
    6 人死亡[88]

数万名平民被伊斯兰国杀害(根据伊拉克死亡人数统计和《SOHR》)[89][90]
联军对叙利亚和伊拉克的空袭造成 8,214 至 13,125 名平民死亡(根据 Airwars)[91]
联军行动造成 1,335 名平民死亡(按联军统计)[91]

伊拉克和叙利亚超过97万平民流离失所或逃往土耳其和其他国家[92][93][94][95]

堅定決心行動(英語:Operation Inherent Resolve,縮寫:OIR,或譯堅決行動),是指在2014年對伊斯蘭國的軍事干預時,美軍公布的軍事行動名稱,其包括了美國領軍的對敘利亞干預2014年起美國領軍的對伊拉克干預英语American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)在內。[96]

参考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Islamic State, rival Al Nusra Front each strengthen grip on Syria. Los Angeles Times. 28 November 2014 [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30). 
  2. ^ Master. Negotiations failed between the IS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic battalions. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. (原始内容存档于17 November 2014). 
  3. ^ War of Words Between al Qaeda and ISIS Continues With Scholar's Smackdown. NBC News. [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-01). 
  4. ^ IŞİD ve El Nusra'nın birleştiği iddia edildi. Star Gazete. [14 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于28 January 2015) (土耳其语). 
  5. ^ An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity. Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015 [1 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-02). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Charkatli, Izat. Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal. 23 February 2017 [12 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于28 May 2019). 
  7. ^ Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa. 22 February 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-09). 
  8. ^ Caleb Weiss. Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan, killed in Syria. Long War Journal. 14 February 2017 [22 February 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-14). 
  9. ^ Nick Paton Walsh; Laura Smith-Spark. Report: Airstrikes target new Islamist group in Syria. CNN. 6 November 2014 [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-18). 
  10. ^ Template:伦敦公报
  11. ^ Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor. Reuters. 31 October 2019 [31 October 2019]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-09). 
  12. ^ ISIS leader killed in US military raid in Syria, with multiple civilian fatalities. TheJournal.ie. 3 February 2022 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-25). 
  13. ^ Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: IS leader 'killed in US operation' in Syria. BBC News. 27 October 2019 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-30). 
  14. ^ Report: A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS. Business Insider. 23 April 2015 [29 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25). 
  15. ^ Hubbard, Ben; Schmitt, Eric. Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS. The New York Times. 27 August 2014 [21 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-28). 
  16. ^ Matt Bradley; Ghassan Adnan; Felicia Schwartz. Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul. The Wall Street Journal. 10 November 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-22). 
  17. ^ Kadyrov Claims Red-Bearded Chechen Militant al-Shishani Dead. ElBalad. 14 November 2014. (原始内容存档于28 January 2015). 
  18. ^ 卡德罗夫称格鲁吉亚 "伊斯兰国 "领导人已被击毙. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 November 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-28). 
  19. ^ Antonopoulos, Paul. BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike. 26 February 2017 [12 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于30 June 2019). 
  20. ^ Syria's Qaeda leader killed in explosion – ARA News. ARA News. [31 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于8 March 2015). 
  21. ^ Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group. NPR. 3 October 2014 [23 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-14). 
  22. ^ Key al-Qaeda figure Muhsin al-Fadhli killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria – Pentagon. BNO News. [21 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于25 December 2018). 
  23. ^ French jihadist Drugeon killed in Syria: US official. AFP. 11 September 2015 [11 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-16). 
  24. ^ Abu Yahia al-Hamawi, Ahrar al-Sham's New Leader. Syria Comment. 12 September 2015 [17 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-05). 
  25. ^ Syria rebels name slain leader's replacement. Al Jazeera English. 10 September 2014 [10 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-14). 
  26. ^ Syria rebels name slain leader's replacement. Al Jazeera English. 10 September 2014 [10 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-14). 
  27. ^ Sgt. Deja Borden. Build Partner Capacity strengthens bonds, armies (PDF) (新闻稿). Combined Joint Task Force, Operation Inherent Resolve. 15 April 2015. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 April 2015). 
  28. ^ Sisk, Richard. ISIS Fires Mortars Near Marines Deployed to Train Iraq Forces. Military.com. 31 October 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-18). 
  29. ^ U.S. Department of Defense, Photo Essay.. United States Department of Defense. [29 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-14). 
  30. ^ PATFORSWA: Guardians of the Arabian Gulf. coastguard.dodlive.mil. United States Coast Guard. [21 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-17). PATFORSWA also supported Operation Enduring Freedom and in 2015 transitioned to supporting Operation Inherent Resolve 
