2025 ballot measures

2025 U.S. state ballot measures
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As of June 6, 2025, 26 statewide ballot measures were certified for the ballot in six states in 2025.

From 2011 to 2023, the average number of statewide ballot measures in an odd-numbered year was between 33 and 34.

Timeline

See also: Ballotpedia's Tuesday Count for 2025

The timeline below provides updates on state ballot measure elections, certifications, and signature submission deadlines for 2025.

• May 30, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to change the composition of the 13-member state Commission on Judicial Conduct, and the composition of the tribunal that reviews the commission's recommendations, and the process for sanctioning and removing judges.

• May 29, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to require courts to deny bail to individuals accused of certain violent or sexual felony offenses if the state demonstrates, by clear and convincing evidence, that releasing the person would pose a risk of wilful nonappearance in court or a threat to public safety.

• May 29, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to allocate the first $1 billion per fiscal year to the Texas Water Fund from sales tax revenue that exceeds $46.5 billion.

• May 28, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to create two special funds, the Permanent Technical Institution Infrastructure Fund and the Available Workforce Education Fund, outside the General Revenue Fund to finance capital projects for the Texas Technical College System.

• May 25, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to allow the legislature to exempt a home's market value, entirely or in part, from property taxes for the surviving spouse of a veteran who died from a service-related illness.

• May 24, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to allow the legislature to provide a temporary homestead exemption for improvements made to residences destroyed by fire.

• May 21, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to allow the legislature to exempt from property taxes any increase in a property's value—located in a U.S.–Mexico border county—resulting from the construction or installation of border security infrastructure. Legislative Republicans, except one, supported the amendment. Among Democrats, 58.5% voted for the proposal.

• May 20, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to provide that parents have the right "to exercise care, custody, and control of the parent’s child, including the right to make decisions concerning the child’s upbringing" and the responsibility "to nurture and protect the parent's child." In the Legislature, the amendment received unanimous support from Republicans. Among Democrats, 66.2% voted for the amendment, excluding absent or non-voting members.

• May 20, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred two constitutional amendments related to the homestead tax exemption to the ballot. One would increase the general exemption from $100,000 to $140,000 of a home's market value. The other amendment would raise the exemption for elderly or disabled homeowners from $10,000 to $60,000.

• May 19, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to exempt $125,000 of the market value of personal tangible property used for income production from taxes. In the Legislature, the amendment had support from most Republicans (94.9%) and Democrats (86.2%), excluding absent or non-voting members.

• May 12, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to provide that "persons who are not citizens of the United States" cannot vote in Texas. In the Legislature, the proposal received unanimous support from Republicans. Among Democrats, 57.5% voted for the amendment, excluding absent or non-voting members.

• May 12, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, along with the Dementia Prevention and Research Fund. In the Legislature, the proposal received unanimous support from Democrats. Among Republicans, 79.8% voted for the amendment.

• May 12, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment prohibiting the legislature from imposing a state tax on a deceased person’s estate due to their death, and from imposing taxes on the transfer of estates, inheritances, and similar assets. The proposal received unanimous support from Republicans and divided Democrats 50/50 between the two chambers, excluding absent or non-voting members.

• May 9, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to pass a property tax exemption on animal feed held by the property owner for retail sale. In the Legislature, the amendment had support from most Republicans (99.1%) and Democrats (84.4%), excluding absent or non-voting members.

• May 7, 2025

  The Colorado State Legislature referred two measures to the ballot that address the Healthy School Meals for All Program (HSMA). The first measure would allow the state to retain and spend additional revenue on the program. The second one would reduce state income tax deduction limits for taxpayers earning $300,000 or more to generate an estimated $95 million each year for the HSMA Program. In the Legislature, Democrats supported the measures, while Republicans, except for one Senate Republican, opposed them.

• May 6, 2025

  In Ohio, voters approved Issue 2, which authorized the state to issue up to $2.5 billion in general obligation bonds, limited to $250 million per year over 10 years, to assist local governments in funding public infrastructure improvement projects.

• May 5, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to the ballot that would prohibit the state legislature from enacting a tax on realized or unrealized capital gains of an individual, family, estate, or trust. In the Legislature, 100.0% of Republicans and 40.7% of Democrats supported the proposal.

