brandir

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *brandīre, from *brandus, from Frankish *brand.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [bɾənˈdi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [bɾanˈdiɾ]

Verb

brandir (first-person singular present brandeixo, first-person singular preterite brandí, past participle brandit)

1. Synonym of brandar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of brandir (third conjugation, with -eix-)

infinitive			brandir
gerund			brandint
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		brandit		brandida
		plural		brandits		brandides
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	brandeixo	brandeixes	brandeix	brandim	brandiu	brandeixen
	imperfect	brandia	brandies	brandia	brandíem	brandíeu	brandien
	future	brandiré	brandiràs	brandirà	brandirem	brandireu	brandiran
	preterite	brandí	brandires	brandí	brandírem	brandíreu	brandiren
	conditional	brandiria	brandiries	brandiria	brandiríem	brandiríeu	brandirien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	brandeixi	brandeixis	brandeixi	brandim	brandiu	brandeixin
	imperfect	brandís	brandissis	brandís	brandíssim	brandíssiu	brandissin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	brandeix	brandeixi	brandim	brandiu	brandeixin
	negative (no)	—	no brandeixis	no brandeixi	no brandim	no brandiu	no brandeixin

Related terms

• brandar

Further reading

• “brandir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “brandir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “brandir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “brandir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French and Old French brandir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bʁɑ̃.diʁ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

brandir

1. to brandish (a weapon)

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of brandir (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	brandir
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	brandissant /bʁɑ̃.di.sɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		brandi /bʁɑ̃.di/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandit /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandissons /bʁɑ̃.di.sɔ̃/	brandissez /bʁɑ̃.di.se/	brandissent /bʁɑ̃.dis/
	imperfect	brandissais /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/	brandissais /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/	brandissait /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/	brandissions /bʁɑ̃.di.sjɔ̃/	brandissiez /bʁɑ̃.di.sje/	brandissaient /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/
	past historic2	brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandit /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandîmes /bʁɑ̃.dim/	brandîtes /bʁɑ̃.dit/	brandirent /bʁɑ̃.diʁ/
	future	brandirai /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁe/	brandiras /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁa/	brandira /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁa/	brandirons /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɔ̃/	brandirez /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁe/	brandiront /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	brandirais /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/	brandirais /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/	brandirait /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/	brandirions /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁjɔ̃/	brandiriez /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁje/	brandiraient /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	brandisse /bʁɑ̃.dis/	brandisses /bʁɑ̃.dis/	brandisse /bʁɑ̃.dis/	brandissions /bʁɑ̃.di.sjɔ̃/	brandissiez /bʁɑ̃.di.sje/	brandissent /bʁɑ̃.dis/
	imperfect2	brandisse /bʁɑ̃.dis/	brandisses /bʁɑ̃.dis/	brandît /bʁɑ̃.di/	brandissions /bʁɑ̃.di.sjɔ̃/	brandissiez /bʁɑ̃.di.sje/	brandissent /bʁɑ̃.dis/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/	—	brandissons /bʁɑ̃.di.sɔ̃/	brandissez /bʁɑ̃.di.se/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Descendants

• → Spanish: blandir

Further reading

• “brandir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese brandir (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from either Old French brandir or Old Occitan brandir.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [bɾanˈdiɾ]

Verb

brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandín, past participle brandido)
brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandim or brandi, past participle brandido, reintegrationist norm)

1. (transitive) to brandish (to move a weapon)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of brandir

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	brandir
Personal	brandir	brandires	brandir	brandirmos	brandirdes	brandiren
Gerund
	brandindo
Past participle
Masculine	brandido			brandidos
Feminine	brandida			brandidas
Indicative
Present	brando	brandes	brande	brandimos	brandides	branden
Imperfect	brandía	brandías	brandía	brandiamos	brandiades	brandían
Preterite	brandín	brandiches	brandiu	brandimos	brandistes	brandiron
Pluperfect	brandira	brandiras	brandira	brandiramos	brandirades	brandiran
Future	brandirei	brandirás	brandirá	brandiremos	brandiredes	brandirán
Conditional	brandiría	brandirías	brandiría	brandiriamos	brandiriades	brandirían
Subjunctive
Present	branda	brandas	branda	brandamos	brandades	brandan
Imperfect	brandise	brandises	brandise	brandísemos	brandísedes	brandisen
Future	brandir	brandires	brandir	brandirmos	brandirdes	brandiren
Imperative
Affirmative		brande	branda	brandamos	brandide	brandan
Negative (non)		non brandas	non branda	non brandamos	non brandades	non brandan

