horizon

English

Etymology

Inherited from Middle English orisonte, orisoun, from Middle French horizon, horizonte, from Old French orisonte, orison, via Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /həˈɹaɪ.zən/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

Noun

horizon (plural horizons)

1. The visible horizontal line (in all directions) where the sky appears to meet the earth in the distance.

   Synonyms: skysill, skyline

   A tall building was visible on the horizon.

2. (figuratively) The range or limit of one's knowledge, experience or interest; a boundary or threshold.

   Some students take a gap year after finishing high school to broaden their horizons.

   With clinical researchers hard at work, a new treatment is on the horizon.

   • 1997, Eduardo Galeano, Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent, Monthly Review Press, page 38:

     The Indians of the Americas totaled no less than 70 million when the foreign conquerors appeared on the horizon; a century and a half later they had been reduced to 3.5 million.

3. The range or limit of any dimension in which one exists.
   • 2003, Miguel de Beistegui, Thinking with Heidegger: Displacements, →ISBN, page 157:

     Only mortality, this irreducible and primordial horizon, that very horizon which, in Being and Time, Heidegger so compellingly revealed as the unsurpassable and defining possibility, remains.

4. (geology) A specific layer of soil, or stratum
5. (archaeology, chiefly US) A cultural sub-period or level within a more encompassing time period.
6. Any level line or surface.
7. (computer chess) The point at which a computer chess algorithm stops searching for further moves.

Derived terms

• A-horizon
• archaeological horizon
• archeological horizon
• artificial horizon
• Cauchy horizon
• cosmic event horizon
• cosmological horizon
• dip of the horizon
• event horizon
• horizon effect
• horizon glass
• horizon problem
• marker horizon
• on the horizon
• particle horizon
• quicksilver horizon
• radar horizon
• rational horizon
• split horizon
• time horizon

 

Related terms

• horizontal
• aorist

Translations

line that appears to separate the Earth from the sky

• Afrikaans: horison
• Albanian: horizont (sq) m, lëbozë f, lëpen m, lëpith
• Arabic: أُفُق m (ʔufuq)

  Egyptian Arabic: افق m (ufʔ)

• Armenian: հորիզոն (hy) (horizon)
• Aromanian: ndzari f
• Asturian: horizonte m
• Aymara: chhaqachhaqa
• Azerbaijani: üfüq (az)
• Bashkir: офоҡ (ofoq)
• Belarusian: гарызо́нт (be) m (haryzónt), небакра́й m (njebakráj)
• Bengali: দিগন্ত (bn) (digonto)
• Bulgarian: хоризо́нт (bg) m (horizónt)
• Burmese: မိုးကုပ်စက်ဝိုင်း (my) (mui:kupcak-wuing:)
• Catalan: horitzó (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 地平線／地平线 (zh) (dìpíngxiàn), 天際／天际 (zh) (tiānjì), 天邊／天边 (zh) (tiānbiān)

• Czech: obzor (cs) m, horizont (cs) m
• Danish: horisont (da) c
• Dutch: horizon (nl) m, horizont (nl) m, einder (nl) m, kim (nl) f
• Esperanto: horizonto
• Estonian: silmapiir, horisont
• Faroese: sjónarringur m, havsbrúgv f, havsbrún f, væðing f, himinjaðari m
• Finnish: horisontti (fi), taivaanranta (fi)
• French: horizon (fr) m, ligne d’horizon (fr) f
• Galician: horizonte (gl) m
• Georgian: ჰორიზონტი (ka) (horizonṭi)
• German: Horizont (de)
• Greek: ορίζοντας (el) m (orízontas)

  Ancient: ὁρίζων m (horízōn)

