Larwe

'n Larwe is 'n duidelike jeugdige vorm wat baie diere ondergaan voor metamorfose in hul volgende lewensfase. Diere met indirekte ontwikkeling soos insekte, amfibieë of neteldiere het tipies 'n larwefase in hul lewensiklus.

'n Larwe se voorkoms verskil oor die algemeen baie van die volwasse vorm (bv. ruspes en skoenlappers), insluitend verskillende unieke strukture en organe wat nie in die volwasse vorm voorkom nie. Hul dieet kan ook aansienlik verskil.

Larwes is dikwels aangepas by verskillende omgewings as volwassenes. Sommige larwes soos paddavissies leef byvoorbeeld byna uitsluitlik in akwatiese omgewings, maar kan as volwasse paddas buite water leef. Deur in 'n afsonderlike omgewing te leef, kan larwes skuiling teen roofdiere kry en mededinging vir hulpbronne met die volwasse bevolking verminder.^[1]^[2]

Diere in die larwestadium sal voedsel verbruik om hul oorgang na die volwasse vorm aan te wakker. In sommige organismes soos borselwurms en eendemossels is volwassenes onbeweeglik, maar hul larwes is beweeglik en gebruik hul mobiele larwevorm om hulself te versprei. Hierdie larwes wat vir verspreiding gebruik word, is óf planktotrofies (voeding) óf lesitotrofies (nie-voeding).

Sommige larwes is afhanklik van volwassenes om hulle te voed. By baie eusosiale Hymenoptera-spesies word die larwes deur vroulike werkers gevoed. In Ropalidia marginata, 'n soort perdyby, is die mannetjies ook in staat om larwes te voed, maar hulle is minder doeltreffend, spandeer meer tyd en kry minder kos vir die larwes.

Die larwes van sommige organismes (byvoorbeeld sommige salamanders) kan donsharig word en ontwikkel nie verder in die volwasse vorm nie. Dit is 'n soort verjonging.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Verwysings

↑ Raff, Rudolf A (11 Januarie 2008). "Origins of the other metazoan body plans: the evolution of larval forms". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1473–1479. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2237. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2614227. PMID 18192188.
↑ Williamson, Donald I. (2006). "Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 148 (4): 585–602. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00236.x.
↑ Qian, Pei-Yuan (1999), "Larval settlement of polychaetes", Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands): pp. 239–253, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2887-4_14, ISBN 978-90-481-5340-4
↑ Chen, Zhang-Fan; Zhang, Huoming; Wang, Hao; Matsumura, Kiyotaka; Wong, Yue Him; Ravasi, Timothy; Qian, Pei-Yuan (13 Februarie 2014). "Quantitative Proteomics Study of Larval Settlement in the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite". PLOS ONE (in Engels). 9 (2): e88744. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988744C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088744. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3923807. PMID 24551147.
↑ Sen, R; Gadagkar, R (2006). "Males of the social wasp Ropalidia marginata can feed larvae, given an opportunity". Animal Behaviour. 71 (2): 345–350. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.022. S2CID 39848913.
↑ Wakahara, Masami (1996). "Heterochrony and Neotenic Salamanders: Possible Clues for Understanding the Animal Development and Evolution". Zoological Science. 13 (6): 765–776. doi:10.2108/zsj.13.765. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 9107136. S2CID 35101681.

Bronnelys

Brusca, R. C. & Brusca, G. J. (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates.
Hall, B. K. & Wake, M. H., eds. (1999). The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms. San Diego: Academic Press.
Leis, J. M. & Carson-Ewart, B. M., eds. (2000). The Larvae of Indo-Pacific Coastal Fishes. An Identification Guide to Marine Fish Larvae. Fauna Malesiana handbooks, vol. 2. Brill, Leiden.

[1] Raff, Rudolf A (11 Januarie 2008). "Origins of the other metazoan body plans: the evolution of larval forms". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1496): 1473–1479. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2237. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2614227. PMID 18192188.

[2] Williamson, Donald I. (2006). "Hybridization in the evolution of animal form and life-cycle". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 148 (4): 585–602. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00236.x.

[3] Qian, Pei-Yuan (1999), "Larval settlement of polychaetes", Reproductive Strategies and Developmental Patterns in Annelids (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands): pp. 239–253, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2887-4_14, ISBN 978-90-481-5340-4

[4] Chen, Zhang-Fan; Zhang, Huoming; Wang, Hao; Matsumura, Kiyotaka; Wong, Yue Him; Ravasi, Timothy; Qian, Pei-Yuan (13 Februarie 2014). "Quantitative Proteomics Study of Larval Settlement in the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite". PLOS ONE (in Engels). 9 (2): e88744. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988744C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088744. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3923807. PMID 24551147.

[5] Sen, R; Gadagkar, R (2006). "Males of the social wasp Ropalidia marginata can feed larvae, given an opportunity". Animal Behaviour. 71 (2): 345–350. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.022. S2CID 39848913.

[6] Wakahara, Masami (1996). "Heterochrony and Neotenic Salamanders: Possible Clues for Understanding the Animal Development and Evolution". Zoological Science. 13 (6): 765–776. doi:10.2108/zsj.13.765. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 9107136. S2CID 35101681.

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