View source for -um

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "um"}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/əm/|a=UK}}
<!--Can't rhyme an unstressed word.-->
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-&#45;um.wav|a=US}}

===Etymology 1===
From the [[homographic]] [[w:Grammatical case|case]] endings of the [[Appendix:Glossary#nominative|nominative]], [[Appendix:Glossary#accusative|accusative]], and [[Appendix:Glossary#vocative|vocative]] forms of numerous [[Appendix:Latin second declension#Neuter|neuter]] {{bor|en|la|-}} [[Appendix:Latin second declension#Neuter|second declension]] nouns.

====Suffix====
{{head|en|suffix|plural|-a}}

# {{non-gloss|Denotes [[singular]] [[grammatical]] [[number]].}}
# {{lb|en|chemistry}} Forms the ends of the names of certain [[element]]s (such as [[molybdenum]] and [[platinum]]).

=====Usage notes=====
* The vast majority of words which feature this suffix also have standard ''-ums'' plurals formed by suffixation with the {{m|en|-s}} plural suffix. However, in such situations, the {{m|en||-s}} suffix morphologically is additional to and separate from the {{m|en||-um}} suffix.

=====Derived terms=====
{{rel-top4|Terms which feature the ''-um'' suffix}}
* {{l|en|criterium}}
* {{l|en|datum}}
* {{l|en|decennium}}
* {{l|en|delirium}}
* {{l|en|desideratum}}
* {{l|en|erratum}} (''cf. German [[Irrtum]]'')
* {{l|en|fatum}}
* {{l|en|forum}}
* {{l|en|gymnasium}}
* {{l|en|honorarium}}
* {{l|en|imperium}}
* {{l|en|interbellum}} (''between war(s)'')
* {{l|en|labarum}}
* {{l|en|lucidum}}
* {{l|en|mandatum}}
* {{l|en|maximum}}
* {{l|en|medium}}
* {{l|en|minimum}}
* {{l|en|millennium}}
* {{l|en|modicum}}
* {{l|en|mortuarium}}
* {{l|en|museum}}
* {{l|en|opium}}
* {{l|en|optimum}}
* {{l|en|Persarum}}
* {{l|en|pessarium}}
* {{l|en|podium}}
* {{l|en|postbellum}} (''after war'')
* {{l|en|referendum}}
* {{l|en|sanatorium}}
* {{l|en|solarium}}
* {{l|en|stadium}}
* {{l|en|talcum}} (''any shiny mineral'')
* {{l|en|tedium}}
* {{l|en|ultimatum}}
* {{l|en|unicum}}
* {{l|en|vacuum}}
* {{l|en|Valium}}
{{rel-bottom}}

=====Translations=====
{{trans-top|Latinate singular grammatical number suffix}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-um}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-um}}
* German: {{t|de|-um}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-ο}}, {{t+|el|-ον}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|-o}}, {{t+|it|-a}}
* Japanese: {{t|ja|ウム|tr=[[-umu]]}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-o}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-o}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-um}}
{{trans-bottom}}

=====See also=====
{{rel-top5|See also}}
* {{l|en|-a}}
* {{l|en|-ium}}
* {{l|en|-on}}
* {{l|en|-os}}
* {{l|en|-us}}
{{rel-bottom}}

===Etymology 2===
Possibly from {{m|en|'em}}.

====Suffix====
{{en-suffix}}

# Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not.
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1871|author=Mrs. Edward Millett|title=An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia|page=129
|passage=Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say "Black fellow sick—white lady fowl send'''um'''—white lady kangaroo send'''um'''—master all self eat'''um'''—" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words " Missis not eat'''um'''—missis good fellow."}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1896|author=F J Stimsom|title=King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay|page=254
|passage="Giv'''um''' dinner; smok'''um''' pipe," was all that we could get out of Quatchett.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{sense|any sense}}
{{suffixsee|en}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=mu|-mu-|MU|Mu|mu}}

==Bislama==

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|bi|-em}}
* {{l|bi|-im}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|bi|en|him}}, {{m|bi|'em}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|bi|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Indicates a [[transitive verb]]}}

====Usage notes====
The suffix to be used is determined by [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]]. If the last vowel in the stem is ''u'', then the suffix is ''-um''. Otherwise, use {{m|bi|-em}} or {{m|bi|-im}}.

