Old Sana'a

Old Sana'a

city, old town, urban area

Tiŋa	Yemen
Capital of	Sheba, Kingdom of Yemen
Din be shɛli polona	Old City District, Sanaa
Wakati luɣili	UTC+03:00
Enclave within	Sanaa
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli	15°21′18″N 44°12′52″E, 15°21′20″N 44°12′29″E
Significant event	List of World Heritage in Danger
Heritage designation	World Heritage Site
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabili	http://www.sanaacity.com/
World Heritage soli	(iv), (v), (vi)

E-Class

Sanaa dini lahi too booni shɛli Sana'a bee Sana nyɛla Yemen tiŋzuɣu ka lahi nye tiŋ din galisi gari tinsi zaa Yemen, di lahi nyɛla Sanaa Governorate sunsuni. Tiŋ maa bi pahi Gɔmnanti maa zuɣu amaa di nyɛla " Amanat al-Asima" administrative district koŋkoba. Yemen zalisi puuni, Sanaa n-nyɛ tiŋ maa tiŋzuɣu bi bahi bahindi Yemeni gomnanti luɣi nyɛla din chaŋ Aden, din daa nyɛ tiŋzuɣu ti South Yemen, Houthi daabilim nyaanŋa. Aden daa nyɛla tiŋ maa toondana Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi ni boli shɛli tiŋzuɣu March golini yuuni 2015.

Ayi kpuɣi ninilihi 2,300 meters( 7,500 ft) ,Sanaa nyɛla tiŋsi zuɣiri din du zaɣ'yini duniya ni, ka miri Sarawat zoya Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb ni Jabal Tiyal, zo shɛŋa dini yɛli ni dini n du ngari zoya zaa tingbani maa ni, ka lahi pahi zoya din du region maa ni. Sanaa malila niribi kamani 3,937,500 (yuuni 2012), lala ŋo zuɣu dinyɛla Yemen tiŋ karili din gari tinsi zaa. Yuuni 2020 ni Sanaa tingbani daa malila kamani kobigu puuni vaabu pia niriba ban be Yemen puuni.

Sanaa tiŋ kurili, din nyɛ UNESCO World Heritage Site, malila mɛbu gahinda, kamani jirambiasa nima shɛli dini pɛ viɛnyɛla. Yuuni 2015, zaba zaba maani, bompi daa nyɛla din gbaagi UNESCO luɣa tiŋ kurilimaa ni. Al Saleh jiŋli maa, jiŋ shɛli din gari jiŋa zaa Sanaa, be la tiŋ'kurila ni.

Sanaa too nyɛri ko kpaɣu pam. Tiŋ maa nyɛla vihigu ni yɛli ni di yɛn koŋla kom zaazaa kamani yuuni 2030, din yɛn che ka di nya tiŋzuɣu shɛli anduniya yaangi zuɣu din yɛn nyɛ tuuli ka lala niŋ. Ko nyuri suŋ nyɛl binshɛli din dii ka Sanaa.

Taarihi

Saha kurili ha

Anabi Ibrahim adiini din kana nima yɛilya, ni Sanaa daa nyɛla di ni nyɛ shɛli Jabal Nuqum zoya gbinni ka di nyɛ Shem anabi Nuhu bia n- daa nyɛli anabi Nuhu kum nyaanga.

Sanaa yulima nyɛla dini nyɛ shɛli Sabaic sn din gbinni nyɛ ''well-fortified''. Yuli maa nyɛla din be Sabaic Sabbu ni din daa yina 3rd Century CE ka nyɛ șn'w.

Pumpoŋo, niribi yɛliya ni Sanaa zamiti di daabiligu toontibo, bombunima ni din pahi( din yina laribu asna).

10th century ni larigu taarihi baŋda al- Hamdani daa sabiya wuhi kamani, Sanaa saha kurili yuli daa nyɛla Azal, bin'shɛli din bi sabi doya Sabaen sabbu nima ni. Azal yuli maa nyɛla shɛli dini yɛli ni di mini Uzal, Qahtan biya, Shem yaantibichee injeela ni mali tuɣili.

Al- Hamdani daa sabiya wuhi ni sanaa daa nyɛla Sabeans ni me goma gili shɛli, Shar'Awtar sulinsi ni, ŋun daa lahi me Gumdan na'yili tiŋ maa ni.

Dini niŋ ka di be luɣ' shɛli maa zuɣu, Sanaa nyɛla din daa nyɛ tiŋpuuni ti bali shɛba ban koɣili ka lahi nyɛ daabiligu shee Southern Arabia. Di daa bela daabiligu palichira zuɣu, ka zaŋdi Ma'rib wulinluhili zuɣu ti tiri Read Sea wulin luhili zuɣu.

Sanaa daa nyɛla sojatuma tiŋzuɣu Sabaeans sulinsi ni. Be daa zaŋlimi saha shɛli bini daa ŋme tobu Himyar din be di nudirigu zuɣu, sabbu pam lahi wuhiri tiri Sanaa yi ti ŋme tobu n di nasara.Sanaa nyɛla sabbu ŋo ni yɛli ni di nyɛla tiŋa(hgr) ni mahram( mhrm), A.F.L Beeston ni yɛli ni di zamiti ''tiŋ shɛli bini bi saɣiti di kpɛbu, di yi nyɛ adiini zuɣu bee din kuli pahi''.Sabaean sabbu ŋo nyɛla din kuli lahi boli Ghumdan nayili yuli.

Naa Yousef Athar (bee Dhu Nuwas), Himrayite nanima bahigu nidaa be nam ni, Saaa n- daa nyɛ tiŋzuɣu ti "Axumite viceroys".Taarihi daa tilahi wuhi ni Abrahah ŋun daa ŋme n deegi Abyssina daa nyɛla ŋun me asori duu Sanaa.

Musulinsi saha

The Sanaʽa manuscript, found in Sanaʽa in 1972, is one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts in existence

Anabi Muhammaŋ saha maa ( ca. 622 CE ) hali ni maŋsulinsi deebu Yemen Islamic Caliphate tinsi ni, Sanaa daa nyɛla din kuli nyɛ gomnanti kuɣu ni be shɛli. Caliph's zuɣulan paa n daa lihiri tiŋ maa, Yemen Makhalifs ata maa yini zaɣ'yini : Mikhlaf Sana'a, Mikhlaf al-Janad, ni Mikhlaf Hadharamaut. Tiŋ maa daa nyɛla din nyɛ tiŋ gahindili, ka Yemen tingbana daa kpaɣiriri ni bi dee di sulinsi.

Imam Al- Shafi'i, 8th century musulinisi fukumsi lana ni ŋun kpa Shafi'i fukumsi karinzoŋ, daa kpuɣi napoŋ chaŋ Sanaa bushɛm. O daa salinidi tiŋ maa, ka sabi "La budda min San'a" din gbinni nyɛ di simsi ni niri nyɛ Sanaa. 9th mini 10th centuries ni, Yemen joographer al-Hamdani daa kpahin nya tiŋ maa kasi ka yɛli" din be ni mali la kobili yini bee dibaayi, gariche, saɣili bahibu shee din waligi ka che taba, din bi nyo biɛri biɛri dama concreti kpeŋ maa zuɣu ni mori din viɛla ni luɣi shɛŋa din vɛili ka nyɛ kashi" 10th century ni Persia joografi, Ibn Rustah daa sabiya "Di nyɛla Yemen tiŋa- niri ku too nyɛ tiŋa din gari tiŋ ŋɔ, din lɛbigimsim gari tiŋ ŋɔ bee din bɛbu viɛli gari tiŋ ŋɔ bee din bindira nyaɣisi gari tiŋ ŋɔ"

Yuuni 1062 ni, Sanaa daa nyɛla Salayhid dynasty, ban toondana daa nyɛ Ali al- Sulayhi ni o paɣa, Napaɣa Asma. O daa zaŋda tiŋ maa leegi tiŋzuɣu zaŋti o tungbani bila, Haraz zoya gba daa pahi di zuɣu.Sulayhids maa daa dolila Ismaili Muslim leaning Fatimid Caliphate din be Egypt, ka bi doli Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphate laribu nim pam ni daa doli. Al-Sulayhi daa nyɛla tiŋ maa toondana kamani yuun pishi ka o nyintaa Zabid- bases Najahids daa ti di nyɛvuli. O kum nyaanga, al-Sulayhi bipuɣinbila, Arwa al-Sulauhi n daa di kuɣu maa. O daa yiya ka che Sanaa, ka zaŋ Sulayhid tiŋzuɣu labi Jibla, luɣi shɛli o ni daa gbibi Yemen pam din gbaagi yuuni 1067 hali ni 1138. Sulayhid nim maa chandi maa zuɣu, Hamdanid dynasty daa deegu Sanaa sulinsi. Kamani Sulayhid nima maa, Hamdanids daa nyɛla Isma'ilanima.

Yuuni 1173 ni, Saladin, Egypt Ayyubid sultan daa tim o tuzodoo Turan- Shah ni o chaŋ ti ŋme ndi Yemen. Ayyubidinima maa daa deegi Sanaa sulinsi yuuni 1175 ka daa laɣim bala din be Yemen gbaa yihi din daa be nuzaazuɣu zoya,Zaydi limama ni daa su shɛli n leegi zaɣ'yini.Ayyubidinima daa taɣi tiŋgbani maa adiini chaŋ Sunni Muslim Abbasids. Ayyubid emir Tughtekin ibn Ayyub nam ni, tiŋ maa daa nyɛ zoosim pam. Di shɛŋa n- nyɛ di daa zaŋ gariche paliti Sa'ilah wulinluhili dini daa mi shɛlu Bustan al- Sultan, Ayyubid ni daa me bi binyɛra zaɣiyini. Ayyubidinima Sanaa sulinsi daa lu n- zahim viɛnyɛla. Bi daa lee piila Ta'izz leegi bi tiŋzuɣu saha shɛli Aden ni daa nyɛ tiŋshɛli din tiri tiŋ maa arizichi pam.

Dini daa niŋ ka Rasulidinima maa gbubi Yemen, n zaŋ Tahiridinima pa, Sanaa daa leegi Zaydi limama jintori tiŋa. Maelukenima daa shee Yemen yuuni 1517.

Ottoman Saha

Ottoman map of Sanaa, 1874

Ottaman daa kpɛla Yemen yuuni 1538 saha shɛlu Suleiman the Magnificent daa nyɛ naa. Özdemir Pasha linjima sulinsi ni, ottomanima maa daa fa Sanaa yuuni 1547. Ottoman ni daa saɣi ti, Europens soojanima ban be Yemen Aden ni Mocha tinsi ni daa zooya ka bi chani Sanaa ni be ti kpaŋsi daabilim mabiligu.Yuuni 1602 ni Zaydi limama ban toondana daa nyɛ Imam al-Mu'ayyad daa labi deegi tiŋ maa sulinsi ka daa kari Ottomanima yuuni 1629. Di bahi bahindi Ottomanima maa daa zo n- yi al- Mu'ayyad nam ni, ŋun daa pa o zuɣu al- Mansur al- Qasim daa nyɛla ŋun daa gbarigi Ottaman sojanima zaa Sanaa ni Yemen. Saha ni European daabihi maa daa bi lahi nyɛri anfaani shɛli bini daa diri maa.

Zayd limama daa kuli gbibila Sanaa hali ni 19th century sunsuni, Ottomanima ni daa lahi labina ni bi ti fa tiŋ maa. Yuuni 1835, Ottoman soojanima daa kpe Yemen kaebi ŋmahima daa lee be ka Egypt Muhammad Ali niriba.eBi daaebi too ŋme n- ndi Sanaa hali ni yuuni 1872 Ahmed Muhtar Pasha nidaa ti zaŋ niribi pa o maŋ zuɣu ka bi kpe tiŋ maa n i.Ottoman nima daa zaŋ Tanzimat taɣibu na tiŋkam bini daa deegi ni.

Sanaa, tiŋ lɛbigibu daa nyɛla binshɛli din pili tuuli, pali pala daa nyɛla dinniŋ, karinzona ni ashibiti nima nyɛla binshɛŋa din daa me. Lala taɣibu maa daa nyɛla Ottomanimmaa ni niŋ shɛli yomyom din yɛn che ka bi gbibi Sanaa ni kpɛŋ ka bi mini Egypt shɛli din daa kuli zoori saha kam kpari. Lala taɣibu nim ŋo maa daa ku bahi nyɛla binshɛŋa din bi yaɣi laa.