    Reintegrated conjugation of brandir (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	brandir
Personal	brandir	brandires	brandir	brandirmos	brandirdes	brandirem
Gerund
	brandindo
Past participle
Masculine	brandido			brandidos
Feminine	brandida			brandidas
Indicative
Present	brando	brandes	brande	brandimos	brandides, brandis	brandem
Imperfect	brandia	brandias	brandia	brandíamos	brandíades, brandíeis, brandíais1	brandiam
Preterite	brandim, brandi	brandiste, brandiche1	brandiu	brandimos	brandistes	brandírom, brandiram
Pluperfect	brandira	brandiras	brandira	brandíramos	brandírades, brandíreis, brandírais1	brandiram
Future	brandirei	brandirás	brandirá	brandiremos	brandiredes, brandireis	brandirám, brandirão
Conditional	brandiria	brandirias	brandiria	brandiríamos	brandiríades, brandiríeis, brandiríais1	brandiriam
Subjunctive
Present	branda	brandas	branda	brandamos	brandades, brandais	brandam
Imperfect	brandisse	brandisses	brandisse	brandíssemos	brandíssedes, brandísseis	brandissem
Future	brandir	brandires	brandir	brandirmos	brandirdes	brandirem
Imperative
Affirmative		brande	branda	brandamos	brandide, brandi	brandam
Negative (nom)		nom brandas	nom branda	nom brandamos	nom brandades, nom brandais	nom brandam

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• brandear (“to wave, wag”)

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “brandir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “brandir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “brandir”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan brandir, from Vulgar Latin *brandiō, from *brandus, from Frankish *brand.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

brandir

1. to brandish (a weapon)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of brandir in Lengadocian (Central Occitan)

		simple			compound
infinitive		brandir			?er brandit
past participle		brandit			—
gerund		brandissent			?ent brandit
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ieu	tu	el	nosautres	vosautres	eles
	present	brandissi	brandisses	brandís	brandissèm	brandissètz	brandisson
	imperfect	brandissiái	brandissiás	brandissiá	brandissiam	brandissiatz	brandissián
	preterite	brandiguèri	brandiguères	brandiguèt	brandiguèrem	brandiguèretz	brandiguèron
	future	brandirai	brandiràs	brandirà	brandirem	brandiretz	brandiràn
	conditional	brandiriái	brandiriás	brandiriá	brandiriam	brandiriatz	brandirián
	conditional 2nd form1	brandiguèra	brandiguèras	brandiguèra	brandigueram	brandigueratz	brandiguèran
compound tenses	present perfect	use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle
	past anterior	use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle
	future perfect	use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle
	conditional perfect	use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle
subjunctive		que ieu	que tu	que el	que nosautres	que vosautres	que eles
	present	brandisca	brandiscas	brandisca	brandiscam	brandiscatz	brandiscan
	imperfect	brandiguèsse	brandiguèsses	brandiguèsse	brandiguèssem	brandiguèssetz	brandiguèsson
compound tenses	past	use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle
	pluperfect	use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle
imperative		—	tu	—	nosautres	vosautres	—
			brandís		brandiscam	brandissetz	1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects

Old French

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *brandus and ultimately of Germanic origin.

Verb

brandir

1. to brandish (a weapon)

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of brandir (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		brandir			avoir brandi
gerund		en brandissant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		brandissant
past participle		brandi
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	brandis	brandis	brandist	brandissons	brandissez	brandissent
	imperfect	brandissoie, brandisseie	brandissoies, brandisseies	brandissoit, brandisseit	brandissiiens, brandissiens	brandissiiez, brandissiez	brandissoient, brandisseient
	preterite	brandi	brandis	brandi	brandimes	brandistes	brandirent
	future	brandirai	brandiras	brandira	brandirons	brandiroiz, brandireiz, brandirez	brandiront
	conditional	brandiroie, brandireie	brandiroies, brandireies	brandiroit, brandireit	brandiriiens, brandiriens	brandiriiez, brandiriez	brandiroient, brandireient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	brandisse	brandisses	brandisse	brandissons	brandissez	brandissent
	imperfect	brandisse	brandisses	brandist	brandissons, brandissiens	brandissoiz, brandissez, brandissiez	brandissent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	brandis	—	brandissons	brandissez	—

Descendants

• Middle French: brandir
  • French: brandir
• → Middle English: braundischen, braundishen
  • English: brandish

Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Occitan brandir.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈdiɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈdiɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈdi.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: bran‧dir

Verb

brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandi, past participle brandido)

1. (transitive) to brandish (to move a weapon)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of brandir (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	brandir
Personal	brandir	brandires	brandir	brandirmos	brandirdes	brandirem
Gerund
	brandindo
Past participle
Masculine	brandido			brandidos
Feminine	brandida			brandidas
Indicative
Present	brando	brandes	brande	brandimos	brandis	brandem
Imperfect	brandia	brandias	brandia	brandíamos	brandíeis	brandiam
Preterite	brandi	brandiste	brandiu	brandimos	brandistes	brandiram
Pluperfect	brandira	brandiras	brandira	brandíramos	brandíreis	brandiram
Future	brandirei	brandirás	brandirá	brandiremos	brandireis	brandirão
Conditional	brandiria	brandirias	brandiria	brandiríamos	brandiríeis	brandiriam
Subjunctive
Present	branda	brandas	branda	brandamos	brandais	brandam
Imperfect	brandisse	brandisses	brandisse	brandíssemos	brandísseis	brandissem
Future	brandir	brandires	brandir	brandirmos	brandirdes	brandirem
Imperative
Affirmative		brande	branda	brandamos	brandi	brandam
Negative (não)		não brandas	não branda	não brandamos	não brandais	não brandam