==Catalan==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|ca|la|-ūmen|pos=[[action noun]] suffix}}, an extended form of {{m|la|-men}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ca-IPA|um}}

===Suffix===
{{head|ca|suffix|g=m}}

# {{n-g|used to form [[noun]]s, usually with a [[collective]] and [[pejorative]] connotation}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|greix|t1=grease|greixum|t2=grime, grunge}}
#: {{suffixusex|ca|pixar|t1=to piss|pixum|t2=piss, urine}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|ca}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:ca:GDLC}}

==Dutch==

===Suffix===
{{head|nl|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes|plural|-a|or|-ums}}

# {{n-g|denotes [[singular]] [[grammatical]] [[number]] of words of Latin origins}}

====Usage notes====
* Both the plural forms of ''-a'' and ''-ums'' are used in everyday language, but the latter is sometimes proscribed against.

===See also===
* {{l|nl|-s}}

==German==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|de|/ʊm/}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{der|de|la|-um}}.

====Suffix====
{{head|de|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|g=n|plural|-en|or|-a}}

# {{ng|generally unproductive suffix found in neuter nouns of Latin origin}}

===Etymology 2===
As a variant of {{m|de|-heim}} through reduction to {{IPAchar|[əm]}} and subsequent backing. Compare {{m|de|-em}}. This is the only origin in most areas, but along the North Sea coast, where the suffix is most frequent, it sometimes goes back to {{der|de|ofs|-em|-em, -um|pos=dative plural ending}}, equivalent to {{m+|de|-en}} as in {{m|de|-hausen}}. Distinguishing both origins is often impossible, however.

====Suffix====
{{head|de|suffix}}

# {{lb|de|unproductive}} {{ng|a placename suffix, often an}} {{alternative form of|de|-heim|nocap=1}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col5|de
|Accum|Ackerum|Adlum|Ahlum|Alkersum|Alsum|Ammersum|Amrum|Ankum|Archsum|Arnum|Atzum|Austum|Baccum|Bachum|Bakum|Balkum|Baltrum|Bargum|Barum|Bassum|Beckum|Beinum|Bekum|Belum|Berum|Berkum|Bettrum|Bingum|Blersum|Bochum|Boldixum|Bolzum|Bondelum|Bordelum|Borgsum|Borkum|Bornum|Breinum|Breklum|Borsum|Börßum|Brinkum|Brockum|Bültum|Büsum|Canum|Carum|Cirkwehrum|Critzum|Dahlum|Dalum|Damsum|Dersum|Dettum|Ditzum|Dornum|Dorum|Dötzum|Dratum|Dunsum|Dunum|Eckum|Eickum|Eilum|Eilsum|Einum|Eitzum|Esklum|Extum|Filsum|Freepsum|Flechum|Fulkum|Garbolzum|Grimersum|Gyhum|Hamswehrum|Harsum|Harum|Hassum|Hatzum|Haxtum|Heersum|Heinum|Heissum|Herbrum|Herßum|Heyersum|Hilmarsum|Holsthum|Holtum|Holum|Hönnersum|Hommersum|Hörnum|Horum|Hötzum|Hüddessum|Husum|Imsum|Itzum|Jarssum|Jemgum|Kalkum|Karlum|Kehrum|Keitum|Kirchborgum|Klintum|Kökelsum|Kölsum|Krukum|Kuckum|Landersum|Latum|Leversum|Loccum|Logabirum|Loikum|Loppersum|Luttrum|Luttum|Lutum|Machtsum|Mahlum|Matrum|Mehrum|Mesum|Midlum|Morsum|Muckum|Mulsum|Mundersum|Mussum|Nieblum|Oberhelsum|Ochtersum|Ochtum|Oedelum|Oevenum|Ohlum|Ohrum|Oldsum|Oppum|Östrum|Pelkum|Petkum|Pewsum|Pogum|Polsum|Querum|Rantum|Reckelsum|Reckum|Reeßum|Risum|Roklum|Rorichum|Röttum|Rötzum|Rysum|Siegelsum|Sillium|Sorsum|Sottrum|Stadum|Stedum|Stockum|Struckum|Styrum|Süderlügum|Sussum|Sustrum|Sutrum|Sydikum|Tetekum|Thunum|Tinnum|Toftum|Twixlum|Utersum|Uthwerdum|Uttum|Vahnum|Vanikum|Vernum|Vinnum|Vöhrum|Vossum|Wachtum|Waggum|Walchum|Walsum|Wankum|Watzum|Wätzum|Wehrum|Werdum|Wessum|Westrum|Westum|Winkum|Wirdum|Witsum|Wrixum|Wybelsum
}}