North Yemen Saha

Dar al-Hajar, the residence of Imam Yahya in the Wādī Ẓahr (وادى ظهر) near Sanaʽa

Yuuni 1904, Ottoman sulinsi ni daa gorigindi Yemen, Imam Yahaya ŋun daa ba Zaydi limama ni daa nyɛla ŋun deegi yaa Sanaa. O ni daa bori ni o deegi maŋsulinsi nti North Yemen maa, Yahya daa zali zaligu din taɣiri tiŋduya ni Laribu jintoritali, ka bi tohiri tiŋ maa zoosimni, ka lahi che ka Ottaman paɣibi karinzoŋ zani soli. Pirinla o ni daa niŋ lala ŋɔ zuɣu, Sanaa daa lee tiŋ din be saɣiti gomnanti tuma duu bee baŋsim taɣibu nima.

Yuuni 1930s, tuma duri pam daa nyɛla ban bi saɣiti bee n bori taɣibu Zaydi limam tali daa gili tiŋ maa zaa, di daa jɛndila Fatat - Fulayhi, laɣingu din nyɛ Yemen Musulinsi baŋdibi ban be Sanaa Fulayhi Madrasa ni Haital- Nidal. Di daa ti yɛnpaagu yuuni 1936, lala laɣinsi maa toondaambi daa nyɛla bini gbahi shɛbi kpari. Yuuni 1941 ni laɣingu din daa be tiŋ maa ni, Shabab al-Amr bil- Maruf wal-Nahian al- Munkar daa yina ti yɛlu ni di bori taɣibu tiŋmaani ka lahi yɛli ni kpa jintori duu ka musulinsi nyɛ di zuɣu. Yahaya daa nyɛla ŋun bi saɣi ti Shabab ka ni kpambi pam daa nyɛ bini ku shɛba n doli o bia Ahmad yaa deebu yuuni 1948 ni. Lala yuuni maa, Ta'izz daa nyɛla dini zaŋ shɛli leegi tiŋzuɣu dini daa niŋ ka Ahmad be naa. Gɔmnanti duri gba daa doliya. Yuun'bihi nyaaŋa, tiŋmaa niribi ban nyɛ Jewish daa yinlabi egypt.

Ahmad daa pili daabilim lɛbigibu amaa di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 1961 Sanaa daa nyɛla din nyɛri ayiriomo kara ni zaba n bori taɣibu yomyom. Ban daa be North Yemen sojaninimi ban daa saɣiti Gamal Abdel Nasser ŋun yi Egypt na ni pan-Arabist zalisi daa nyɛla ban yiɣisi Imamate gomnanti Septermber yuuni 1962 ni, bakoi Ahmad kum nyaamŋa. Sanaa tiŋzuɣu tali daa nyɛla dini labisi shɛli. Saudi Arabia din koɣili daa be saɣiti lala ŋo ka din zuɣu che ka bi daa soŋsi North Yemen tinkpan bihi maa ka bi yiɣisi zani tuhiri foŋ nima ban be Sanaa.North Yemen tobu maa daa nyɛla din tahi binyɛra saɣimbu na tiŋ maa ni hali ni yuuni 1968 dini daa ti niŋ ka shaawara gbaagi ka zuɣulan tali soli daa boogi. Sanaa daa na kuli bi zani di naba ayi zuɣu dama gomnanti yiɣisibu ni kubu kubu daa kuli nyɛla binshɛli din be tiŋmaa ni hali ni 1970 ni.

A 1958 view of Taizz Road, just outside the Bab al-Yaman

Gɔmnanti palli taɣibu daa nyɛla din taɣi Sanaa zaaha. Tahrir Square daa nyɛla dini me binshɛli, du shɛli dini daa mi ka di nyɛ limama nayili palo ni, ka bin pala daa lahi nyɛ dini me shɛli tiŋ maa nuzaa ni di nuzaa wulinluhili shee. Din daa doli ŋoloŋo n-nyɛ tiŋ kura maa dunoya wurimbu n ti pahi goma din gilli.

Dini daa niŋ ka tobu maa naagi yuuni 1970, Sanaa daa nyɛla din pili yɛligibu. Lala saha ŋɔ daa nyɛla Yemen tooni chɛndi saha ka daliri maa nyɛ Yemeni tumtumdibi daa kpiɣi napoŋ chaŋ Gulf tingbana ni ka daa kuli talindi liɣiri yiŋa. Tuuli, lala zoosim ŋo nyɛla binshɛli din daa kuli be tinsi kamani al- Tahrir, Bi'r al- Azab ni Bab al-Yaman. Amaa ŋolo daa nyɛla din taɣi chaŋ lala tinsi maa nangban kpansi dama niribi daa nyɛla ban kpe tiŋ maani ka nam bi biɛhigu shee. Tinsi ayi daa nyɛla din nyɛ zoosim lala saha ŋo: tuuli, fɔŋ shɛli din daa be Taizz palli nangban kpaŋa nu dirigu zuɣu, din pahi ayi, foŋ karili din daa be tiŋ maa wulinluhili shee, Bi'r al-Azab ni Sittin sunsuni.Palli daa nyɛla dini me shɛli yuuni 1970 ka di nyɛla United Nations Development Programme n daa ti lala yɛm ŋo ka di daliri ti che ka Sanaa daa lahi yɛligi pam.

View of Wadi as-Sailah street in 1988, with the minaret of the al-Mahdi Mosque visible in the background

Sanaa fɔŋ pala daa nyɛla din yi di ko ka che zaɣi kura maa. Yemen nima ban daa kpuɣi napoŋ chaŋ Gulf tinsi daa nyɛla ban tum mɛbu mɛbu tuma, ka daa baŋ Western ni Egypt mɛbu soya. Bi ni daa labina Yemen, bi daa ʒila lala mɛbu soya ŋo na. Mɛri pala daa nyɛla din mali concrete ni concrete bloku yiya, takoriti pam ni din pahi. Din daa lahi biɛni n- nye waligimsim ka che daŋwaɣinli ka loori nim malibu gba daa nyɛ bin shɛli din kpe ban daa be tiŋ kurili maa kore ka bi daa yin n-labi tiŋ pallimaa. To amaaa, tuŋ kurili maa mini di soya din bi ne, ko kpaɣu ni goota nim kalinsi, saɣiri daa nyɛla binshɛli din yihiri niribi kore ka che tiŋ ma nima. Alobo daa di luya yuuni 1970 puuni, ko soya daa nyɛla dini niŋ shɛli ni di soŋ ʒi kom kpɛna tiŋ kurili maa ni, amaa di yihibu na daa niŋ tɔm, lala ŋo zuɣu kom daa nyɛla din kpalim gbinni pam tiŋ maa ni. Ŋoloŋo daa nyɛla din che ka duri pam lu ka yiya pam gba nyɛ din saɣim.

Yoma Saha

Attabari Elementary School, Old City of Sanaʽa

Yemen nangban yini niŋbu nyaaŋa, Sanaa daa nyɛla dini piigi shɛli tiŋzuɣu zaŋti Yemen tiŋa. Di nyɛla luɣi shɛli tingban zuɣulani bɛhigu shee, jintori duu, kootu karili ni gomnanti tuma duri ni be shɛli. Gomnanti n zooi ka di kpuɣiri niribi pam tuma. Di ni niŋ ka niribi yiri maa, Sanaa zoogi yi di tiŋ kurili maa zuɣu amaa ka ŋoloŋo lee che ka miisim be tiŋmaa mɛbu din bi yihili di bahi bahindi kom.

Sanaa daa nyɛla Arab League ni piigi shɛli , Arab Cultural tiŋzuɣu yuuni 2004 ni. Yuuni 2008 ni Al Saleh jiŋli daa nyɛla dini naagi shɛli. Di ni tooi deei niribi kamani 40,000.

Yuuni 2011 ni, Sanaa din daa nyɛ Yemen tinzuɣu n daa nyɛ luɣi shɛli dini yiɣisi Yemeni gomnanti, President Ali Abdullah Saleh daa nyɛla dini ku so.May mini November goli sunsuni, tiŋ maa daa nyɛla tobushee, binshɛli niribi daa mi " 2011 Battle of Sanaa".

Silimin goli May 2012 ni, ŋun kuri niribi ka kuri O maŋa tabiliri niribi daa nyɛla ŋun kpe Sanaa, ka o kpɛbu maa daa dusojanima 120 nyɛvili.

Silimin gɔli 23 January 2013, niribi ayi daa nyɛla ban kpi ka di nyɛla droni sababi ni, Radhya Al- Mutawakel ni Abdulrasheed Al-Faqih ni Open Societies foundations n daa sabi lala yɛltoɣili ŋɔ.

Houthi Gbibbu ( yuuni 2014 hali ni woyyo)

Silimin goli 21 September 2014, Houthi daa nyɛla ban deegi Sanaa sulinsi.

Silimin goli 12 June 2015, pohim zuɣu tɔbu nɛma din daa yi Saudiya na ka di niya nyɛ ni di gbaagi Shiite zalizaɣisirbi daa nyɛla din saɣim yi gahinda tiŋ zuɣu maa ni. UNESCO World Heritage Site daa nyɛla din gba saɣim pam.

Silimin gɔli 8 October 2016, pohim zuɣu tobunɛma din yi Saudi na daa nyɛla din saɣim duu din be Sanaa, kuli daa nyɛla bini maani shɛli lala duu ŋo ni. Niribi kamani 140 daa nyɛla ban koŋ bi nyɛvuli ka niribi 600 nyɛ ban nyɛ dansi. Tuuli bi daa bi saɣiti ni bani n be lala gamo ŋo nyaaŋa, amaa Coalition's Joint Incident Assesment Team daa saɣiti ni bani n saɣim ni maa ni maa ka lee lahi yɛli ni di daa nyɛla chirimbu din nyɛ lahibali biɛri ni tahi shɛli na.

May 2017 ni, International Committee of Red Cross nim daa ti lahibali wuhi ni tiri ka nyɛri daa nyɛla din di niribi 115 nyevili ka che niribi 8,500 soŋ barigu ni. Yuuni 2017 bahigu, tobu daa lan nyɛla din lu Houthis ni tingban zuɣulani Saleh bini daa di so nyɛvili ninvuɣ'kpɛma sunsuni.

Silimin goli Μay 2022 ni, yuma ayobu ni, tuuli matuuka yiɣirigu daa nyɛla din kpiɣi napoŋ Sanaa International Airport ni din daa be UN- brokered dabisa pihoyobu nangbanyini tali Houthi nima mini tiŋduya gomnanti.

Joografi ni Climate

Tiŋ maa biɛhigu

Sanaa bɛla Haql Saana, din nyɛ kamani 2,200m dubu gari kuligi dini. Lala luɣili maa nyɛla 50-60km waɣilim nudirigu zangbaagi nuzaa ni 25km wulinluhili zaŋ chaŋ wulinpuhil, ka be Sanaa nuzaa zuɣu ka lee ti nyɛ zaɣi moɣu ayi kpa nudirigu polo. Wulinpuhili zanchaŋ wulinluhili Sanaa plain nyɛla zoya ni gili shɛli, ka vinvama sheeri di zuɣu na. Di nuzaa zuɣu nyɛla din du bɛla zaŋ kpari Arhab, dini mi shɛli al- Khashab taarihi ni. Sanaa plain maa nyɛla din kom zori kpɛri Wadi al-Kharid, din zori nuzaazuɣu, hali zan chaŋ nuzaa wulinpuhili, n kpa al-Jawf din nyɛ kosoli zaɣi karili ka Yemen koma zori kpɛri dini. Plain maa nudirigu zuɣu bɛla al-Kharid mini Wadu Siham sunsuni ka di kom zori kuni Yemeni Tihama.

Sanaa maŋmaŋ bɛla plain maa moɣisilinli shee Jabal Nuqum mini Jabal an- Nabi sunsuni. Jabal an- Nabi zuɣusaa nyɛla 25km Sanaa wulin luhili zuɣu.Di biɛhigu shee ŋo zuɣu, tiŋ maa bɛla zoya sunsuni di wulinpuhili ni wulinluhili zuɣu, tiŋ maa yɛligibu dolila di nuzaa-nudirigu zuɣu.

Jabal Nuqum dula kamani 500 metres gari Sanaa. 10th century sasabira al-Hamdani, zoli maa daa nyɛla luɣi shɛli dini gbiri iron, di bahi bahindi di ku too lahi dolisi li zuŋo; o daa lahi boli onyx bali shɛli din yina Nuqum.Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi daa buɣisi moɣili din be Nuqum; lala moɣili ŋo nyɛla dini bi mi shɛli shee. Lala moɣili ŋo daa biɛnimi ni di yihiri kom din yina zoli maa wulinpuhili shee ka gu ka taɣi kokpɛli Sanaa. Ko kpɛli ŋo nyɛla din daa niŋ 692(73 AH), poi ka di daa naan yi gbi moɣili maa, di buɣisiya ni lala kokpɛliŋo daa saɣim Sanaa yiya.Di bahi bahindi di ni miri tiŋ maa,Jabal Nuqum daa bi nyɛ binshɛli dini nyara hali ni yuuni 1607 ( 1016 AH) saha shɛli dini daa ti me bini dini yɛn lihiri luɣi shɛli ka lahi che ka bi baŋ bi dimbi yi ti miriti ba.