  31. ^ Michelle Tan. 2-star on Iraq: 'Still a big fight going on here'. Army Times. 30 December 2014 [29 May 2015]. 
  32. ^ Crowley, Michael. Obama la Mission Creep in Iraq. Time. 18 August 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-20). 
  33. ^ Welch, William M. US sending 350 more troops to Iraq. USA Today. 3 September 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-17). 
  34. ^ Obama doubling US troop levels in Iraq. Stars and Stripes. [28 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-18). 
  35. ^ Islamic State: Coalition 'pledges more troops' for Iraq. BBC News. 8 December 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-12). 
  36. ^ 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq. Stars and Stripes. [25 February 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-11). 
  37. ^ Barnes, Julian E. 2,300 U.S. Marines deploy new quick-reaction force in Kuwait. The Wall Street Journal. 1 October 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-05). 
  38. ^ Lamothe, Dan. US companies pulling contractors from Iraqi bases as security crumbles. The Washington Post. 19 July 2014 [13 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-17). 
  39. ^ Nissenbaum, Dion. Role of US Contractors Grows as Iraq Fights Insurgents. The Wall Street Journal. 3 February 2014 [13 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-11-01). 
  40. ^ USS Carl Vinson Takes Over Airstrike Campaign From USS George H. W. Bush (Video). KPBS. [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于4 November 2014). 
  41. ^ See U.S. warships head for ISIS fight. CNN. 13 April 2015 [29 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-05). 
  42. ^ USS Carl Vinson begins return to San Diego. San Diego: CBS 8. 13 April 2015 [29 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-18). 
  43. ^ US airstrikes in Syria, ABC News, [2023-08-24], (原始内容存档于2019-05-07) 
  44. ^ Hennigan, W. J.; Cloud, David S. At War – Again. Florida Courier. 25 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于20 October 2014). 
  45. ^ Foster, Peter. US military launches air strikes against Isil in Syria需要付费订阅. The Daily Telegraph (London). 23 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-23). 
  46. ^ Capaccio, Tony. Pentagon Says Islamic State Fight Costs $7.6 Million/Day. Bloomberg.com. 10 October 2014 [13 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-11). 
  47. ^ Kobani: US drops weapons to Kurds in Syria. The Guardian. Associated Press. 20 October 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-11-19). 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 How US is Pinpointing ISIS Targets in Air War. NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 12 October 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-28). 
  49. ^ Baldor, Lolita. Pentagon: Up to $1.1B cost for Iraq, Syria. Marine Corps Times. Associated Press. 6 October 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于7 October 2014). 
  50. ^ Majumdar, Dave. Exclusive Pictures of Stealth Jet Raid on Syria. The Daily Beast. 25 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-11). 
  51. ^ Rush, James. Isis air strikes: US brings in Apache helicopters as British jets target militants in Iraq需要付费订阅. The Independent (London). 6 October 2014 [8 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于24 May 2022). 
  52. ^ Trevithick, Joseph. U.S. Commandos Are Flying Around Iraq. Medium.com. 18 November 2014 [25 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09). 
  53. ^ Sanchez, Raf. Predator drones being flown over Isil's Syrian 'capital'需要付费订阅. The Daily Telegraph (London). 8 September 2014 [11 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-08). 
  54. ^ Gordon, Greg. Once targeted, Global Hawk drone now hidden weapon in U.S. airstrikes. McClatchyDC.com. 29 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于28 January 2015). 
  55. ^ Barbara Starr, U.S. officials say 6,000 ISIS fighters killed in battles页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), CNN (22 January 2015).
  56. ^ CIA says IS numbers underestimated页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Al Jazeera (12 September 2014).
  57. ^ ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader. el-balad.com. [16 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于20 November 2014). 
  58. ^ Islamic State 'training pilots to fly fighter jets'. BBC News. 17 October 2014 [22 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-24). 
  59. ^ U.S.-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS. Al Arabiya. 8 January 2015 [8 January 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09). 
  60. ^ Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion. The Times. 4 October 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-10). 
  61. ^ Now ISIS has drones?. CNN. 24 August 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-04). 
  62. ^ Footage From an ISIS Drone. NYTimes.com – Video. 30 August 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-02). 
  63. ^ Taylor, Adam. In bizarre new video, Islamic State hostage gives tour of Kobane. The Washington Post blogs. 27 October 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-11). 
  64. ^ ISIS: We Nabbed an Iranian Drone. The Daily Beast. [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-02). 