==Hungarian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|hu|la|-um|t=2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{hu-IPA}}

===Suffix===
{{head|hu|suffix}}

# A distinguishable foreign word-ending in [[noun]]s of Latin origin. It is not considered an independent Hungarian suffix.
#: {{m|hu|abszurd'''um'''||absurdity}}

===See also===
* [[Appendix:Hungarian suffixes]]

===References===
* [http://martonfi.hu/phd/martonfi_attila_-_theses.pdf Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes], Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006

==Icelandic==

===Suffix===
{{head|is|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# Used to form the dative plural of most nouns, all strong adjectives and most pronouns.
#* ''[[hestur]] → [[hestur|hest'''um''']]'' — a [[horse]] → of the horses
#* ''[[ríkur]] → [[ríkur|rík'''um''']]'' — [[rich]] → of the rich
# Used to form the first person plural of verbs in the indicative and subjunctive, past and present.
#* [[telja]] (infinitive) → ''við'' '''teljum''' (''we'' [[count]] or [[believe]]) ([[indicative]])
#* ''við'' '''teldum''' [[subjunctive]] [[past]] [[tense]], i.e., ''we would believe''
# Used to form some [[adverbs]] from nouns or adjectives — it is actually a frozen [[dative]]
#* [[stund]] ([[time]], [[hour]]) → [[stundum]] — sometimes
#* [[langur]] ([[long]]) → [[löngum]] ([[oftentimes]]).

==Latin==

===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|um}}

===Etymology 1===
{{etymid|la|accusative singular}}
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*-om}}, from {{inh|la|ine-pro|*-om|pos=thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|la|-om}} (''conditioned variant used after '' -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- ''up through the middle of the first century AD'')

====Suffix====
{{head|la|suffix form}}

# {{inflection of|la|-us||acc|m|s|;|nom//acc//voc|n|s}}

===Etymology 2===
{{etymid|la|genitive plural}}
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*-om}}, from {{inh|la|ine-pro|*-oHom|pos=genitive plural ending}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|la|-om}} (''conditioned variant used after '' -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- ''up through the middle of the first century AD'')
* {{alter|la|-ûm}}, {{alter|la|-ôm}}; {{alter|la|-ūm}}, {{alter|la|-ōm}} (''variant spellings previously used in specific contexts in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works. See usage notes.'')

====Suffix====
{{head|la|suffix|head=-um|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{ng|genitive plural ending}}
## {{ng|Found in {{m|la|-ōrum}}}}
## {{ng|Found in {{m|la|-ārum}}}}
## {{inflection of|la|-s||gen|p}}

=====Usage notes=====
Latin genitive plural forms take the ending ''-um'' either by itself, or with additional preceding material (generally determined by the word's conjugation class). First and second declension nouns and adjectives usually have genitive plural forms ending in ''-ārum'' and ''-ōrum'', but some words can take the short ending ''-um'' (without preceding ''-ār-/-ōr-'') instead: this is common with words denoting weights, measures and monetary value and with distributive numerals.<ref>Roby, Henry John. [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Grammar_of_the_Latin_Language_from_Pla/KYpfAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA124&printsec=frontcover A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius], Volume 1, (1872), page 124</ref><ref>Zumpt, Karl Gottlob. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A7NAAAAAYAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA10 A Grammar of the Latin Language], Fourth Edition, translated by John Kenrick (1836), page 10</ref>

* In the second declension, the genitive plural in ''-um'' can be found:
** in distributive numerals: e.g. {{m|la|bīnus}}
** in names of weights and measures: {{m|la|dēnārius}}, {{m|la|medimnum}}, {{m|la|nummus}}, {{m|la|sēstertius}}, {{m|la|stadium}}, {{m|la|talentum}}
** in {{m|la|deus}} and {{m|la|dīvus}} (the latter having the archaic genitive plural form ''divom'', spelled with O due to the preceding V)
** in various other words, especially in poetry
* In the first declension, the genitive plural in ''-um'' can be found:
** in the Greek-derived measure words {{m|la|amphora}} and {{m|la|drachma}} (less frequently than ''drachmārum'')
** in dactylic verse, in compounds of ''-cola'' and ''-gena'' 
**  in dactylic verse, in some masculine Greek proper nouns, such as patronymics