Sanaa plain maa mali tingbani barina dini boli shɛli volcano ŋmahima ka mali volcano cones ni lava ni niŋ yaɣi shɛŋa. Lala luɣili ŋo shɛli bɛla nuzaa zuɣu, palli din chɛni Qa al-Bawn plain shɛli din do nuzaa zuɣu ka be Amran ni Raydah shee.

Mɛbu Mɛbu

Sanaa tiŋ kurili nyɛla dini mi shɛli di yi waɣila zuɣu ka di nyɛ dini zaŋ kuɣa ni blooku shɛŋa di ni niŋ buɣim kuhi mɛra ka di ni too paagi jiramisa dibaa anii waɣilim. Di duunoya ni takoriti nyɛla dini zaŋ plaster yoobu n niŋ shɛli ka di vɛla. Tuuli maa ha di daa nyɛla dini gbibi ba yili daŋ niriba, ka duu pala daa nyɛ dini mɛri shɛli di yi ti niŋ ka bihi kpiɣi paɣaba ka pili zuliya nambu.

Gbinni maa daa nyɛla dini mali bin bira soŋdi shɛli ni ka lahi mali binkobiri niŋdi dini. Pumpoŋo bi bi lahi mali binkobiri bee bin bila ŋo niŋdi dini, din zuɣu ban su yiya ŋo nyɛla ban zaŋli yoogi shitori ( ŋo maa nyɛla din tahiri gadama na yili yidaa nima min ban lihiri mɛbu mɛbu tingbani maa ni, dama di nyɛla binshɛli zaligu ni bi saɣ'ti). Duu din be zuɣu saa maa dini boli shɛli mafraj nyɛla dini deeri saamba du shɛli ni ka lahi nyɛ du shɛli ni di ni ʒiina di yi ti niŋ ka bit yɛn nyu qat.

Yi waɣila nyɛla dini na kuli mɛri shɛli Sanaa, ka di nyɛla saha ŋo mɛbu nɛma ka di mali niŋdili; dini n nyɛ conret blookunima din viɛla. Lala yi waɣila ŋo maa nyɛla din be district pala ni tiŋ kurili maa ni.

Yi pala shɛli dini mɛ Sanaa nyɛla dini zaŋ pumpoŋo na mɛbu mɛbu soya niŋ shɛli. Din zoogi di puni nyɛ "new villas" din nyɛ dini mɛ gariche nima gilu shɛli ka di too zoogi ka di be tiŋ maa nudirigu ni di wulinluhilipolo. Mɛbu mɛbu din lahi pahi n nyɛ zaɣi bihi " Egypt- yiya ni be shɛm". Lala yiya ŋo nyɛla din zoogi ka di be tiŋ maa nuzaa ni di wulinpuhili zuɣu Sanaa tingbani ni.

Tiŋ maa buɣisibu

Sanaa nyɛla dini pirigi shɛli buyi zuɣu dini n nyɛ Old City Dustrict ( al- Qadeemah) ni New city ( al- Jadid). Old City district maa nyɛla din pora ka mali tiŋ maa saha kura nɛma tiɛri ka bi biɛhigu n nyɛ saha kurili ha biɛhigu ka Al- Jadid nyɛla foŋ ni ka mali saha ŋo na mɛbi mɛbu. Tiŋ maa foŋ pala daa nyɛla dini lɛbigi shɛli yuuni 1960 ni hali zan chana dini daa piigi Sanaa ni di ni n nyɛ tiŋzuɣu.

Saha bihi din gari Sanaa nyɛla din zoogi n leegi foŋ karili din mali binyɛra pam, ka foŋ bihi pam din biɛni nyɛ dini niŋdi daabiligu pam shɛli.Di lɛbigimsim maa nyɛla tiŋ maa fukumsinima ni bi kpiɣi di soya. Di pam daa nyɛla din pili n yi tinkpansi kana. Palo liɣiri pahibu nyɛla binshɛli din gba che ka niribi pam yi tiŋ maa ni ka zaŋ bi daabiligu yi.

Souks nyɛla binshɛli din mali anfaani pam tinsi maa lɛbigibu ni.

Foŋdi foŋdi

The 1,000-year-old Bab Al-Yemen (Gate of The Yemen) at the centre of the old town

Evening in the Old City

Market in the Old City

Vegetable garden in the old city

Sanaa tiŋ kurili (Arabic: مَدِيْنَة صَنْعَاء ٱلْقَدِيْمَة, romanized: Madīnat Ṣanʿāʾ Al-Qadīmah) UNESCO nim ni boli shɛli World Heritage Site. Tiŋ kuriili maa nyɛla niribi ni daa be shɛli n gari yuma 2,500 ka mali mɛbu mɛbu din kuli za dede pam. Mɛbu shɛli din yuugi gari mɛbu zaa Sanaa tingbani ni n nyɛ Ghumdam Nayili.Tiŋ maa daa nyɛla UNESCO nim niboli shɛli World Heritage Site yuuni 1986. Kpaŋ maŋ nyɛla dini niŋ dishɛli din yɛn che la tiŋ maa mɛbu kura maa be viɛnyɛla di puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ Samsarh ni Great Mosque of Danaa din gari yuma 1,400 zuɣu. Di nyɛla saha kurili uaɣori gooni din dubu paagu 9-16 meters, tiŋkurili maa mali gari jiŋa kobiga, shinshɛri pinaayi ni yiya 6,500. Di pam nyɛla din chaŋ ti ŋmani saha kurili skyscrapers, la nyɛ din waɣi pam ka di zaŋ bin pati pilli. Di daa nyɛla dini zaŋ frame nima, glass nima din bombom n pahi li viɛlim.

British sadabira ŋun yuli nyɛ Jonathan Raban daa nyɛlaŋun kpuɣi napoŋ chaŋ tiŋ maa ni yuuni 1970 ka daa buɣisi tiŋ maa ka di mɛbu mɛbu ni di zaashe chaŋ ti ŋmani labyrinth ka da lahi yɛli ni tiŋ maa kotomsi daa ŋmanila niri ni yi kpiɣi buku ka anfoonima kuli pali dini la. A yi yi tiŋ maa pala zuɣu, di daa kuli malila sabbu din miri taba ni bombu na.

Luɣi shɛli din daa zoogi ka di gbaari niribi hanlali pujni yini, Sq al Milh ( yalim daa) luɣi shɛli niri ni daa naan to da paanu, yalim, gumdu, loɣu, siliba nima, binyoma ni din pahi. 7th century Jãmi' al Kabīr ( jiŋ karili) nyɛla duniya yaangi zuɣu jiŋa din yuugi puuni zaɣ'yini. Bab al- Yaman ( Yemen duunoli) nyɛla tiŋ maa kpɛbu shee din gari yuun tuhili.

Tiŋ maa daabilgu ni zoogi ka di niŋdi shɛli nyɛla Al Madina, shɛli polo lɛbigimsim ni kuli cheniviɛnyɛla.Din pahi hotel kara dibaata zuɣu n daa nyɛ shitori ni bindirigu dibu shee. Tiŋ maa lahi malila paaki dibaata ni tingban zuɣulana yiŋa. Yemen National Museum gba nyɛla din be dini.

Tiŋ kurili maa daa nyɛla din mali quateersinima, din daa be luɣi shɛli jiŋli ni be, shinshɛɣu ni bindira puu. Bina din yiiri salinima sani daa nyɛla dini bahiri shɛli doli chutes. Zoya maa pohim maa zuɣu, di daa nyɛla din kuuri yom ka bi daa zaŋdili leeri buɣim tiri shinshɛri maa. Amaa bindira garichenima maa daa nyɛla dini zaŋdi ko shɛli dini paɣi puhi jiŋli yoɣira.

Al-Tahrir

Al- Tahrir daa nyɛla dini me shɛli ka di nyɛ foŋ palli ni daabilgu shee n zaŋ ti Sanaa yuuni 1960 saha.Di na nyɛla foŋ gahindili zaŋ titiŋ maa amaa daabiligu nyɛla din siɣi tiŋ pam. 21st century saha lɛbigimsim daa nyɛla dini bori ni di nyɛ dɛma dɛma tiŋzuɣu.

Bi'r Al- Azab

Di nyɛla Ottoman ni Jewish tiŋ kurili din be Sanaa tiŋ kurili maa wulinluhili zuɣu, Bi'r al-Azab daa nyɛla dini tuu boli shɛli taarihi kundunima ni yuuni 1627 ( 1036 AH), Ghayat al- amanni din daa nyɛ Yahya ibm al- Husayn ni sabi shɛli.

Di ni daa niŋ ka di pahi Sanaa zuɣu maa, Bi'r al-Azab daa nyɛla foŋdi zaɣiyini dini daa miri cho di lɛbigimsim yuuni 1970 ni. Pumpoŋo di pa nyɛla luɣi shɛli niribi ni be, ka tuma du zuɣuri gba be, Prime Minnister wofici ni o zuɣulan pahi gba tuma duri nyɛla din be kpe.

Din pahi

Foŋ shɛli din be pali kara diba ayi tiŋ maa ni (Ring road ni Sittin ) sunsuni nyɛla din kuli daha, ka niribi nyɛ ban galisi tiŋ maa ni pam ka lahi kuli be nimmohi ni saha kam. Lala foŋdi ŋo nyɛla pali kara ni dili shɛli kamani al- Zubayr ni Abd- al Mughni Pala, ka lora kuli nyɛ ban dolli. District shɛŋa din mali dariza pam lala findi ŋo ni n nyɛ al- Hasabah din be nuzaa zuɣu ni Shumayla din be nudirigu zuɣu. Al- Hasaba daa nyɛla tinkpaŋ din walihi Sasabiribi Al- Hamdani ni Al- Razu ni daa buɣisili shɛm, amaa din daa ti yɛn paagi 1980 ni di daa leela fiŋ din be Sanaa.

Foŋ shɛŋa din daa be Haddah Palli nudiriguwulinluhili zuɣu daa nyɛla din mali kom ka tingbani maa kuli lahi nyɛ kasi. Niribi pam daa nyɛla ban yi Aden labi lala foŋdi ŋo ni Yemeni nim ni daa niŋ nangban yini yuuni 1990. Yuuni 1990 hali na ni zuŋo, tiŋ maa nyɛla dini kuli mɛri yiwaɣila ka di soŋsiri tiŋ maa lɛbigimsim.

Administration

Yuuni 1983 ni, Sanaa daa nyɛla niribi di kuli zoogi luɣi shɛli, ka bi daa zaŋ tiŋ maa leegi di toli governorate din yuli daa nyɛ Amanat al- Asimah. Lala governorate daa lahi nyɛla dini pirigi shɛli districts dibaa awoi yuuni 2001, tingbani zuɣulana Decree No. 2; district din pahi pia, Bani Al Harith District daa nyɛla dini zaŋ shɛli pahi lala yuuni maa. Amaa Amanat al- Asimah Governorate fukumsi ni di pubu daa bi neegi ti salo.Lala saha ŋo hali ni zuŋo Sanaa daa malila district niim ŋo

• Old City District
• Al Wahdah District
• As Sabain District
• Assafi'yah District
• At Tahrir District
• Ath'thaorah District
• Az'zal District
• Bani Al Harith District
• Ma'ain District
• Shu'aub District

Daabiligu

Market stall in Sanaa

Taarihi ni, Sanaa daa mali luɣi shɛli dini gbiri tingbani .Zoya din be Sanaa daa nyɛla dini gbiri shɛli yihiri onyx, chalcedony ni cornelian. Di daa mila tiŋ maa di kuriti tuma zuɣu, British ni buɣisi shɛli " ni di mali yuli" 20th century ni,ka yuli maa daa lee sheegi. Yuuni 1920 Sanaa daa nyɛla British ni buɣisi shɛli "ni di mali binwola ni kosuŋ".

Dini daa nyɛ Yemen tiŋzuɣu maa, tuma kobigu puuni vaabu pihinahi nyɛla gomanti tuma. Tiŋ maa lahi nyɛla Yemen daabiligu gahindili shee.M-pahi,kamani tinsi din zoora, Sanaa mali jɛngama zuɣu tuma din nyɛ kamani kobigi puuni vaabu pihitanaayi yuuni 2002 ni.