• April 29, 2025

  The Texas State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to the ballot that would prohibit laws that impose an occupation tax on a registered securities market operator or a securities transaction tax. In the Legislature, 96.3% of Republicans and 54.5% of Democrats supported the proposal.

• April 11, 2025

  The Washington State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to the ballot that would allow the Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS) Trust Fund to be invested in stocks and equities, with earnings dedicated to funding long-term care services and supports for program beneficiaries. In the Legislature, 94% of Democrats and 61% of Republicans supported the proposal.

• April 1, 2025

  Voters in Wisconsin approved a constitutional amendment, Question 1, to add a photo identification requirement to the state constitution.

• March 29, 2025

  Voters in Louisiana rejected four constitutional amendments, with each receiving between 34% and 36% of the vote.

• January 23, 2025

  The signature deadline for indirect initiated state statutes in Maine was January 23. Signatures were filed for two ballot initiatives: Require Voter Photo Identification Initiative and Firearm Extreme Risk Protection Orders Initiative. Both were certified to the Maine State Legislature.

• January 14, 2025

  The Wisconsin State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to the ballot for April 1, 2025. The ballot measure amended the Wisconsin Constitution to require valid photo identification to vote. In the Senate and Assembly, Republicans voted for the amendment, and Democrats voted against the amendment.

• December 18, 2024

  The Ohio State Legislature referred a constitutional amendment to the ballot for May 6, 2025. The ballot measure authorized $2.5 billion in general obligation bonds for public infrastructure improvement projects.

• November 22, 2024

  The Louisiana State Legislature referred four constitutional amendments—Amendment 1, Amendment 2, Amendment 3, and Amendment 4—to the ballot for March 29, 2025.

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View all

Trends in 2025

Types of ballot measures

From 2011 to 2023, an average of 33 statewide ballot measures — 5 initiated measures and 28 referred measures — appeared on ballots in odd-numbered years. An initiated measure is a proposed law that people collect signatures for to put on the ballot. A referred measure is a proposed law that a legislature or commission, or constitutional provision in the case of automatic referrals, puts on the ballot for voters to decide.

Type	2025	2023	2021	2019	2017	2015	2013	2011	Average (2011-2023)
Initiated ballot measures	0	7	4	2	4	5	3	12	5
Initiated constitutional amendments	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	4	1
Initiated state statutes	0	6	3	1	3	4	2	6	4
Veto referendums	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	2	0
Referred ballot measures	26	34	35	34	23	23	28	22	28
Legislative constitutional amendment	24	31	23	19	16	16	17	21	20
Legislative state statute	2	2	1	2	0	1	1	1	1
Commission-referred measure	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Automatically referred measure	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Bond issues	0	0	8	1	3	2	5	0	3
Advisory question	0	1	3	12	3	4	5	0	4
Total:	26	41	39	36	27	28	31	34	33

The following chart illustrates the numbers of initiated measures and referred measures for each odd-numbered year from 2001 to 2023. The year with the most initiated measures, at 19, was 2005. The year with the most referred measures, at 59, was 2003.

By date

The following is a list of state ballot measures that will be decided at elections other than the election on November 4, 2025.

March 29

• d Louisiana Amendment 1, Allow Legislature to Create Trial Courts of Specialized Jurisdiction and Provide Supreme Court Original Jurisdiction to Discipline Out-of-State Lawyers Amendment (March 2025)
• d Louisiana Amendment 2, State Tax and Fiscal Policy Changes Amendment (March 2025)
• d Louisiana Amendment 3, Legislative Authority to Determine Crimes for Trying Juveniles as Adults Amendment (March 2025)
• d Louisiana Amendment 4, Use Earliest Election Dates for Filling Judicial Vacancies Amendment (March 2025)

April 1

• a Wisconsin Question 1, Require Voter Photo ID Amendment (April 2025)

May 6

• a Ohio Issue 2, Local Public Infrastructure Bond Amendment (May 2025)