The spelling ''-ûm'' (or ''-ôm'' after V/U), introduced in the Renaissance, is used in some New Latin texts for forms such as ''amphorûm'' and ''deûm''. These were incorrectly interpreted as contractions of ''amphorārum'' and ''deōrum'', and as a result, it was assumed that genitive plural ''deum'' ended in -ūm (with a vowel long by nature) in contrast to accusative singular ''deum'' (ending in -ŭm, with a vowel short by nature). Compare the use of the circumflex in New Latin to distinguish the ablative ending ''-â'' (with long ā) from the nominative/vocative ending ''-a'' (with short ă) in first declension singular nouns, or to mark third-person plural perfect forms ending in ''-ēre,'' which was assumed to be a "contracted" form of the alternative ending ''-ērunt'' (e.g. ''fuêre'', taken to be a contraction of ''fuerent''<ref>{{cite-book|year=1860|title=Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language|first=John William|last=Donaldson|edition=3rd|page=303|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=7whCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA303}}</ref>). However, the assumed distinction between ''deûm'' with long ū and ''deum'' with short ŭ is outdated: according to modern etymological understanding, all Latin words ending in ''-um'', regardless of their case, number or declension, were pronounced in Classical Latin with a short vowel in the final syllable.<ref>{{cite-book|author=Charles E. Bennett|title=The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax|chapter=Hidden Quantity|location=Boston|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|year=1907|pages=46-48|pageurl=https://archive.org/details/latinlanguagehis00bennuoft/page/46|authorlink=Charles E. Bennett (scholar)}}</ref><ref>Piet Steenbakkers, ''Spinoza's Ethica from Manuscript to Print: Studies on text, form and related topics'', 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WpLyabFPAYkC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false page 78]</ref> Rather than being contractions, second-declension genitive plural forms in ''-um'' such as ''deum'' are archaisms showing the original Proto-Indo-European inflection pattern for nouns of this this declension.

Third declension words that have genitive plurals ending in ''-um'' as an alternative to ''-ium'' have also been spelled with ''-ûm'', again with the justification that the shorter ending is interpreted as being a contraction of the longer variant.<ref>{{cite-book|title=A Clue for Young Latinists, and Non-Latinists, to trace the original forms and signification of nouns and verbs, from their terminations, alphabetically arranged, with explanatory references to the grammar|last=Carey|first=John|year=1821|location=London|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=02ZiAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA63|page=63}}</ref> Examples are ''coelestûm'' and ''caedûm'' used as spellings of the short genitive plurals of {{m|la|coelestis}} and {{m|la|caedes}} (compared to the long forms {{m|la|coelestium}} and {{m|la|caedium}}).<ref>Walker, William. ''Some improvements to the art of teaching, especially in the first grounding of a young scholar in grammar learning. Shewing a short, sure, and easie way to bring a scholar to variety and elegancy in writing Latine. Written for the help and ease of all ushers of schools, and country school-masters, and for the use and profit of all younger scholars.'' 2nd ed. with many additions. 1676.</ref>

Aside from the contraction hypothesis, the use of the circumflexed spelling ''-ûm'' may additionally have been influenced by the use of the circumflex in the spelling of Greek genitive plural forms ending in -ῶν.<ref>{{cite-book|lt|year=2007|author=Mindaugas Strockis|title=Klasikinių kalbų kirčio žymėjimo įtaka lietuvių kirčio žymėjimui|series=PhD dissertation|location=Vilnius}}</ref>

====References====
<references/>

==Old English==

===Suffix===
{{head|ang|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{n-g|Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|hund|gloss1=dog|hundum|gloss2=dogs}}
#: {{suffixusex|ang|sċip|gloss1=ship|sċipum|gloss2=ships}}
# {{n-g|Used to form the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives}}
# {{n-g|Used to form the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives}}

==Old Irish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sga|/um/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|sga|suffix|cat2=personal pronouns|[[Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns|suffixed pronoun]]}}

# [[me]]

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|sga}}

====See also====
{{sga-affixed pronouns}}

==Old Norse==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|non}}

===Suffix===
{{head|non|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}}

# {{n-g|Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns and adjectives, as well as most pronouns}}
#* ''armr'' → '''''ǫ'''rm'''um'''''
# {{n-g|Used to denote the 1st person plural forms in the active indicative and imperative forms of most verbs}}

==Phalura==

===Etymology===
{{rfe|phl}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|phl|/-um/}}

===Suffix===
{{head|phl|suffix}}

# First person singular suffix

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|phl|-úum||With a- and e-ending verb stems}}
* {{alter|phl|-áam||With a- and e-ending verb stems in Biori}}

===References===
* {{R:phl:Liljegren:Vocab}}

==Pijin==

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|pis|-em}}
* {{l|pis|-im}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|pis|en|him}}, {{m|pis|'em}}.