Yuuni 2004 ni kobigi puuni vaabu 58.9% binyɛra din be tiŋmaa zaa ni, ni 31.3% tuma din be Sanaa bela daabiligu yaɣili. Binyɛra malibu n pahi ata zuɣu. Sanaa lahi mali saambidugbɛra ni bindira dandi shee gari tiŋmaa ni luɣili kam.

Tuma 62% din be Sanaa tumdimi tiri ban ka gomnanti yaɣili, ban su bi maŋ maŋ ta, ka zaŋ gomnanti tuma din kpiɣiri 31%. Waqfs tiŋduya kampani nima, ni tuma din pahi n kuli pa banbala maa zuɣu ka di shɛli bi kpiɣiri yaɣiri 2%.

Sanaa daabiligu nyɛla din galisi di yi niŋ ka di zaŋli ŋmahindi niribi ban be tiŋmaa ni: yuuni 2004 ni, di daa nyɛla yiŋ zaŋti yemennima 9% amaa ka nyɛ 16% zaŋ ti tiŋ maa daabiligu ni 22% zaŋti tumanima. Sanaa kohimma nyɛla din pora, kamani din ni too kpiɣi niribi 3.88 tuma; amaa ka lee gari Yemen zaa dini din nyɛ 2.87 ka Aden ko dini n-galisi dini n-nyɛ 6.88 niriba. Yuuni 1992 ni 2006 sunsuuni, 39% tuma din be Yemen daa nyɛla shɛli din be Sanaa, nti pahi 33% kohimma pala. Ayi lihi tuma bobu, Sanaa mali tuma gari tiŋ kam din be Yemen buta zuɣu ni.

Fakari

Di bahi bahindi sanaa daa nyɛ tiŋ din biiri maa zaa yoli, ka daabiligu chɛni viɛnyɛla ka tuma be tiŋ maa ni gari tiŋ kam Yemen, di lahi mali fakari gari tiŋ kam tiŋ maa ni. Di nyɛla yiŋ zaŋti niribi 6.5% fakari ni mali shɛba tiŋ maa ni ka lahi nyɛ yiŋ ti niribi 23% fakari nim ban be foŋ ni. Kamani niribi 15% nyɛla ban be tingbani maa fakari gbinni yuuni 2007 ni. Niribi pam lahi biɛni ka du n gari fakari line maa amaa ka fara na kuli nyɛ dini mali ba.Tuma kalinsi lahi nyɛla yɛli muɣisirili zaɣ'yini , vihigu wuhiya ni niribi ban paagi 25% nyɛla ban ka tuma tiŋ maani .

Liɣiri nyɛbi garitaba lahi nyɛla din pahiri : din gbaagi 1998 hali ni 2005, Gini coefficient zaŋti Sanaa daa nyɛla din pahi 37% hali ti paagi 44%. Ka di nyɛ 21% zaa ka di pahi, lala pahibu ŋo nyɛla pahiri shɛli din naʒin niŋ tiŋ maa zaa.

Daabihi Yɛli muɣisira

Yuuni 2005, Mitsubishi Research Institute ni daa pu Yɛmeni daabilgu 488 Sanaa dina daa nyɛla dinnyɛ 175 di puuni. Bi daa nyɛla ban yɛli yɛlimuɣisira din ŋmani taba bi daabiligu niŋbu ni tiŋ maa ni.Farigu dibu daa nyɛla din nyɛ yɛlu muɣisiri gahindili zaŋchaŋ bi daabilm mini gomnanti yɛltoɣa. Daabilgu shɛŋa daa nyɛla ban too zaŋdi bi milinsi ka bi yori farigu ka ŋo lo ŋo zaŋ daabiligu shɛŋa din kpalim niŋ miɣisiɣu ni dama bani n kuli yɛn yo farigu maa. Yuubi di yi ti niŋ ka nɛma yi tiŋ duya paana daa nyɛla din siɣisiri daablim dama shɛba daa too lahi yorilaɣi para tiri ban yɛn yihi nɛma maaa din kuli yɛn niŋ ka nɛma maa yihi yom.

Laɣiri yɛltoɣa gba nyɛla din kuli paari daabihi pam ban be Sanaa: dama banki sama.nyɛla din du zuɣusaa., ka ban tiri laɣipaŋda nyɛ ban bori ni bi zaŋ bin kara zali di zaani la lala ŋo nyɛbu too to.

Mɛbu mɛbu yɛltoɣa gba nyɛla yɛli muɣisirili zaɣ'yini, ŋmahinli dini niŋ ka niɣilim buɣim yɛla to maa, daabiligu nim pam nyɛla ban bori bi toli nɛma din yɛn tiba niɣilim buɣim ka bi niŋ bi daabilim.

Energy

Poi ni tobu maa, Yɛmen niɣilim buɣim daa nyɛla dini nyɛri shɛlu Ma'rib gas- fired pawa plant, din daa du pohim zuɣu yuuni 2009 ka daa tiri 27 halini40% tiŋ maa niɣilim buɣim saha shɛli dini daa be tuma ni. ( poi ka lala ŋo daa niŋ, niɣilim buɣim daa nyɛla din yi diesel pawa plants din be Sanaa). Ma'rib plant nyɛla din gbuni kpalanzuya ni Bani Hushaysh teesa bila pawa line shɛli din yaa nyɛ 400kV, ni Bani Hushaysh teesa gba tuɣi teesa shɛŋa din be Hizyaz. Amaa Ma'rib Sanaa pawa soli maa daa nyɛla niribi ni tuhiri pam, 54 ka bi daa tuhili pawa line maa zuɣu din gbaabi yuuni 2010 ni 2013. Ma'rib plant maa daa nyɛla din che tuma yuuni 2015 ni. Dhaban ni Hizyaz teesa nima maa daa nyɛla luɣi shɛli din gba tiri buɣim ka.daa lahi nyɛ din tiri Ma'rib plant. Dhahban teesa.n nyɛ teesa kpani Sanaa; ka.be 10km nuzaawulinluhili tiŋ maani, di daa na mali la 20MW yaa ka laɣim nyɛ 50MV.Hizyaz teesa daa nyɛla din mali pawa plantnima ata tuuli dini din yaa daa.nyɛ 30MW.daa nyɛla dini naa shɛli yuuni 2002.Din pahi daa nyɛla 60MW ka bi daa zaŋlu pahi yuuni 2004 ka yuuni 2007 din pahi ata maa daa nyɛla dini zaŋ shɛli pahi ka di yaa nyɛ 30MW.

Dini daa kuli niŋ ka prewar.pam Sanaa daa nyɛla dini zaŋ shɛli gohi niɣilim buɣim maa, n ti pahi tiŋ maa 35 luɣi shɛŋa niribini be niɣilim buɣim gbaabu daa bi za viɛnyɛla. Laati daa nyɛla dini kuli kpihiri shɛli ka vihigu din niŋ yuuni 2011 daa wuhi ni niɣilim buɣim daa nyɛla din biɛni hour yini biɛɣu kam.

Tobu maa daa nyɛla din dahimbuɣim yaɣili maa Yemen ni, ka.diliri nyɛ dini daa kuli liriti tiŋ maa, laɣiri kalinsi din yɛn gbibili viɛnyɛla ni kpam dii bi saɣi. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2018, 43%Sanaa buɣim nɛma daa nyɛla din kuli saɣim zaa ka 38% din kpalim gba saɣim bɛla; din pahi 81% daa bi tumda. Lala ŋo zuɣu salo pawa tibu Sanaa daa nyɛla din kuli lahi kani: dabisili puuni 50MW buɣim ka tiŋ maa daa bora amaa bi daa nyɛrila 40MW. Salo buɣim tibu nyɛla binshɛli Hizyaz teesa ni pa niŋdi shɛli di toli amaa ka di yaa nyɛ din boogi chaŋ 7MW. Salo niɣilim buɣim tibu kuli gbaarila 2% niribi salo maa zaa ni, saha pam foŋ shɛŋa dinkoɣi koɣi niɣilim buɣum nyɛla din mali liɣiri pam. Jengama zuɣu nima ban mali bi toli generatanima gba kohiri niɣilim buɣum tiri niriba , ka too nyɛri niribi kobigu puuni vaabu 2.8% ka di liɣiri maa kuli nyɛ kamani gomnanti niɣilim buɣim liɣiri.Niɣilim buɣim pam din be.Sanaa nyɛla din yi jengama zuɣu nim ŋo sani ban mali sola panelnima bee diesel generatanima, ka di daa lihiri niribi kobigu puuni vaabu bu pihita. Sola buɣim maa nyɛla din daa nyɛ yuli pam Yemen yuuni 2015 ni, ka yuuni 2016 ni ka di daa leegi binshɛli din tiri niɣilim buɣim pam tiŋ maani.

Kpam liɣiri ni diesel liɣiri nyɛla din pahi pam tum tobumaa ni pili ; pumpoŋo di liɣiri nyɛla 150% gari dini daa nyɛ sham yuuni 2017 ni. Kpakparishɛli din daa yoli niŋSanaa daa nyɛla din niŋ September 2019 ka daa che ka kpam dabu shee muɣi.

Baŋsim bobu/bohimbu

ISanaa nyɛla luɣi shɛli baŋsim ni be Yemeni tinsi ni ka mali gari tiŋmuni maa zaa.

Jengama zuɣu baŋsim soya nyɛla niribi ban be tiŋ maa ni ni bori shɛli pam, amaa di nyɛbu shee di bi viɛli ti paagi din be tiŋshɛŋa ni.

Sanaa district nim maa malila bi dintoli baŋsim bobu shee ka.gomnanti karinzona galisi di zaɣiyini pam ni.

Tobu shɛli dini daa tuhi Yɛmen maa daa nyɛla din dam baŋsim bobu Sanaa. Poi ka gomnanti maa daa kpiɣi national bank maa Sanaa n tahi Aden yuuni 2016 ni di daa nyɛla din che gomnanti tum tumdibi yobu Houthi ni daa deegi tiŋ shɛŋa. Karimbanima pam daa nyɛla ban che.wuhibu, lala ŋo zuɣu bi daa zaŋla niribi zali karimbanima ŋo zaani ka lala niribi ŋo daa lee ka karimbatali baŋsim.

Sanaa University daa nyɛla dini me shɛli yuuni1970 ka di niya nyɛ di ni soŋsi niribi ban be Yemen ka bi tum karimbatali tuma.Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 1984, di ko n daa nyɛla karinzoŋ karili din be Yemen. Lala saha ŋo di kpiɣibu daa dumi chaŋ 68 karimbihi yuuni 1970 ni 71, n chaŋ 9,700 yuuni 1983 zaŋ chaŋ 1984.

Di tuuli yuma ni, Sanaa University daa nyɛla Kuwait ni gbibi shɛli ka profesanima, administratanima, ni karimbu nɛma nyɛ din yiri Kuwait chani Yemen. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 1980s profesanima pam daa yi Ain Shams University din be Cairo. Lala saha ŋo, kobigi puuni vaabu pia karimbihi daa nyɛla bipuɣinsi.Karinzoŋ maa yuuni daa malila semester dibaa ayi ka semesta kam nyɛ bakoi pishiayika. Ka bakoi anii vuhibu saha. 1984 saha, karim wuhibu daa nyɛla laribu ni kariŋzoŋ yaɣa maa zaa gbaa yihi tabiibi yaɣili, luɣi shɛli dini daa wuhiri karimbihi siliminsili ni. Yaɣa din be Engineering ni Medical Sciences daa gbaaya ni di wuhiri karimbihi siliminsili ni.

Yuuni 1984, karim bipala ban daa nyɛ niribi anu Sanaa University ni zaɣ'yini daa nyɛla ban karim siɣisi yuma anahi.

Alaafee

Di daa ti yɛn paagi October yuuni 2016 ni, alaafeei bobu shee kalinli daa nyɛla 88 Sanaa metro foŋ ni. Ŋo lo ŋo daa nyɛla tuuli niribi lihibu shee dibaa anu ( ka lihiri niribi 1,000-5,0000 yini kam) 56 alaafeei centres ni ashibiti nima 19. Lala ashibiti nima ŋo mali goriti kamani 6.9 niribi 10, 000 kam zuɣu, din gari tiŋ muni maa zaa average din nyɛ 6.2 amaa ka gba lee be gbinii gari dini simsi nidi mali shɛm dini nyɛ goiriti 10.

Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2016 ambulancinima daa nyɛla 25. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2019, alaafeei tuma duri din kalinli nyɛ 77 n be Sanaa daa nyɛla Health Cluster partners ni soŋdi shɛli , soŋ sim maa n daa nyɛ barinima lihibu, tima tibu, kpam ni kom soŋsim ni tumtumdibi baŋsim lɛbu.