  65. ^ Gen. Dempsey Claims Airstrikes in Syria that Targeted Khorasan Group Disrupted Plots Against US. KNEB Radio. (原始内容存档于9 October 2014). 
  66. ^ Moubayed, Sami. Is Syria's Idlib being groomed as Islamist killing ground?. Asia Times. 29 January 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-05). 
  67. ^ Syrian opposition merger in Jan 2017. archicivilians. [26 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-15). 
  68. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas. Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency. Long Wars Journal. 10 February 2017. (原始内容存档于11 February 2017). 
  69. ^ Al-awsat, Asharq. Syria: Surfacing of 'Hai'at Tahrir al-Sham' Threatens Truce – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English. 30 January 2017 [12 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于15 February 2017). 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 Immediate Release Casualty Status as of 10 a.m. EDT July 16 2024 (PDF). 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區: 美國國防部. [2024-09-03] (英语). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  71. ^ Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed. BBC News. 17 November 2014 [17 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-01). 
  72. ^ Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American Oil Worker William Henderson. The Huffington Post. 1 December 2014 [6 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25). 
  73. ^ BBC News – Libya hotel attack: Five foreigners among nine killed. BBC News. 28 January 2015 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-02). 
  74. ^ "Kayla Mueller, American ISIL hostage, is dead,"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Al Jazeera America, 10 February 2015
  75. ^ Lamothe, Dan, Air Force F-16 pilot killed in crash in Middle East, The Washington Post, 1 December 2014 [2023-08-24], (原始内容存档于2018-12-20) 
  76. ^ Isil using anti aircraft batteries captured in Iraq, The World Tribune, 12 September 2014, (原始内容存档于1 September 2015) 
  77. ^ Rempfer, Kyle. One US service member killed in aircraft crash in Iraq. Military Times. 20 August 2018 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-20). 
  78. ^ Rempfer, Kyle. CENTCOM: No survivors after US helicopter crash in western Iraq. Air Force Times. 16 March 2018. 
  79. ^ Karouny, Mariam. U.S. loses drone over Syria, which claims to have brought it down. Reuters. 17 March 2015 [31 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-25). 
  80. ^ Roba Alhenawi. Syria says it shot down U.S. drone. CNN. 17 March 2015 [31 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-16). 
  81. ^ Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves. The Straits Times. 15 October 2017 [11 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-12). 
  82. ^ Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. US Department of Defense. 30 September 2016 [21 October 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-31). 
  83. ^ Reuters, Brett Wolf, "RPT-INSIGHT-In taking economic war to Islamic State, U.S. developing new tools"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 24 November 2015.
  84. ^ 84.0 84.1 About 3 thousand citizens were killed by the International Coalition warplanes in Syria within about 10700 persons who were killed during 38 months of their military operations in Syria. SOHR. 23 November 2017 [11 December 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01). 
  85. ^ U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria. US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-14). 
  86. ^ US-led air strikes hit al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria. Reuters. 6 November 2014 [9 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-12). 
  87. ^ Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria | FDD's Long War Journal. www.longwarjournal.org. 8 February 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-19). 
  88. ^ Air strikes kill 12 fighters in Syria's Idlib: monitor. Reuters. 3 February 2017. (原始内容存档于4 May 2022). 
  89. ^ IS executes 61 people during the ninth month of declaration its alleged "Caliphate". SOHR. 29 March 2015 [29 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-07). 
  90. ^ Clashes around Aleppo city and more losses in al-Hasakah. SOHR. 29 March 2015 [29 March 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-23). 
  91. ^ 91.0 91.1 US-led Coalition in Iraq & Syria. Airwars. [19 October 2019]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-15). 
  92. ^ Iraq crisis: Islamists force 500,000 to flee Mosul. BBC News. 11 June 2014 [11 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-28). 
  93. ^ 10,000 Yazidis rescued through safe corridor, as ISIL 'fire on aid helicopters'. Hurriyet Daily News. [1 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-12). 
  94. ^ Most US Airstrikes in Syria Target a City That's Not a "Strategic Objective". Mother Jones. [29 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-13). 
  95. ^ 联军在叙利亚和伊拉克的空袭造成 8,214 至 13,125 名平民死亡(根据《空战》)[1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 联军行动造成 1,335 名平民死亡(每个联军)[2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  96. ^ 多國聯合打擊IS 正名為「堅定決心」行動. 自由時報. 2014-10-16 [2015-01-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-29). 

外部連結

[编辑]

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源:堅定決心行動