• Hebrew: אופק \ אֹפֶק (he) m (ófek)
• Hindi: क्षितिज (hi) m (kṣitij)
• Hungarian: horizont (hu), látóhatár (hu), láthatár (hu)
• Icelandic: sjóndeildarhringur (is) m, sjónbaugur m
• Ido: horizonto (io)
• Indonesian: kaki langit (id), cakrawala (id), horizon (id), ufuk (id)
• Ingrian: taivaanraja
• Irish: spéire f
• Italian: orizzonte (it)
• Japanese: 地平線 (ja) (ちへいせん, chiheisen), 水平線 (ja) (すいへいせん, suiheisen) (at water area)
• Kazakh: көкжиек (kökjiek)
• Khmer: ជើងមេឃ (cəəng meik), នភាបាទ (nĕəʼphiə baat)
• Korean: 지평선(地平線) (ko) (jipyeongseon), 수평선(水平線) (ko) (supyeongseon) (at water area)
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: ئاسۆ (ckb) (aso)

  Northern Kurdish: aso (ku) m or f

• Kyrgyz: горизонт (ky) (gorizont), асманчет (asmancet)
• Lao: ຂອບຟ້າ (khǭp fā), ຟາກຟ້າ (fāk fā)
• Latin: fīniens (la) m, horizōn m
• Latvian: horizonts m
• Lithuanian: horizontas m
• Low German:

  German Low German: Kimm f, Kimming f

• Macedonian: хоризо́нт m (horizónt)
• Malay: kaki langit, ufuk, horizon
• Maori: huapae, paerangi, taharangi, tahatū o te rangi, paewai o te moana, tāhapatū o te rangi, tauriparipa, tāepaepatanga o te rangi, paewai o te rangi, taha o te rangi, paewhenua (over land)
• Marathi: क्षितिज m (kṣitij)
• Middle English: orisonte
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: тэнгэрийн хаяа (tengeriin xajaa)

• Nahuatl: ahuemaniliztli
• Navajo: yákʼaashbąąh
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: horisont (no) m, synsrand m or f

  Nynorsk: horisont m, himmelbryn n, synsrand f

• Old English: eaggemearc f
• Pashto: افق (ps) (ufúq)
• Persian:

  Dari: اُفُق (fa) (ufuq)

  Iranian Persian: اُفُق (fa) (ofoğ), کَرانِهٔ آسْمان (karâne-ye âsmân)

• Plautdietsch: Horizont m
• Polish: horyzont (pl) m, widnokrąg (pl) m, nieboskłon (pl) m
• Portuguese: horizonte (pt) m
• Quechua: pachapanta, winkumuyu
• Romanian: orizont (ro) n, zare (ro) f, zariște (ro) f
• Russian: горизо́нт (ru) m (gorizónt), небоскло́н (ru) m (nebosklón)
• Sanskrit: क्षितिज (sa) n (kṣitija), कुज (sa) n (kuja)
• Scottish Gaelic: fàire f
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: хорѝзонт m

  Roman: horìzont (sh) m

• Sinhalese: ක්ෂිතිජය (kṣitijaya)
• Slovak: horizont m, obzor m
• Slovene: obzorje n
• Spanish: horizonte (es) m

  Old Spanish: oryzon

• Swedish: horisont (sv) c
• Tagalog: abot-tanaw, kagiliran
• Tajik: уфуқ (ufuq)
• Tamil: கீழ்வானம் (ta) (kīḻvāṉam)
• Tatar: офык (tt) (ofıq)
• Thai: ขอบฟ้า (th) (kɔ̀ɔp-fáa)
• Turkish: ufuk (tr), ufuk çizgisi (tr)
• Turkmen: gözýetim
• Ukrainian: о́брій (uk) m (óbrij), горизо́нт m (horyzónt), небокра́й m (nebokráj), небосхи́л m (nebosxýl), о́вид (uk) m (óvyd), видноко́ло (uk) n (vydnokólo), виднокру́г m (vydnokrúh), крайне́бо (uk) n (krajnébo), кругови́д m (kruhovýd), кругозі́р (uk) m (kruhozír), кругогля́д m (kruhohljád), виднокра́й m (vydnokráj)
• Urdu: اُفُق (ur) m (ufuq)
• Uyghur: ئۇپۇق (upuq)
• Uzbek: ufq (uz)
• Vietnamese: chân trời (vi)
• Volapük: horit (vo)
• Welsh: gorwel (cy), gorwelion (cy) m pl
• Yiddish: האָריזאָנט m (horizont)

knowledge range/limit

• Hungarian: látókör (hu)
• Malay: horizon

a specific layer of soil or strata

• Bulgarian: хоризо́нт (bg) m (horizónt)
• Tagalog: kagiliran
• Russian: горизо́нт (ru) m (gorizónt)