Alaafee tuma duri daa nyɛla ban lahi lihiri niribi ban be.tinsi din koɣi sanaa. Di nyɛla Yemen tinsi ayi puuni zaɣyini shɛli dini lihiri barinima pam. Tiŋmuni maa ʒim vobu shee dibaa ayobu yini bɛla Sanaa As- Sabeen Maternal Hospital. Din pahi, ban tiri alaafeeu yemen ni, din jɛndi zuɣu lɛbili daa nyɛla din be Sanaa yuuni 2016.

Zaba zaba din be Sanaa daa nyɛla din dam alaafee bomma shee. Yuuni 2018 ni saɣimbu nim maa zaa samili daa yisila 191 million ni US$233 million sunsuni. Yuuni 2016 saha, alaafeei tumtumdibi 20 kam daa nyɛla ban yɛn lihiri niri 10,000, lala ŋo daa nyɛla din boogu chaŋ 14 yuuni 2018 ni, din kuli do gbinni garu World Health Organization nim ni saɣiti shɛli dini n nyɛ alaafeei tumtumdibi 22 zaŋti niribi 10,000. Tima nyɛla din ka Sanaa ka Cancer doriti din kalinli paagi 57 ni yaan nina doriti 8 tima kani. Ti shɛŋa din bɛni nyɛla din liɣiri kuli dara. Silimin gili 27, April 2018, As-Sabeen Maternal Hospital daa nyɛla zuɣusaa tobu nɛma ni gbaagi shɛli ka di daa che tuma. Yuuni 2020, lahibali daa kani wuhiri ashibiti maa zaa ni pa nyɛ shɛli.

Din pahi, dini daa kpari Sanaa International Airport silimin goli August 2016 ni daa nyɛla din che ka Yemenima ku too go n chaŋ tiŋ duya ti deegi alaafee soya din ka tiŋ maa ni. Poi ka di daa naan yi kpari, niribi ban kalinli paagu 7,000 yemenima daa gori chani ti bori alaafee tiri suhu, yaan nina, sabili, ʒim doriti ni cancer doriti.

Sanaa daa lahi nyɛla tiri ka nyɛri doro ni kpe shɛli Yemen tum yuuni 2016, ka Bani al- Harith District daa ti lahibali wuhi ni doriti pam daa nyɛla din niŋ January goli hali ni August goli yuuni 2016. Amanat al- Asimah gobernorate gba daa nyala din paya diyi kana gbankoɣu doriti kalinli Yemen yuuni 2019, ka be.Saada Governorate nyaaŋa.

Corona Virus

Silimin goli May 2020, dini daa niŋ ka coronavirus kuli gili luɣili kam maa, Houthi fulumsinima daa nyɛla ban kpari dahi pam ka lahi kpari pala disttrict pii ni di ni daa niŋ ka doro maa kalinli daa du zuɣusaa. Lala saha maa yaha, bi daa lahi nyɛla bam kuli soɣiri lajibali din wuhiri doro maa ni daa gili tiŋ maani sham, ka daa lahi zaɣisi ni bi wuhi ninvuɣ'shɛba doro maa ni daa gbaagi, ka lahi nyɛ ban daa kuli niŋ alaafeei tumtumdiba, lahibali sabiriba ni daŋ fukumsi din kuli yɛn che ka bi bi yaagi bi noli zaŋkpa doro maa polo. Ninvuɣ'yino daa ti yɛliya ya, ni di yi ti niŋ ka bi zahim so ka doro maa ka o ningbina ni bi malila di gbaŋ maa tiriba ka lee kuli soɣiri din kpalim. Di daa ti yɛn paagi Silimin goli May yuuni 2020, ashibti gaŋ shɛli dim daa kuli be Sanaa ka nyɛ din mali nɛma din ni too tibi coronavirus n daa nyɛ Kuwait University Hospital.Barinima daa kuli nyɛla ban kpe ashibiti ŋo ni pam silim goli May tuuli bakoi, alaafeei tumtumdibi maa daa nyɛla ban kuli dihitabili ni lala niribi ŋo nyɛla coronavirus ni gbaagi shɛba; Houthi fukumsinima daa nyɛla ban kuli bi yihiri shɛhira gbana maa naa, amaa gbaŋ shɛŋa daa ti yina silimin goli May 4 2020, ka daa wuhi shɛhira gbana ata din wuhi ni lala niribi ŋo daa nyɛla doro ŋo ni mali shɛba ka di daa kuli nyɛ dini bahiri shɛli pohim zuɣu.

Kali

A majlis (sitting room) in Sanaa, 2013

Store models showing traditional Sanʽani women's clothes

Art gallery in Sanaa

Yila

Sanaadaa nyɛla dini kuli mi shɛli di yila zuɣu dini daa booni shɛlu al-Ghina al-San'ani(Arabic: الغناء الصنعاني al-ġināʾ aṣ-Ṣanʿānī) bee "song of Sanaa dini daa mi shɛli tum 14th century ka UNESCO nima daa zaŋ Intangible Cultural Heritage tili yuuni 2003 ni. Bi yila ŋo da pala din be Sanaa ko, di daa lahi nyɛla din be Yemen foŋ shɛŋa yaha, amaa di nyɛla dini daa kuli zaŋ shɛli ti Sanaa. Di nyɛla genres bee colors dibaanu zaɣ'yini Yɛmeni yila ni n pahi Yafi'i, Laheji, Adeni ni Hadharami.

Di nyɛla din pahi bi laɣinsi ni, ka samra nyɛ din pahi bee yuŋ amiliya laɣinguu, ni magyal bee zo nima yi ti laɣim.

Di ni niŋdili shɛm nyɛla, yili yiini ni niribi ayi ban ŋmeri binkumda,yino yɛn ŋmerila qanbus ( Yemeni lute) ka ŋun pahi maa ŋmeri sahn nuhasi, din nyɛ tahi ʒiɛɣu dini zaŋ tu yili yiini nubiho ni, ka zaŋ nubihi anii maa pahi kparisirili ka di kumda.

Yila maa nyɛla dini yiini shɛli laribu ni ka yila nim ŋo nyɛ dini mi shɛli di yɛltoɣa diɛma ni namboɣu yɛltoɣa zuɣu. Yili yiinibi nyɛla ban zaŋdi kukoli viɛla,ka di yili buni, di zaani mi di yi ti niŋ ka binkumda maa yɛn ŋme.

Tuuli yila ŋmabu Yemen, din daa gbaagi yuuni 1983 hali ni 1940s ni Sanaai yila daa nyɛla din nye din galisi gari yila kam Yemeni baan taa too nyaŋdi dari yila casetina ni anfooninima ( Aden). Di daa ni daa lu, Saani yila daa nyɛla din kuli nyɛ niribi ni daa baŋ shɛli pam ka daa lahi nyɛ yila dabam ni daa kpari shɛli, Western ni India yila daa nyɛla din pahi nti pahi yila din daa kuli be laribu tingbana ni. Sanaani piligu baansi daa nyɛla ban yi adiini daŋnima ban daa mali arizichi pam. Niribi ni daa kuli mi so n nyɛ Ali Abu Bakr Ba Sharahil, ŋun daa ŋmaagi ti Odeon Records; baansi ban daa kuli lahi biɛni n daa nyɛ Muhammad ni Ibrahim al-Mas, Ahmad Awad al-Jarrash ni Muhammad Abd al Rahman al- Makkawi.

Kpɛrigu

Yemen nyɛla din kali kpɛrigu mali arizichi pam.Sanaani, kpɛriti maa pam nyɛla dini niŋdi shɛli Markaz al- Thaqafi, dini daa tuu mali shɛli ka di nyɛ du shɛli dini niŋdi laɣingu.Di malila laati ni binkumda ka mali kpinkpama zaɣi bihi amaa ka polo lee kani ni di zaŋdi kpɛrigu nɛma soŋda. Yaha, di bahi bahindi, liɣiri ni dii kani maa, di nyɛla dini laɣisiri kpɛri kpɛritiba ka bi kpɛriti wuhiri niriba ban kore be dini, di yi ti niŋ ka niri be viɛnyɛla kpɛrigu maani, ka ban lihiri maa daa la ka kpahi nuhi ka lahi nyɛ bankuhiri di yi ti niŋ ka kpɛri kpɛriti tum birigi bee n yɛli binshɛli din tahi gadama na. Katherine Hennessey daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ niribi haŋkali kana ka dama.Yemeni paɣiba daa nyɛla ban mini dabba kpɛrita, ka sabira ka lahi directiri kpɛriti (Nargis Abbad nyɛla dini daa mi so pam),ka nyɛ ban zoogi ka bi be ban lihiri kpɛrigu maani ka zaŋdi bi bihi pahiri bi maŋ zuɣu. O daa zaŋ lala ŋo maɣisi tiŋshɛŋa din be laribu kamani Qatar ni Saudi Arabia mali la tuma niɛma pam, amaa ka dii ka kpɛrigu, ka kpɛri kpɛritibi ni banlihiri kpɛrigu daa nyɛla dini waligiri paɣibi nidabba.

Yemeni nim ni daa niŋ nangban yini naagi, yuuni 1990s piligu,gomnanti daa nyɛla ŋun soŋsi national theatre yuuni churi, dini daa zaŋ shɛli ka di min World Theatre Day din luri silimin goli March 27 doli taba.21st century ni, kpɛrikpɛritibi ni ban lihiri ka bi kpɛritimaa daa nyɛ ban zoogi ka bi yina Sanaa. Yuuni 2012 ni, n pahi chuɣu maa zuɣu, kpɛrigu compateesa daa nyɛla Equal Access Yemen ni Future Partners for Development ni soŋsi shɛli, ka kpɛriti laɣinsi dibaata tiŋ maa ni daa nyɛ banbe dini.Di daa mali la chandi buyi, tuuli chandi maa daa nyɛla dini niŋ shɛli governorates dibaa ayobu ni ka chandi a yi maa daa nyɛ dini daa niŋ shɛli Sanaa.

Sanaa kpɛrigu daa nyɛla tobu ni kum ni saɣim shɛli yuuni 2010 ni. Maan pahi, dini daa niŋ ka Houthis daa deegi tiŋmaa sulinsi yuuni 2014 ni bi daa nyɛla banzaŋ zali kpana niŋ paɣaba ni dabba laɣimbu, nɛma yabu ni diɛma tiŋzuɣu maa ni. Silimin goli December 2020, laɣingu zaɣ'yini daa nyɛla ban kpɛri ka di nyɛla ni dibori mi ni di labi duhi tiŋmaa nima suhupiɛlli tobu maa nyaanga ni coronavirus doro la zuɣu.Mohammmed Khaled, n daa lihi ka kpɛrigu maa chaŋ viɛnyɛla, ka niribi pam daa nyɛ ban chaŋ ti lihili,paɣaba, dabba ni bihi daa nyɛla ban chaŋ .

Diɛma ni yiɣjam

Bolli ŋmɛbu n nyɛ diɛma dini kuli zoogi ka bi ŋmɛrili Sanaa. Tiŋ maa nyɛla yiŋ zaŋti Ali Muhesen Stadium, ka lahi nyɛ yiŋ zaŋti Yemen tiŋboli ŋmɛriba ka nyɛ luɣi shɛli dini tooo zoogi ka bi ŋmɛri bollli tiŋ maani. Bolli ŋmɛbu shee maa nyɛla din kpiɣiri niribi kamani 25,000.

Binkobiri biɛhigu shee

Kamani Ta'izz binkobiri biɛhigu shee, lala binkobiri biɛhigu shee ŋo nyɛla dini daa gbaabi binkobori moɣini kamani Arabian leipard, ka lahi ʒi binkobiri yi tiŋ duya kuna kamani Africa gbiɣima ni gazelles. Gbiɣima maa daa nyɛla dini tiɛhi ka shɛbi yi tiŋ yuli booni Ethiopia na amaa dini daa kuli niŋ vihigu di daa wuhiya ka bi mini gbiɣima ban be Ethiopia Adis ababa binkobiri biɛhigu shee ŋo wali ka daa lee ŋmani binkobi shɛba dini zaŋ yi Africa wulinpuhili ni nudirigu polo na.

Lahibali wuligubu ni Gobu gobu

A few of Sanaa's many dababs

Transport din be Sanaa daa nyɛla dini piri shɛli doli paɣaba ni dabba ka dabbba kobigu puuni vaabu pininuni yini nya ban kpɛri lora ni din pahi ka paɣaba kobigu puuni vaabu pihinu ni ayobu nyɛ ban too zoogi ka bi kuli chani tiŋa.Ŋo lo ŋozaa ni niribi ban daa too zoogi ka bi mali bi din toli binbara daa kuli bi galisi tiŋ maa ni ( kobigu puuni vaabu pihita yinika dabba n daa mali bi dintoli binbara ka kobigu puuni vaabu pishi paɣaba puuni n daa mali bi din toli bin bara).Chechenima ni motor nim babu gba daa kuli nyɛla din bi zoogi tiŋ maa ni ka dabba kobigu puuni vaabu dibaanu ko daa nyɛ banbari cheche ka paɣabi ban bari cheche daa kuli bi galisi tuŋ maa ni.

