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See also:
U+963F, 阿
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-963F

[U+963E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+9640]

Translingual

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 170, +5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 弓中一弓口 (NLMNR), four-corner 71220, composition )

Derived characters

Descendants

Further reading

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1348, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41599
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1850, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4119, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+963F

Chinese

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Warring States
Bronze inscriptions

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *qaːl) : semantic + phonetic (OC *kʰaːlʔ): Originally meaning a big mound.

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔa(ŋ/k)- (noun prefix) (STEDT). Compare possibly Burmese အ- (a.-, idem).

“atto-”
Borrowed from English atto-.

Pronunciation


Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ă - vernacular;
  • ŏ̤ - literary.
Note:
  • a - vernacular;
  • o - literary.
Note: 4aq - senses 1, 2, 3 only.

Definitions

  1. Prefix used in front of the surname or last character of someone’s given name to express familiarity or friendliness (traditionally used in rural or southern Chinese dialects).
    Alternative forms: (dated) , (Hong Kong Cantonese neologism)
      ―  ā  ―  dad
      ―  Ā Biǎn  ―  Ah Bian (Chen Shui-bian)
    Q正傳Q正传  ―  Āqiū Zhèngzhuàn”  ―  The True Story of Ah Q
  2. (Hokkien, honorific) Prefix to rank seniority for kinship terms.
    [Hokkien]  ―  a-hiaⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  eldest brother
  3. (Nanjing Mandarin, Northern Wu, including Suzhounese) Interrogative particle
    [Suzhounese, trad.]
    [Suzhounese, simp.]
    From: 1993, 蘇州方言詞典, page 20
    Is your surname Chao?
    先生 [Nanjing Mandarin, trad. and simp.]
    Lǐ åq shiī siènsen? [Nankinese Pinyin]
    Are you a teacher?
  4. Alternative form of (ā, á, ǎ, à, a, particle)
  5. Short for 阿富汗 (Āfùhàn, “Afghanistan”).
  6. Short for 阿爾巴尼亞阿尔巴尼亚 (Ā'ěrbāníyà, “Albania”).
  7. Short for 阿拉伯 (Ālābó, “Arabic”).
  8. atto- (SI unit prefix)

Compounds

See also

SI prefix
Last Next
(fēi) /

Descendants

  • English: Ah

Etymology 2

Pronunciation


Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • o - vernacular;
    • o͘ - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (34)
Final () (94)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter 'a
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʔɑ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʔɑ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʔɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʔa/
Li
Rong
/ʔɑ/
Wang
Li
/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʔɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
ē
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
o1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
ē ē
Middle
Chinese
‹ ʔa › ‹ ʔa ›
Old
Chinese
/*qˁa[j]/ /*ʔˁa/ (< *qˁaj)
English slope, river bank 阿會亘 ēhuìxuān: Skt. ābhāsvara “shining” (E. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 7468
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qaːl/

Definitions

  1. big mound; mountain
  2. hillside
  3. fine silks
  4. (literary, of a mountain or stream) bend; corner
  5. waterside
  6. nearby; near
  7. to flatter; to pander to
    諛奉承谀奉承  ―  ēyúfèngchéng  ―  sweet-talking
  8. to be unfairly partial to
  9. Alternative form of (ē, to excrete)
  10. a surname

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():

Japanese

Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: (a)
  • Kan-on: (a)
  • Kun: くま (kuma, )おもねる (omoneru, 阿る)
  • Nanori: (o)くま (kuma)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term

Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC 'a).

Pronunciation

Noun

() (a

  1. The first letter of Sanskrit, (a).
Derived terms
See also

Affix

() (a

  1. to flatter; to pander to
  2. ridge (of roof); eaves
  3. A prefix expressing familiarity.
  4. Used as a phonetic element, especially in words from Sanskrit.
  5. Short for アフリカ (Afurika, Africa).
  6. Short for 阿波国 (Awa no kuni, Awa Province).
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
くま
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
くま
[noun] , , : corner, nook, recess
[noun] , , : shade, shadow, dark area
[noun] , , : dark circles under one's eyes. often clarified as 目の下のくま.
Alternative spellings
,
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 언덕 (eondeok a))
(eumhun 호칭 (hoching ok))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: a, á
: Nôm readings: a, à

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References