By state

Colorado

See also: Colorado 2025 ballot measures

Type	Title	Subject	Description
LRSS	Allow State to Retain Revenue From Proposition FF Measure	Public assistance; Public education funding; Income taxes	Allow the state to retain and spend tax revenue collected above the initial estimates for Proposition FF, approved by voters in 2022
LRSS	Tax Deductions and Revenue for School Meals Measure	Public education funding; Income taxes	Lower the state tax deduction limits for taxpayers earning $300,000 or more from $12,000 to $1,000 for single filers and from $16,000 to $2,000 for joint filers, expected to generate $95 million annually for the Heathy School Meals for All Program

Louisiana

See also: Louisiana 2025 ballot measures

March 29, 2025

Type	Title	Subject	Description	Result	Yes Votes	No Votes
LRCA	Amendment 1	Legislature; Judiciary structure; Judicial authority	Allow the legislature to establish trial courts with limited or specialized jurisdiction, such as business courts, through a two-thirds vote		221,355 (35%)	412,108 (65%)
LRCA	Amendment 2	Severance taxes; Public education funding; Income taxes; Property taxes; Sales taxes; Teachers; Tax exemptions; Public retirement funds; Budget stabilization; Restricted-use funds; Revenue and spending limits; Legislature	Revise state constitutional provisions governing tax policy and various state funds		224,109 (35%)	410,107 (65%)
LRCA	Amendment 3	Criminal sentencing; Legislature; Juvenile justice	Provide the state legislature with the authority to determine in state law which crimes can result in a juvenile being tried as an adult; removes list of crimes currently in the state constitution for which juveniles can be tried as adults		212,343 (34%)	419,392 (66%)
LRCA	Amendment 4	Judiciary	Provide that judicial vacancies should be filled by calling a special election at the earliest available date pursuant to state law, rather than current law, which provides for calling a special election within twelve months after the day the vacancy occurs		229,620 (36%)	401,524 (64%)

Ohio

See also: Ohio 2025 ballot measures

May 6, 2025:

Type	Title	Subject	Description	Result	Yes Votes	No Votes
LRCA	Issue 2	Local government; Drinking water; Sewage and stormwater; Pollution; Bonds; Transportation	Allow the state to issue up to $2.5 billion in general obligation bonds to assist local governments in funding public infrastructure improvement projects	a	588,251 (68%)	279,873 (32%)

Texas

See also: Texas 2025 ballot measures

Type	Title	Subject	Description
LRCA	Allocate Portion of Sales Tax Revenue to Water Fund Amendment	Sales taxes; Restricted-use funds	Allocate sales tax revenue that exceeds the first $46.5 billion with a maximum of $1 billion per fiscal year to the state water fund and authorize the state legislature, by a two-thirds vote, to adjust the amount allocated
LRCA	Authorize Tax Exemption for Tangible Property Used for Income Production Amendment	Tax exemptions	Authorize the state legislature to exempt $125,000 of the market value of personal tangible property used for income production from taxes
LRCA	Change Membership and Authority of State Commission on Judicial Conduct Amendment	Judiciary	Change the composition of the state Commission on Judicial Conduct, provide for a temporary tribunal to review the commission's recommendations, and change the authority governing judicial misconduct
LRCA	Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment	Citizenship voting	Amend the Texas Constitution to provide that "persons who are not citizens of the United States" cannot vote
LRCA	Denial of Bail for Certain Violent or Sexual Offenses Punishable as a Felony Amendment	Bail	Deny bail to individuals accused of certain violent or sexual offenses punishable as a felony
LRCA	Establish Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Amendment	Healthcare	Establish the Dementia Prevention and Research Institute of Texas with $3 billion from the general fund
LRCA	Establish Homestead Exemption for Surviving Spouses of Veterans Killed by a Service-Connected Disease Amendment	Homestead tax; Tax exemptions; Veterans	Establish a property tax homestead exemption on all or part of the market value of the homestead of a surviving spouse of a veteran who died from a service-connected disease
LRCA	Establish Special Funds for State Technical College System Amendment	Higher education funding; Restricted-use funds	Establish the Permanent Technical Institution Infrastructure Fund (Permanent Fund) and the Available Workforce Education Fund (Available Fund) as special funds in the state treasury to support the Texas Technical College System
LRCA	Homestead Exemption for Improvements Made to Residence Destroyed by Fire Amendment	Homestead tax; Tax exemptions	Provide a temporary homestead exemption for improvements made to residences destroyed by fire
LRCA	Increase Homestead Property Tax Exemption Amendment	Homestead tax; Tax exemptions	Increase the property tax exemption from $100,000 to $140,000 of the market value of a homestead
LRCA	Increase Homestead Tax Exemption for Elderly and Disabled Amendment	Homestead tax; Tax exemptions	Increase the property tax exemption from $10,000 to $60,000 of the market value for homesteads owned by elderly or disabled individuals
LRCA	Parental Rights Amendment	Constitutional rights; Family	Provide that parents have the right "to exercise care, custody, and control of the parent’s child, including the right to make decisions concerning the child’s upbringing"
LRCA	Prohibit Capital Gains Tax on Individuals, Estates, and Trusts Amendment	Income taxes	Prohibit a tax on the realized or unrealized capital gains of an individual, family, estate, or trust
LRCA	Prohibit Estate Taxes and New Taxes on Estate Transfers, Inheritances, and Gifts Amendment	Property taxes	Prohibit the state legislature from enacting laws imposing taxes on a decedent's property or the transfer of an estate
LRCA	Prohibit Taxes on Certain Securities Transactions Amendment	Business taxes	Prohibit the enactment of laws that impose taxes on entities that enter into transactions conveying securities or on certain securities transactions
LRCA	Property Tax Exemption for Border Security Infrastructure Amendment	Tax exemptions	Authorize the state legislature to provide for a property tax exemption for the construction of border infrastructure on property located in a county that borders Mexico
LRCA	Property Tax Exemption on Retail Animal Feed Amendment	Agriculture; Tax exemptions	Establish a property tax exemption on animal feed held by the owner of the property for retail sale