Lora nima ni binbara din daa kuli kpɛri sanaa daa nyɛla niribi dintoli binyɛra. Passaja nim ni daa zoogi ka bi kpɛri shɛli n nyɛ boosu bihi dini daa mi shɛli dababs, ka yuuni 2005 ni di kalinli daa nyɛla dini zahim shɛli kamani 4- 7,000 Sanaa; boosu bihi dini daa mi shɛli nuss-buss daa nyɛla din kalinli be 5,500 ni 7,300 sunsuni; taxinima din daa kuli zoogi daa nyɛla kamani kalinli 33,000. Lora kpɛbbu daa nyɛla din lɛbigi tiŋ zuɣu maa ni pam ka boosu nima ni boosubihi ni boosunima kpɛbu shee daa kuli nyɛ din zoogi pam be tiŋpuuni, Amaa, tiŋsi din be Sanaa kpaŋ kpaŋa daa nyɛla dini daa bitoo mali lora na ŋo chɛni shɛli, ka di zaya ni lala tiŋ ŋo niriba chaŋ ti paagi palu kara maa zaɣyini kanaan yi nya lora ŋo puuni shɛlu kpe.Soya pam daa nyala dini bi waɣa, ka di euhi kamani di taa ti yan chaŋchandi waɣila, di zami ni di kuli yiri kpɛri lora. M pahi, boosuna ŋo kalinli din daa be pala maa zuɣu daa nyɛla din wali biɛɣu kuli kam, dama droba nima shɛhira gbaŋ daa bi wuhi ni droobanima ŋo kuli be palli maa zuɣu saha kam. Coachiima gba daa lahi biɛni ti tiŋkara kamni Aden mini Taiz.

Sanaa pala daa nyɛla din kulu galisi ka daabiligu nyɛ dini luli niŋdi shɛli sahakam. Tiŋ maa pala pamdaa kulu nyɛla din yiri nuzaa kuni nudirigu, ka pala din ŋmaari yira daa kulu nyɛ dibaayi konko. Traffic daa kulu nyɛla din zoogi ka di be pali shɛŋa din be sunsuni maa. Pala maa daa nyɛla din kulu muɣira, ka di daliri kuli nyami sabisi nima din daa kulu tumdi tuŋ maani daa nyɛla din zoogi ka niribi ka dini ka di galisim ŋo nyɛ din daa tahiri vuhibu yɛli muɣisira na pam tiŋ maa ni.pohim maa saɣimbu maa daa lahi nyɛla din daa kulu nyɛ din dii jahi dama kamani Mexico City bee Kathmandu, Sanaa bɛla ŋmanni ka zoya n kulu gilli ka lala ŋo zuɣu che ka tulim labiri luri tiŋ maa ni lala tulim ŋodaa nyɛla din gbaa pahi ka pohim saɣimbo maa daa bi too yira di yi ti niŋ ka di niŋ.

Sanaa n daa mali trafiki saratu nima n gari tiŋ kam Yemeni tingbani ni, ka di kalinli daa nyɛ 2,898 yuuni 2013, din daa nyɛ Ta'izz saratinima buyi zuɣu, ka Ta'izz ŋo gba nyɛla tiŋ din daa pahi buyi sarati nima kalinli polo.Din daa too zoogi ka saratinima ŋo niŋ di maa puuni shɛli n yɛ; pala zuɣu zali kpana daa bi nyɛ binshɛli bini dola, pala zuɣu bombu nima din wuhiri daa nyɛla din kanai, ban chɛni tiŋa pala yaɣibu shee kalinsi ni lora zaŋzalu yiriŋ,di daa naaan too niŋ ka lora nyɛ dini zaŋ shɛli zali pali yini yaɣa a yi zaa.

Pala zuɣu saratunima maa kalinli daa nyɛla din kuli boogi kobigu puuni vaabu pihinu zaa yuuni 2015 nidama zaba din daa be Yemen daa chɛmi ka niribi bi lahi too yori chani shɛlu, ka kpam gba daa nyɛbinshɛlu din kani ka niribi daa kpalim zaŋdi bi dintoli lora chani bi chamdi shee.

Yuuni 2017 ni Saudi ni daa kuli ŋmaagi Yemen bahi ŋo daa nyɛla din che ka kpam laɣiri pahi hali n gari kobigu puuni vaabu kobiga Sanaa tungbani ni, ka daa nyɛ binshɛli din gbarigi gobu gobu soya ka daa lahi che ka ti niŋ tom ni nirbi nyɛ bindiri suŋ ni ko nyuiri suŋ nti pahi alaafeei. Di daa ti yɛn paagi silimin goli August yuuni 2019, diesel kpam liɣiri daa nyɛla din paagi riyaalu 430 lita kam zuɣu ka daa nyɛ kobigi puuni vaabu 186.7% pahibu n gari saha shɛli tobu maa ni daa na bi tuhira.Lala saha ŋo yaha, gadoline liɣiri bee di daa daa lahi nyɛla din dun chaŋ 365 riyal lita kam zuɣu, din gba daa nyɛ kobigi puuni vaabu 143.3% pahibu n gari poi ka tobu maa daa naan yi tuhi.

Zuɣusaa gobu gobu

Sanaa International Airport n nyɛ Yemeni luɣi shɛli dini yiɣiri chɛni yɛmeni tinsi ni tiŋ duya ka nyɛ din kpiɣiri kobigu puuni vaabu pihinii niribi ban yiɣiri yiri tiŋ maa ni yuuni 2007 ni. Yiɣibu shee maa nyɛla din daa saɣim pam dini daa niŋ ka zaba daa nyɛ din niŋ Yemen, ka di nyɛ dini kparu shɛli zali ka niribi bi lahi yiɣiri chani tuŋ duya tum August yuuni 2016. Ŋo lo ŋo nyɛla din che ka Yemen nim bi lahi too gori chani tuŋduya n ti bori alaafeei. Man pahi, Saudi kparibu maa piligu, Sanaa yiɣubu shee.daa nyɛla dini kulu kpari shɛli zali dabisa pinaayobu hali ka daa ti yooli ti ninsalinima gobu silimin golu 22nd November. Sanaayiɣibu shee zaɣ'palli daa nyɛla dini pili mɛbu yuuni 2008 ka daa nyɛ din zali soli yuuni 2011 hali ni woyyo ka na bi lagi pili tuma.

Yemenia, din nyɛ yemen tiŋzuɣu yiɣibu soli, mali la di tuma di zuɣu ka di be Sanaa tiŋ ni.

Lahabali tibu

Internet cafe in Sanaa, 2006

Yemen telecommunications nɛma nyɛla din be Sanaa tingbani ni, lala n nyɛli zaŋ ti Yemen tecommunications tuma du zuri.

Internet daa nyɛla dini tuu yoogi shɛli Yemeni ni yuuni 1996, amaa kobigu puuni vaabu dibaanu niribi daa nyɛla ban zaŋdili tumdi tuma hali ni yuuni 2007.

Niribi kalinli ban be Yemen ka zaŋdi internet tumdi tuma daa nyɛla din du 1.25% zuɣu yuuni 2006 ni hali ni 26.7% yuuni 2017. Sanaa tingbani ni, ŋun su internet wuligibu nyɛla YemenNet, dini daa tuuzaŋ shɛli wuhi yuuni 2002 ka lahi nyɛ di ko din tiri 3G.

Internet gbaabu duri nyɛla din zoogi ka di be Sanaa, ka ninvuɣ'shɛba ban ku tooi yo bin din toli din zuɣu bee n kuli da bi din toli kpatuɣa nyɛ ban chani ni nti gbarri li. Di nyɛla karimbihi ban be karinzoŋ kara shɛli dini boli University ni mi pam, ka daliri nyɛmi bi kuli malila lahibali shɛli din be di zuɣu ŋo tumdi bi shikuru tuma. Tuuli internet cafe din daa kuli nyɛ paɣibi ko dini Sanaa tingbani ni daa nyɛla dini tuu yoogi shɛli yuuni 2013. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2017, Sanaa tiŋ daa nyɛla din mali internet duri din Kalinli nyɛ 407, ka di pubu dibaata ni vaabu bu yi ni be Yemen. Dini daa pu internet duri pihinahi naa nu yuuni 2018 vihigu daa nyɛla din wuhi kadama ni pihinahi ayika daa nyɛla din tumdi tuma ka bi baa ayopoin nyɛ din kpari zaya.Di puuni zaɣyini daa nyɛla din tumdi solar power zuɣu, ka niɣilim buɣim daa nyɛ din be dini hours biɛɣu kulo kam.

Kom ni Sabita

A UNICEF project to provide water in Sanaa, 2015

Yemen nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛli din nyɛ kom kpaɣu ni be dini pam an duniya yaangi zuɣu, ka Sanaa ni too ti nyɛ tiŋzuɣu an duniya yaangi zuɣu din ni tooi naagi di kom zaaha.Tiŋ maa nyɛla din be Tawilah aquiger, dini daa tuu nyɛ shɛli yuuni 1972. Aquifer maa nyɛla din chaajiri di toli 42Mm3/a, din nyɛ pam ni too zoogi ka di yirina ko shɛli din zori wadinima shɛŋa din kuli baɣili n kpɛri Sanaa plain maa ni. Kom pam dii pa din yirina saa mibu ni. Yuuni 1995 nu kom maa daa nyɛla din paagi kamani kobigu puuni vaabu 300%. Vihigu din kuli niŋ yoma wuhiya ni di daa du n gari lala la wuhi ni di paagu 400-500%.Ŋo li ŋo nyɛla din che ka tingbanni kom boogi meter ayobu ni meter anii sunsuni yuuni kam, hali ti paagi ka di zaya ni kobilisi nyɛla din yɛn gbi shɛli gbinni halini 2,600 hali ni 3,900 feet. Di wuhiya ni aquifier, din tiri sanaa kom maa yɛn nyɛla din kom yɛn naagi kamani yuuni 2030 ni .

Dini kuli bahi niŋ ka Yɛmen kom kobigu puuni vaabu pihiwoi nyɛla dini mali shɛli niŋdi koli, ka pu shɛŋa dini bahiri kom nyɛla din kalinli pahi 37,000 hectanima hali ni kalinli 407,000 yuuni 2004 ni.Poi ni yuuni 1970 puuni, koli daa nyɛla din kom bini zaŋdi shɛli mini ni labisibu kuli nyɛ yim. Yinsi kom Sanaa ni daa nyɛla dini nyɛri shɛli kobilisi din bi gbi nkpe gbinni,ka ko kpaɣu daa nyɛ din che ka niribi zaŋdi ko biɛɣu bahiri puri ni.

Amaa koli, tinkpaŋ shɛŋa din kuli koɣi sanaa da nyɛla dini zaŋdi sakomyoɣiri shɛli, ka bi daa kuli lahi niŋ sataɣirisi din yɛn gbibi kom dama saa daa dii bitoo mira tiŋ maani. To amaa dini daa niŋka bi zaŋ kobilisi din gbibu zilima, ka Tawliah aquifier gba nyɛ dini nyɛ shɛli la, koli daa nyɛla din dii niŋ bayaana Sanaa tingbani ni. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 1995, kobilisi daa nyɛla din kalinli gari 5,00 Sanaa;di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2010 kobilisi maa kalinli daa nyɛla din paagi 13,500. Lala saha ŋo yaha ti shɛŋa din daa kuli bɛni ka bi bori kom pam ka lahi too nyɛ din ni too na luli zaya hali saa yi bi mira daa nyɛla dini zaŋ tihi din bori kom pam taɣi shɛli kamani leemu,kodu,sinsaba niʒe gbana ka qat daa kuli nyɛ din galisi dini pam ka daa lahi nyɛ ti shɛŋa din tahiri liɣiri na,di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2010 lala tihi ŋo daa nyɛla din pahi Yemen GDP kobigu puuni vaabu dibaayobu. Sanaa tingbani ni, puri maa zaa kobigu puuni vaabu 27% daa nyɛla dini kulu mali shɛli kori qat; ka di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2010 kalinli maa da nyɛla din paagi kobigu puuni vaabu bu pihinu.