===Suffix===
{{head|pis|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Indicates a [[transitive verb]]}}

====Usage notes====
The suffix to be used is determined by [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]]. If the last vowel in the stem is ''u'', then the suffix is ''-um''. Otherwise, use {{m|pis|-em}} or {{m|pis|-im}}.

==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{dercat|pl|itc-pro|ine-pro}}
{{lbor|pl|la|-um}}. {{dbt|pl|-o}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|hh=um}}

===Suffix===
{{head|pl|suffix|g=n}}

# {{ng|suffix used in singular forms of Latin neuter borrowings}}

====Declension====
{{pl-decl-noun-n}}

==Scots==

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|sco|-im}}, {{l|sco|-om}}, {{l|sco|-am}}, {{l|sco|-em}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|sco|enm|-um}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|-um}}, dative plural ending used to form adverbials.

====Suffix====
{{head|sco|suffix}}

# {{lb|sco|rare}} Used to form adverbs.
#: {{m|sco|legim||astride}}

===Etymology 2===
Probably of jocular formation, based partly on Latin {{m|la|-um}} and partly an altered form of {{m|sco|-ings|-in(g)s}}, a verbal noun ending.

====Suffix====
{{head|sco|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Added to nouns or verbs to form nouns with [[diminutive]] or [[hypocoristic]] force}}

==Swedish==

===Suffix===
{{head|sv|suffix|g=n}}

# {{non-gloss|ending used for some words of Latin origin}}

====Usage notes====
* The plural is usually either ''-um'' or rarely, {{m|sv|-a}}, e.g. {{m|sv|centrum}} or {{m|sv|centra}}. In some words it may also be {{m|sv|-er}}, i.e. {{m|sv|centrer}}, cf. {{m|sv|-ium}} which regularly has a plural on {{m|sv|-ier}}, although sometimes also {{m|sv|-ium}} in colloquial language. The Latin plural ending {{m|sv|-a}} is nowadays {{glossary|proscribed}}.

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|sv}}

===See also===
* {{l|sv|-ium}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|sv|a=mu|mu}}

==Turkish==

===Suffix===
{{head|tr|suffix}}

# First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
#: ''[[okul]] - [[okulum]]''
#:: school - my school
#: ''[[yol]] - [[yolum]]''
#:: way - my way
# Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first person singular simple present tense.
#: ''[[masum]] - [[masumum]]''
#:: innocent - I am innocent

====Usage notes====
* If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes "[[-m]]" (for the possessive suffix)
*: ''[[soru]] - [[sorum]]''
* It's used only when the word's last vowel is "o" or "u". It may change into "[[-im]]", "[[-ım]]" and "[[-üm]]" according to the last vowel of the word. (possessive suffix)
*: ''[[ev]] - [[evim]]'' (the last vowel is "e" or "i")
*: ''[[kız]] - [[kızım]]'' (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")
*: ''[[yüz]] - [[yüzüm]]'' (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")
* If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
*: ''[[grup]] - [[grubum]]''
*: ''[[burç]] - [[burcum]]''
*: ''[[periyot]] - [[periyodum]]''
*: ''[[çocuk]] - [[çocuğum]]''
* It may cause the last vowel of the word to be dropped.
*: ''[[burun|bur'''u'''n]] - [[burnum|'''burn'''um]]''
* If the word ends in a vowel, an auxiliary consonant is used ; "y". (for the verb to be)
*: ''[[mutlu]] - [[mutluyum]]''
* It must be used with an [[apostrophe]] while using with a proper noun.
*: ''[[Umut]] - [[Umut'um]]''

==Volapük==

===Suffix===
{{head|vo|suffix}}

# {{non-gloss|Used to form the comparative form of adjectives.}}