Washington

See also: Washington 2025 ballot measures

Type	Title	Subject	Description
LRCA	Senate Joint Resolution 8201	Public assistance; Restricted-use funds	Allow the Long-Term Services and Supports (LTSS) Trust Fund to be invested in stocks and equities rather than being limited to fixed-income securities

Wisconsin

See also: Wisconsin 2025 ballot measures

Type	Title	Subject	Description	Result	Yes Votes	No Votes
LRCA	Question 1	Voter ID	Add a voter photo ID requirement to the Wisconsin Constitution	a	1,437,317 (63%)	851,851 (37%)

Learn more about the history of initiatives and referendums

History of Initiative & Referendum Ballot Measures

Period: 1898 - 1996

In the U.S., 26 states have adopted constitutional amendments for citizen-initiated ballot measures. As state constitutional amendments require voter approval, except in Delaware, creating ballot initiative processes required ballot measures, either from state legislatures or constitutional convention. Most of these amendments originated during the progressive and populist movements of the 1890s to 1920s.Beginning in 1898, voters in 30 states have decided on 42 constitutional amendments to create state initiative and referendum processes. The most recent was in Mississippi in 1992, and no such amendments have appeared on the ballot since then.

Read More

See also

• Ballot measure
• Laws governing ballot measures
• States with initiative or referendum
• Potential 2025 ballot measures

Footnotes

2025 ballot measures

State ballot measures

States:  • Colorado • Louisiana • Ohio • Texas • Washington • Wisconsin

Topics: Agriculture policy •  Bail policy •  Bond issues •  Budget stabilization funds •  Business taxes •  Citizenship voting requirements •  Constitutional rights •  Criminal sentencing •  Drinking water systems •  Family-related policy •  Healthcare •  Higher education funding •  Highways and bridges •  Homestead tax exemptions •  Income taxes •  Juvenile criminal justice •  Local government finance and taxes •  Pollution, waste, and recycling policy •  Property tax exemptions •  Property taxes •  Public assistance programs •  Public education funding •  Public employee retirement funds •  Public school teachers and staff •  Restricted-use funds •  Revenue and spending limits •  Sales taxes •  Severance taxes •  Sewage and stormwater •  State judicial authority •  State judicial selection •  State judiciary oversight •  State judiciary structure •  State legislative authority •  State legislative vote requirements •  Veterans policy •  Voter ID policy

Local ballot measures

 • Alaska • Arizona • California • Illinois • Iowa • Kansas • Louisiana • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • New Jersey • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Texas • Vermont • Washington

Overviews

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