Sanaa tiŋkarili la puuni, pompi kom daa kuli nyɛla din yɛligira ka National Water and Sanitation Authority ( NSWA) su di fukumsi hali ni yuuni 1990 bahigu, amaa di daa kuli nyɛla tiŋ maa niribi ni ti zoogi gari shɛli.Salo kom tibu daa nyɛla din kuli saɣiri kobigu puuni vaabu 40-50% niribi ban be Sanaa yuuni 2000.Lala ŋo nyɛla din daa lahi boogi yuma din kuli gari ŋo : yuhni 2009 ni vihigu daa wuhiya ni kobigi puuni vaabu pihinunaanu salo maa ni daa nyɛla bini kuli zaŋ shɛbi gohi kom tibu soya; yuuni 20018 ni kobigu puuni vaabu pininahi ni ata n daa kuli nyɛ ban gohili. Niribi ban daa bi gohili, bi ni daa kuli nyɛri ko nyurim shɛli nyɛla kom tanki nima ni din daa mali liɣiri pam.pompi kom nyɛbu daa nyɛla din kuli bi za n tuhi foŋdi maanu hali gba ni luɣ'shɛŋa kom ni be gba kom maa nyɛla din bi yiri pam ka di che ka kom nyɛbuaa bi doli soli zaŋ ti yinsi pam.Yinsi pam daa nyɛla dini tiri shɛbi kom bakoi kam puuni dabisi yini ka saha shɛli di bi paagi dabisili gba. Yɛlimuɣisira daa kuli lahi nyɛ din bɛni dama pompi nima daa nyɛla din yiina ka kom kobigu puuni vaabu 40% - 60% nyɛ din bahiri yoli ka di nyɛla pompi ŋmama ŋo sababi ni.

Maan pahi, yɛli muŋisira daa nyɛla din kuli be ko shɛli dini tiriba ŋo viɛlim polo, dama kobiɛri daa nyɛla din kpɛri pompi nim ni ka daa lahi nyɛ din kperi binshɛli din tiri kom maani.2018 vihigu daa nyɛla din wuhi ni kom ni daɣiri daa nyɛla din gari dini simdi ni di ne shɛm, dama binyɛra daa nyɛla din kuli wuligi kom ŋo ni ni binnɛma gba nyɛla din daa kuli be kom maani.

Niribi ban be Sanaa daa kpalim lihimi ka di nyɛla bi pompi kom nyɛla zaɣ'daɣiri ka daa kpalim dari ko shɛli dini tiɛ niŋ gbambihi ni niŋdi ko nyurim ni ko duɣira din daa lee che ka bi diri liɣiri pam.

Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2009, ko shɛli dini daa mali tiri salo ka bi zaŋdi kuri bi bukaata nim Sanaa daa nyɛla 30 zaŋ gbaagi 50 liters biɛɣu kulo kam din daa kuli be tiŋ gari niribi ban be Middle East nim ni deeri shɛm.

Kobiɛɣu gbibbu

Binshɛli dini bahiri kobiɛri Sanaa ni daa nyɛla din waɣilim gari 500 kilometers .Di daa malila binyɛra ayi din paɣiri neeri kom tiŋ maani : di jɛnda, din daa be Bani al-Harith District daa nyɛla dini daa zaŋ shɛli pili tuma yuuni 2000 ka biɛɣu kulo ni dini too niŋ paagi 50,000m3 ; din pahi ayi ka be al-Hashishiyah, nyɛ din kuli nyɛ zaɣi bila ka paɣiri kom paari 500m3 ka nyɛ dini daa che ka shɛli deeri kobiɛri tankanima ni. Bani al Harith kom paɣibu ma/ʒini daa nyɛla bin shɛli din na bi saɣim hali ni yuuni 2018,ka na kuli be tuma ni di bahi bahindi di nyɛla din tumdi gari dini simsi ni di tum shɛm ka dikpatuɣa maa shɛli nya din bi be viɛnyɛla. Al- Hashishiyah dini maa daa nyɛla din che tuma tum zaba maa ni daa kuli pili .

Sanaa niribi zaa ha kobigi puuni vaabu pihinahi n nyɛ ninvuɣu shɛba bini zaŋ ga ko paɣibo soya ŋo yuuni 2018 ni ( din daa nyɛ 45% yuuni 2014 ni) ka salo maa pirigili nyɛ ban kuli doli ʒɛn gama yili soya bahiri bi kobiɛri. Ko biɛri maa nyɛla din yɛn kpe gbinni bee tingbani maa Wastewater and Sanitation Local Corporation nim nyɛla ban yɛn pompili bahi. Sanaa fondi pihitanaanu maa, foŋdi dibaayi ko ( Madhbah ni Bayt Maiyad) nyɛla dini zaŋ shɛli gohi tiŋ maa ko paɣibo soya, ka tinsi ban kpalim nyɛ ban bahirili cesspits maani.Suq Shamlan ni, kobiɛɣu ni bina nyɛla dini bahiri shɛli boɣu shɛli bini yaa ni.

Saɣiri malibu malibu

Vihigu wuhiya ni saɣiri 1500 tonnes nyɛla dini nyari shɛli biɛɣu kulo kam Sanaa metro area ni. Tiŋ maa nyɛla Al-Azraqayn landfill nima n nyɛ ban kuli maanili, bani n lahi nyɛ ban lihiri tiri Sanaa Governorate n ti pahi Amran Governorate. Saɣiri bahibu shee maa nyɛla din daa kuli be tuma ni tum yuuni 1970 ka pumpoŋo di kuli che bɛla ni di pali. Saɣiri bahibu shee ŋo ka binshɛli din pibiri di gbinni bee di zuɣ'saa di zuɣu ko shɛli din be saɣiri ŋo ni nyuri kpɛri gbinni. Luɣi shɛli dini bahiri alaafee bobu shee gba nyɛla din be Al- Azraqayn boɣili ni; din nyɛ tuuli Yemen tingbani ni, di daa nyɛla dini daa yɛn pili shɛli silimin goli March 2015, amaa dini daa niŋ ka zaba luli biɛni maa nti pahi liɣiri kalinsi zuɣu daa nyɛla dini tirisi di yoobu hali na niwoyyo.

Tum Yemen tobu maa ni daa kuli kpaŋsi yuuni 2015 ni Azraqayn saɣili boɣili ŋo daa nyɛla din daa bi too lahi tumda. Saɣili deebu daa nyɛla daa nyɛla dini kuli boogi chaŋ tripu bu pihita goli kam, ka saɣili shɛli dini deemaa biɛla kuli nyɛe din yɛn paagi boɣili maa ni.Saɣili bahibu shee shɛli dini daa me Azraqayn daa nyɛla din saɣim yuuni 2015 ka boɣili maa nyɛ din gaagi ka bi lahi tumdi tuma.Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2018, tiŋ maa saɣili vabu tipa nima daa nyɛla din saɣim zaba maa saha, ka kobigu puuni vaabu pishi ayika daa nyɛ din bi tumdi tuma.Sanaa tiŋkoɣa koɣa yuuni 2018 nidaa nyɛla ban di alizama wuhiri ni saɣiri vabu nyɛla din dii bi paari ni tinsi maani. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2018, tiŋ maa saɣiri vabu soya daa nyɛla din gbaari niribi kobigi puuni vaabu pihiyopoin, din daa du n garial- Hudaydah ( kobigi puuni vaabu pihinu) ka lahi nya din be tiŋ gari Aden ( 80%).

Silimin goli August yuuni 2015 daati yɛn paagi, Sanaa daa nyɛla din kpiɣi niribi pishiyinika ni bi vari saɣiri ka lɛbigirili: niribi anahi n daa be al- Azraqayn ka niribi pinaanu ( pinaayi daa nyɛla dabba ka niribi Ata nyɛ bidibisi) ka be Sanaa Transit Teesa maani.

Gallery

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  Houses in old Sana'a. Ibex and Bull were sacred animals in ancient Yemen. Yemenis put Ibex or Bull horns at top of houses to protect from evil eyes.
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  A house in Sana'a
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  House with traditional ''Qamariah''
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  A dome in old Sana'a
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  Night streetscene in Sanaʽa, Yemen
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  Narrow street in Sanaa
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  Tower houses in Sanaa
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  Tower houses in Sanaa
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  Ground-level view of a tower house

Lan lihi

• Mahwa Aser
• Sanaʽa manuscript – fragments from over 1,000 early Quranic codices, discovered at the Great Mosque in Sanaʽa in 1972.
• Yemeni Revolution
• Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb, the highest measured mountain in Yemen and the Arabian Peninsula, nearby.
• near Sanaʽa.

Karim Pahi

• Eric Hansen, Sanaʽa rising, Saudi Aramco World, 2006. Vol. 57 No. 1
• Tim Mackintosh-Smith, The Secret Gardens of Sanaʽa. Saudi Aramco World, 2006 Vol. 57 No. 1
• Traditional housing in the old quarter of Sanaa in 1972

Tiŋbani biɛhigu/Climate

Sanaa bɛla desert dini mahi ni ( Köppean : BWk).

Sanaa nyɛrila sa kom 265mm yuuni kam. Dini niŋ ka di nyɛ din du maa, di biisim nyɛla din nyɛ din be tiŋ gari tinsi pam Arabian Peninsula; di biisim nyɛla din kuli bi taɣiri pam yuuni ni Sanaa, the goli shɛli dini mahi pam nyɛ January ka di goli shɛli dini tuli pam nyɛ July. Hali di yi lihi ŋo lo ŋo, di ni niŋ ka di nyɛ din du maa, wuntaŋ nyɛla din kpɛri tiŋ maa pam n gari saha shɛli dini ni ti niŋ ka tulim be Arab peninsula nuzaa zuɣu.

Tiŋ maaa nyɛla din dii bi nyɛri biisim pam ni maabu pam. Foŋ shɛŋa din koɣi tiŋ maa ni tooi ti nya ka di biisim lu n paagi -9°C ( 16°F) bee -7°C ( 19°F) di yi ti niŋ maasim saha. Maasim pam din be ka blookunima nyɛpa din niŋdi asiba mahili maasim saha, ka pohim gba nyʋ din maagi ka be tiŋ zuɣu maa din che ka asiba maha maa nyɛ shɛli din to pam. Wuntaŋ nyɛla din biiri tiŋ maa kamani di yi ti bii pam15-20°C ( 59-68°F) bee di yi bi biigi pam 21-26°C(70-79°C) agbaa saha amaa ka lahi lu di yi ti niŋ ka yuŋ paagi.

Tiŋ maa nyɛla din nyɛri climate bihi district kamni ka di nyɛla dini be luɣi shɛli Sanaa kunkuna tiŋ maa zaa ni.

Tulim ni too bɛni ka lahi maagi yom yuŋ, balintee di yiti niŋ ka saa mimbaagi. Sanaa nyɛrila di saamibu pirigili silimin goli April hali ni August.Saa mibu nyɛla din nyɛ din taɣiri yuuni kam, yuun shɛŋa ni too nya 500-60mm ( 20-24 inches) sa kom, ka yuun shɛŋa ni too nya kamani150mm ( 5.9 inches.). Tulim nyɛla din niŋdi pam di yi tiniŋ sama saha amaa ka maasim lee bɛni winter saha.

Climate data for Sanaa, Yemen
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	30 (86)	31 (88)	32 (90)	32 (90)	37 (99)	39 (102)	41 (106)	38 (100)	40 (104)	34 (93)	33 (91)	31 (88)	41 (106)
Average high °C (°F)	22.3 (72.1)	24.7 (76.5)	25.6 (78.1)	24.8 (76.6)	25.7 (78.3)	28.2 (82.8)	26.6 (79.9)	25.9 (78.6)	25.1 (77.2)	22.2 (72.0)	20.3 (68.5)	20.5 (68.9)	24.3 (75.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.6 (54.7)	14.1 (57.4)	16.3 (61.3)	16.6 (61.9)	18.0 (64.4)	19.3 (66.7)	20.0 (68.0)	19.6 (67.3)	17.8 (64.0)	15.0 (59.0)	12.9 (55.2)	12.4 (54.3)	16.2 (61.2)
Average low °C (°F)	3.0 (37.4)	3.6 (38.5)	7.0 (44.6)	8.5 (47.3)	10.4 (50.7)	10.5 (50.9)	13.4 (56.1)	13.3 (55.9)	10.6 (51.1)	7.9 (46.2)	5.5 (41.9)	4.4 (39.9)	8.2 (46.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−4 (25)	−1 (30)	1 (34)	4 (39)	1 (34)	9 (48)	5 (41)	0 (32)	3 (37)	1 (34)	−1 (30)	−2 (28)	−4 (25)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	5 (0.2)	5 (0.2)	17 (0.7)	48 (1.9)	29 (1.1)	6 (0.2)	50 (2.0)	77 (3.0)	13 (0.5)	2 (0.1)	8 (0.3)	5 (0.2)	265 (10.4)
Average rainy days	2	3	4	5	5	4	4	5	3	3	2	1	41
Average relative humidity (%)	39.3	35.8	38.5	41.1	36.0	27.2	40.1	45.5	29.9	29.0	38.1	37.7	36.5
Mean daily sunshine hours	8	8	8	9	9	8	6	7	8	9	9	8	8
Source 1: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 2259m), Weather2Travel (rainy days, sunshine)
Source 2: Climatebase.ru (humidity), Voodoo Skies (records)

Demographics

People of Sanaʽa

A market scene in Sanaʽa

Year Population 1911 18,000 1921 25,000 1931 25,000 1940 80,000 1963 100,000 1965 110,000 1975 134,600 1981 280,000 1986 427,505 1994 954,448 2001 1,590,624 2004 1,748,000 (Census-Metro) 2005 1,937,451

Tiŋ maa niribi kalinli daa nyɛla din kuli du pam yuuni 1960 ni hali zaŋ chana ka di daliri nyɛla tinkpana daa kuli nyɛla ban kpe tiŋ maa ni pam ka di nyɛla ta ka bi bora ka lahi bori nibi biɛhigulɛbigi. Sanaa n nyɛ tiŋzuɣu din zoori gari tinsi zaa duniya yaangi zuɣu ka di nyɛ kobigi puuni vaabu 7% ka Yemen zoobu lee nyɛ kobigi puuni vaabu3.2%.Tiŋ maa niribi zaa kobigi puuni vaabu pia nyɛla ban be tiŋkurili maa, kaban kpalim maa nye banbe district shɛŋa din be tiŋmaa sambanni.

