Pierre Desceliers, World Portolan, 1550
By emphasizing the strangeness of other parts of the globe, early maps helped reinforce the xenophobia of the day. People in our part of the world are normal, they say, but those elsewhere scarcely seem human. On this portolan, or navigational chart, drawn especially for King Henry II of France, the denizens of Africa get stranger and stranger the farther away they are from the coast.
At the heart of the unexplored continent we see two monstrous humanoids, one with no head, the other with six arms. The two figures seated to the left are drawn more realistically, but with the exaggerated red lips of racial caricature. The man with the club is happily trading a gold nugget for a worthless flower, demonstrating the beginnings of the European belief that Africans were naive, childlike people with no ability to manage their own affairs.