See also

• vertical

Further reading

• horizon on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɦoː.ri.zɔn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

horizon m (plural horizonten or horizonnen)

1. horizon

   Synonyms: kim, einder

Descendants

• → Indonesian: horizon
• → Papiamentu: hórizòn

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• ^{(mute h)} IPA^(key): /ɔ.ʁi.zɔ̃/

• Audio (Paris):

  (file)

• Homophone: horizons
• Hyphenation: ho‧ri‧zon

Noun

horizon m (plural horizons)

1. horizon

Derived terms

• bleu horizon
• élargir ses horizons
• horizon des événements
• horizon rationnel
• horizon sensible
• horizonner
• horizontal
• ligne d’horizon
• tour d’horizon

Further reading

• “horizon”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch horizon, from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [hoˈrizɔn]
• Hyphenation: ho‧ri‧zon

Noun

horizon (first-person possessive horizonku, second-person possessive horizonmu, third-person possessive horizonnya)

1. horizon:
   1. the visible horizontal line or point (in all directions) that appears to connect the Earth to the sky.

      Synonyms: kaki langit, ufuk, cakrawala

   2. (geoglogy) a specific layer of soil or strata.
2. (in extension) sky, atmosphere, space

   Synonyms: ambara, angkasa, awang-awang, bumantara, cakrawala, dirgantara, langit, udara

Compounds

• horizon diagnostik
• horizon eluvial
• horizon harapan

 

Further reading

• “horizon” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Latin

Etymology

From Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /hoˈriz.zoːn/, [hɔˈrɪz̪d̪͡z̪oːn]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /oˈrid.d͡zon/, [oˈrid̪ː͡z̪on]

Noun

horizōn m (genitive horizontis); third declension

1. horizon

Declension

Third-declension noun (non-Greek-type or Greek-type, variant with nominative singular in -ōn).

	singular	plural
nominative	horizōn	horizontēs
genitive	horizontis horizontos	horizontum horizontium
dative	horizontī	horizontibus
accusative	horizontem horizonta	horizontēs horizontās
ablative	horizonte	horizontibus
vocative	horizōn	horizontēs

Descendants

• Catalan: horitzó
• → Dutch: horizon
• → Old French: orisonte, orison
  • Middle French: horizon, horizonte
    • French: horizon
    • → Middle English: orisonte, orisoun
      • English: horizon
• Galician: horizonte
• → German: Horizont
• Italian: orizzonte
• Lombard: orizzont (New Lombard Orthography)
• Mirandese: hourizonte
• Portuguese: horizonte
• Romanian: orizont
• → Russian: горизонт (gorizont)
• Spanish: horizonte
• → Ukrainian: горизо́нт (horyzónt)

References

• “horizon”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Félix Gaffiot (1934) “horizon”, in Dictionnaire illustré latin-français [Illustrated Latin-French Dictionary] (in French), Hachette.

Limburgish

Noun

horizon f

1. Veldeke spelling of Hooriṣǫn

Malay

Etymology

From English horizon, from Middle English orisonte, orisoun, from Middle French horizon, horizonte, from Old French orisonte, orison, via Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn), from ὅρος (hóros, “boundary”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ho.rai̯.zən]
• Rhymes: -zən, -ən
• Hyphenation: ho‧ri‧zon

Noun

horizon (Jawi spelling هوريزون)

1. Horizon:
   1. The visible horizontal line (in all directions) where the sky appears to meet the earth in the distance.

      Synonyms: kaki langit, ufuk

   2. (figuratively) The range or limit of one's knowledge, experience or interest; a boundary or threshold.

Further reading

• “horizon” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.