Tiŋ maa nyɛla din mali bipola pam, ka kobigi puuni vaabu pihiyobu ban be Amanat Al- Asimah Governorate nyɛ ban yuma bi paagi yuma pishi ayika.

Niribi ban kuli be Sanaa nyɛla ban niŋdi Zaydi Musulinsi, ka Sunninima ni Ismaailanima nyɛ ban kuli bi galisi. Sunnanima nyɛla ban zoogi ka bi be tiŋ maa yaɣipala maa ni.

Niribi biɛhigu

Poi ka taɣibu daa kana yuuni 1962 ni, Sanaani tiŋ daa nyɛla dini kuli piri shɛli zali niribi timsim.Laɣinsi dibaa anu n daa nyɛ din bɛni, din pili ban kuli du hali ni ban be tingbani nin daa nyʋ; sayyids, qadis,mansibs,Bani Khumis ( dini daa lahi mi shɛba muzayyin) ni akhdam.

Tum lala saha maa niribi zaashee tingbani ni nyɛla din kuli taɣi viɛnyɛlinga ayi lihi daabilimni.

Ayi lihi tiŋ maa kali zaasheee sayyids n daa be zuɣusaa, ka daa nyɛ banyɛli ni bi nyɛla Muhammad niriba ka di zuɣu daa che ka bi nya ni binyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban ni too kuli gbibi tiŋmaa. Ban daa kuli pa bizuɣu n daa nyɛ qadis, ban gba daa yɛli ni bi nyɛla

ban yi Alikaali nim zuliya ni na. Di bahi bahindi bi naa kpuɣi ba zali shɛli tingbani maa ni maa, sayyidna maa daa nyɛla bini daa kuli lihiri ni be ŋme shɛba yuuni 1962 amaa bimini qadinima maa na kuli nyɛla ba na kuli mali zaashee tiŋ maani.

Ban be lala nima ŋo n daa nyɛ Manasib din gbinni nyɛ dariza bee jaashee.Ban daa pahi bi zuɣu n daa nyɛ ban mɛri ka bi kpiɣiba niŋ tuma ni tumanima maa shɛŋa n daa nye, macheligu ( salima, silba, copa ni iron ka bi daa niŋda) , kaapintanima, ban mɛra, ʒi ʒiriba, ban bomda ni ban pahi. Dini daaa niŋ ka bi lihiri lala tuma nim ŋo ka di pa tum lara maa, bi daa lahi nyɛlabini kuli tiri shɛbi jilima pam ka saha shɛŋa sayyids ni qadis nyɛla ban yɛn kpiɣiba fa ni . Manasib daa nyɛla dini lihi ka shɛb mali zuliya nyɛ dini daa kpiɣiri shɛba ni bi zabi ti tiŋ maa di yi ti niŋ ka bi liriba na.

Bani Khumis, din gbinni daa kuli nyɛ di bi nyɛla ban pahi ani bihi daa nyɛla ban niŋdi daabiligu shɛli ban bwn zuɣusaa dibaata maa ni daa ku niŋ shɛli. Dini n daa nyɛ namdi shɛbi, ban niŋdibinkobiri gbaŋ, blooku ŋmariba, zuɣu chɛriba, bansuri niribikom,nakohinima, banlihiri ʒɛ gbana ni banpahi.Ban daa pa Bani Khumis zuɣu n daa nyɛ akhdam, ban daa kulu do gbinni ka daa kuli nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban kolindi saɣiri.

Lala zaashɛhi maa daa nyɛla din daa kuli pili taɣibu yuuni 1962 niŋbu maa nyaanŋa.Hali gba yuuni1970 nizaashɛhi maa daa nyɛla din taɣira, ka bi taɣiri doli zuliya shɛli dini doɣi niri niŋ ka daa kuli nyɛla din taɣiri doli arizichi. Ŋmahinli, niribi baan daa tumdi tuma kamani ( bankohiri qat, ban tiri niribi kofi ka bi nyuri bahi ni ) daaa nyɛla sayyidna ni qabilis ni lihiri ʒɛmdi shɛba amaa bi daabiligu ni daa pili tooni chɛndi yuuni 1970 puuni, di daa pa nyɛla niribi ni tirishɛba jilima ka niribi ban daa be zuɣusaa ma nyɛ ban daa pa bori ni bi gba niŋ lala daabiligu maa.(ŋoloŋo daa bi zanti daabiligu din mali nyori zaa, di bahi bahindi nakohigu ŋmahinli na nyɛla niribi ni lihiri ʒɛmdi shɛli, dini kuli nyɛ din tiri niribi liɣiri maa zaa yoli).

Lala taɣibu ŋo nyɛla din kuli nɛ n doya Sanaa, dini niŋ ka di nyɛ tiŋkarili ka ariziki kuli nyɛ dini be luɣ'shɛli gari tinkpansi . Din daa kuli tahi taɣibu ŋo pam daa nyɛla, karinzoŋ sopala, dini daa lihi Egypt ka niŋshɛli; Yemeni dabba ni daa kuli yiri tiŋmaanin kuni tiŋshɛŋa din mali kpam ka be laribu, ni Yɛmeni ni daa kpe an duniya yaangi zuɣu daabilim ni.

Jewish ʒilɛli

Jewish children in Sana'a, Yemen (ca. 1909)

Yemeni Jewish family from Sanaʽa, ca. 1940

Jewnima daa kuli nyɛla ban be Yemen tum 5th century BCE ka lahi nyɛ din pahi Jewish taarihi din be tiŋ duya ni.Sanaa tingbani ni, Jewna daa nyɛla ban tuu ʒini citadel din daa pobi maa ni, dini daa mi shɛlu al-Qasr, din daa miri dabari shɛli din yuli daa nyɛ Ghadam Palace, ka bi daa nyɛ ŋun daa lihiri tiŋ maa ni yihi shɛba nimaaani 6th century ni , ka daa lahi labi tiŋ maa yaɣ'shɛli dini mi al-Marbaki ( dini lahi mi shɛlu Falyhi Quater). Bi daa lahi nyɛla bini yiɣisi shɛba ka daa che ka bi chaŋ ti ʒini tiŋ maa yaɣ'shɛli dini mi al-Quzali ka daa lahi yiɣisi chaŋ ti ʒini al-Sa'ilah. Yuuni 1679 ni, Mawza Exile maa saha, bi daa lahi nyɛla dini yiɣisi shɛba bi biɛhigu shee maa. Bini daa labi tiŋ maa ni yuuni 1680, bi daa nyɛla bini ti shɛba polo tiŋ maa gima nyaaŋa, ka bi daa me new Jewish Quater, al-Qã ( dini pa mi shɛli Qa'al-Ulufi), bi ni daa kpalim shɛli hali ni tiŋ maa wurimbu saha 20th century sunsuni. Yuuni 1839 Reverend Joseph Wolff, ŋun daa ti chaŋ Bukhara ni o chaŋ ti tiligi Lieutenant Colonel Charles Stoddort ni Captain Arthur Collony, din be Yemen ka di mini Sanaa kuli miri taba, bali shɛli ban daa yɛli ni bi nyɛla Jehonadab zuliya. Dini daa mɛ Israel political State yuuni 1948, Jewnima ban niribi daa paagi kamani 49,000 daa nyɛla bini yiŋu sɛba chaŋ Israel, ka niribi kamani 10,000 daa nyɛ ban yi Sanaa. Jewish nima daa pa nyɛla ban kuli lahi ka Sanaa halu ka Shia tobu daa ti nyɛ din niŋ Yemen nuzaazuɣu yuuni 2004. Houthinima daa nyɛla ban yɛli ni bin ŋme Jewish ʒileli yuuni 2007 ni, ka lala ŋo zuɣu daa che ka gomnanti President Salah ʒamani ni, daa soŋ ba ka bi tilgi Sanaa. Di daa ti yɛn paagi yuuni 2010, Jewish nima niribi kalinli 700 daa nyɛla ban tiŋ zuɣu maa ni ka gomnanti nyɛ ŋun nuu daa kuli pa bizuɣu. Silimin goli April yuuni 2017, lahibali daa yina wuhi ni niribi ban kalinli nyɛ pihinahi jewish pihinu ban daa kpalim maa puuni daa nyɛla ban be zoloŋni din miri America Embassy din be Sanaa ka Houthinima lahi nyɛ ban daaa kuli po tii ni bin nyahi ba. Silimin goli April yuuni 2020,Yemenite Minister ŋun yuli daa nyɛ Moammer al-Iryani daa yɛliya ni o bi lahi mi Jewish niribi bahibu pihinu maa ni kpalim shɛli. Silimin goli 16th July yuuni 2020 ni Houthinima daa che ka Jewnima ban kalinli daa nyɛ niribi anu daa nyɛla dini saɣi ka shɛbi Yemen tingbani ni ka di daa che Jewnima niribi pihitanaata tingbani maani.Silimin goli July yuuni 2020 Mona Relief daa zaŋ lahibali bahi bi Website zuɣu ni di daa ti yɛn paagi silimin goli July 19, 2020 jewishnima ban be Yemeni tingbani ni, ni ribi bɛla n daa kuli be Sanaa.

Kundivihira

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9. ^ Al-Hamdāni, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad, The Antiquities of South Arabia - The Eighth Book of Al-Iklīl, Oxford University Press 1938, pp. 8-9
10. ^ Minaret Building and Apprenticeship in Yemen, by Trevor Marchand, Routledge (27 April 2001), p.1.
11. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} Aithe, p.30.
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14. ^ Albert Jamme, inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis p.440
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16. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} McLaughlin, p.16.
17. ^ Elsheshtawy, p.92.
18. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Bosworth, p.463.
19. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d} Dumper, p.330.
20. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Dumper, p.331.
21. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} Ring and Salkin, p.631.
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43. ^ Wavell, p.245.
44. ^ Statesman's Year Book, 1922, p.1367.
45. ^ Hestler, p.56.
46. ^ Aldosari, p.134.
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51. ^ Jacob Saphir, in his ethnographic work Iben Safir (vol. 1 – ch. 43), Lyck 1866, p. 99 – folio A (Hebrew), states that the Jews of Yemen have a tradition that there settlement in Yemen began 42 years before the destruction of the First Temple. The Jewish year for the destruction of the First Temple is traditionally given in Jewish computation as 3338 AM or 421/2 BCE. This differs from the modern scientific year, which is usually expressed using the Proleptic Julian calendar as 587 BCE.
52. ^' Yosef Tobi (ed.), Studies in 'Megillat Teman by Yiḥyah Salaḥ, The Magnes Press: Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1986, p. 67
53. ^ Rechabites - Easton's Bible Dictionary
54. ^ Persecuted Yemeni Jews to be given sanctuary in Britain, The Independent, 14 April 2010.
55. ^ Jewish Blog spot April 17, 2017.
56. ^ See .A 2020 World Population Review with a Census of Jewish population by country has no listing of any Jews in Yemen.See]
57. ^ Houthis (Arianize) Arabianize Jewish property in Yemen and force Jews to flee July 24,2020
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66. ^ "Yemenia Archived 26 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine." Arab Air Carriers Organization. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
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