skip to main content
10.1145/3416010.3423231acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmswimConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Open access

Using Reinforcement Learning in Slotted Aloha for Ad-Hoc Networks

Published: 16 November 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Slotted ALOHA is known to have poor channel utilization (a maximum of 37% when average offered load is one packet per time slot). Reinforcement learning has recently been proposed as a technique that allows nodes to learn to coordinate their transmissions in order to attain much higher network utilization. All reinforcement learning schemes proposed to date assume immediate feedback on the outcome of a packet transmission. We introduce ALOHA-dQT, a reinforcement-learning protocol that achieves high utilization by having nodes broadcast short summaries of the channel history as known to them along with their packets. Our simulation results show that ALOHA-dQT leads to network utilization above 75%, with fair bandwidth allocation among nodes. ALOHA-dQT is the first reinforcement-learning approach applied to slotted ALOHA suitable for ad-hoc networks without centralized repeaters.

References

[1]
P. Alvaro, N. Conway, J. M. Hellerstein, and W. R. Marczak. Consistency Analysis in Bloom: a CALM and Collected Approach. In CIDR, pages 249--260, 2011.
[2]
O. Bousquet and M. K. Warmuth. Tracking a small set of experts by mixing past posteriors. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3(Nov):363--396, 2002.
[3]
J. Capetanakis. Generalized tdma: The multi-accessing tree protocol. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 27(10):1476--1484, 1979.
[4]
Y. Chu, S. Kosunalp, P. D. Mitchell, D. Grace, and T. Clarke. Application of reinforcement learning to medium access control for wireless sensor networks. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 46:23--32, 2015.
[5]
Y. Chu, P. D. Mitchell, and D. Grace. ALOHA and q-learning based medium access control for wireless sensor networks. In 2012 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS), pages 511--515. IEEE, 2012.
[6]
N. Conway, W. R. Marczak, P. Alvaro, J. M. Hellerstein, and D. Maier. Logic and lattices for distributed programming. In Proceedings of the Third ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, pages 1--14, 2012.
[7]
L. de Alfaro, M. Zhang, and J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves. Approaching fair collision-free channel access with slotted aloha using collaborative policy-based reinforcement learning. In IEEE IFIP Networking Conference, 2020.
[8]
D. P. Helmbold, D. D. Long, and B. Sherrod. A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing. In Proceedings of the 2nd annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 130--142. ACM, 1996.
[9]
M. Herbster and M. K. Warmuth. Tracking the best expert. Machine learning, 32(2):151--178, 1998.
[10]
Huaizhou Shi, R. V. Prasad, E. Onur, and I. G. M. M. Niemegeers. Fairness in Wireless Networks:Issues, Measures and Challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(1):5--24, 2014.
[11]
R. K. Jain, D.-M. W. Chiu, and W. R. Hawe. A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination. Eastern Research Laboratory, Digital Equipment Corporation, Hudson, MA, 1984.
[12]
G. Jakllari, M. Neufeld, and R. Ramanathan. A framework for frameless TDMA using slot chains. In 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2012), pages 56--64, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Oct. 2012. IEEE.
[13]
E. E. Khaleghi, C. Adjih, A. Alloum, and P. Mühlethaler. Near-far effect on coded slotted aloha. In 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pages 1--7. IEEE, 2017.
[14]
L. Kleinrock. Queueing systems. Volume I: theory. wiley New York, 1975.
[15]
G. Liva. Graph-based analysis and optimization of contention resolution diversity slotted aloha. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 59(2):477--487, 2010.
[16]
E. Paolini, G. Liva, and M. Chiani. Coded slotted aloha: A graph-based method for uncoordinated multiple access. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 61(12):6815--6832, 2015.
[17]
L. G. Roberts. ALOHA packet system with and without slots and capture. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 5(2):28--42, 1975.
[18]
F. Schoute. Dynamic frame length aloha. IEEE Transactions on communications, 31(4):565--568, 1983.
[19]
Y. Yu, T. Wang, and S. C. Liew. Deep-reinforcement learning multiple access for heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2019.
[20]
M. Zhang, L. de Alfaro, and J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves. Collision-free channel access with delayed acknowledgements using collaborative policy-based reinforcement learning. In ACM SIGCOMM Conference, NetAI Workshop, 2020.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Survey of Reinforcement-Learning-Based MAC Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with a MAC Reference ModelEntropy10.3390/e2501010125:1(101)Online publication date: 3-Jan-2023

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

MSWiM '20: Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems
November 2020
278 pages
ISBN:9781450381178
DOI:10.1145/3416010
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License.

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 16 November 2020

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. aloha
  2. channel access
  3. mac protocols
  4. reinforcement learning

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Conference

MSWiM '20
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 398 of 1,577 submissions, 25%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)68
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)9
Reflects downloads up to 22 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Survey of Reinforcement-Learning-Based MAC Protocols for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with a MAC Reference ModelEntropy10.3390/e2501010125:1(101)Online publication date: 3-Jan-2023

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media