ja

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"

Languages (68)

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Page categories

Translingual

Symbol

ja

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Japanese.

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Afrikaans ja (“yes”), from Dutch ja (“yes”). More at yea.

Alternative forms

ya

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

(chiefly South Africa, informal) Yes.
- 1940, Penguin Parade (issue 7, page 25)
  Ja, he had been fooled and it was not pleasant for a man to go home and tell his wife that he been verneuked.

Noun

ja (plural jas or ja)

(Korean units of measure) Synonym of Korean foot: a traditional unit of length equivalent to about 30.3 cm.

Anagrams

AJ

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jaː/
Audio: (file)

Adverb

ja

yes

Descendants

→ English: ja
→ Portuguese: iá, yá, ya

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

jaa, jòò, jä

Etymology

From Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, Dutch ja, English yea, Swedish ja.

Adverb

ja

(Uri) yes

References

Abegg, Emil, (1911) Die Mundart von Urseren (Beiträge zur Schweizerdeutschen Grammatik. IV.) [The Dialect of Urseren], Frauenfeld, Switzerland: Huber & Co., page 13.

Assan

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *axʷ (“I”). Compare Kott ai (“I”), Pumpokol ad (“I”), and Arin aj.

Pronoun

ja

I (first-person singular subjective)

Synonyms

aj

Related terms

ajun

Atong (India)

Etymology

Cognate with Garo ja (“moon, month”).

Noun

ja

month
moon

References

van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin iam.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈʒa]
IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈd͡ʒa]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a

Adverb

ja

already, (in negative sentences) any more
now, immediately, at once

Derived terms

ja que

Central Melanau

**Central Melanau cardinal numbers**
< 0	1	2 >
Cardinal : ja

Alternative forms

je-

Numeral

ja

one

Synonyms

satu

Champenois

Alternative forms

jaque

Etymology

Inherited from Old French jai, from Late Latin gaius.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒɑ/

Noun

ja m (plural jas)

jay

References

Daunay, Jean (1998) Parlers de Champagne : Pour un classement thématique du vocabulaire des anciens parlers de Champagne (Aube - Marne - Haute-Marne)‎^[1] (in French), Rumilly-lés-Vaudes
Baudoin, Alphonse (1885) Glossaire de la forêt de Clairvaux‎^[2] (in French), Troyes

Cimbrian

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, English yea.

Particle

ja

(Sette Comuni) yes

References

“ja” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Cypriot Arabic

Root
j-y-y
2 terms

Etymology

From Arabic جَاءَ (jāʔa).

Verb

ja I (present pijí)

to come, to arrive at
to derive from
to turn out

References

Borg, Alexander (2004) A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 192

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse já (“yes”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ja/, [jɛ]
IPA^(key): /jar/, [jæɐ̯]
Rhymes: -a

Interjection

ja

yes

Antonyms

nej

Related terms

jo

Noun

ja n (singular definite jaet, plural indefinite jaer)

yes

Inflection

Declension of ja

neuter gender	Singular		Plural
neuter gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ja	jaet	jaer	jaerne
genitive	jas	jaets	jaers	jaernes

Dimasa

Noun

já

foot

Derived terms

jaga

Dutch

Alternative forms

(obsolete) jae

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ja, from Old Dutch *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)
IPA^(key): /jaː/

Adverb

ja

yes
Synonym: jep
Antonyms: nee, neen
Wil je met ons meegaan? — Ja, graag! ― Would you like to come with us? — Yes, I'd love to!

Derived terms

Noun

ja m or n (plural ja's, diminutive jaatje n)

yes
Synonym: jawoord

Antonym: nee

Nee heb je al, ja kan je krijgen. ― The only way to find out if someone agrees (with/to something) is to ask. (literally, “You already have "no", but you may still get "yes".”)

Het begon met een ja... ― It began with a yes...

Interjection

ja

yes!
Synonym: yes

"Ja!" riep hij luid toen er een doelpunt viel. ― Yes! he screamed loudly when they scored a goal.
(Suriname, informal) A casual greeting acknowledging the presence of a person; hey, hi, what's up
(Suriname, informal) Used as a request for someone to repeat something not heard or understood clearly; say again, what's that

Descendants

Afrikaans: ja
- → English: ja
- → Portuguese: iá, yá, ya
Indonesian: ya
Berbice Creole Dutch: ja
Jersey Dutch: jâ
Negerhollands: ja, ju
Skepi Creole Dutch: ja
→ Saramaccan: jahái, jaái

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from German ja. Compare Polish jo, Yiddish יאָ (yo), English yea. Related to jes.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ja]
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: ja

Adverb

ja

emphatic particle; indeed, certainly, surely, after all
- 2015, Kalle Kniivilä, “Sopiro al Sovetio [Yearning for the Soviet Union]”, in Krimeo estas nia [Crimea is ours]:
  Sed la bona soveta tempo neniam revenos. Ĝi ja neniam ekzistis.
  But the good Soviet times will never return. After all, they never existed.
  (literally, “But the good Soviet time will never come again. It indeed never existed.”)

Usage notes

The word ja emphasizes the entire sentence or a specific word or phrase, stressing the reality of it. It is most often placed before or after the sentence's main verb, or before an adverb modifying the main verb. Otherwise, it is usually placed in front of a word or phrase that it emphasizes.

It is also commonly used for emphatic negation, combined with ne or a correlative starting in neni-, usually with ja placed in front of it.

Derived terms

jes ja (“yes indeed”)

Related terms

do (“therefore, indeed, so”)
ekzakte (“exactly”)
fakte (“in fact”)
ĝuste (“just, right, exactly”)
reale (“really, actually”)
vere (“truly”)

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ja, from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh.

Conjunction

ja

and

Synonyms

ning

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɛaː/

Adverb

ja

yes

Antonyms

nei, neiggj

Related terms

jú, júgv

Noun

ja n (genitive singular jas, plural ja)

yes

Declension

Declension of ja
n3	singular		plural
n3	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ja	jaið	ja	jaini
accusative	ja	jaið	ja	jaini
dative	jai	jainum	jaum	jaunum
genitive	jas	jasins	jaa	jaanna

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ja (compare Estonian ja, Ingrian ja, Livonian ja, Votic ja), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”) (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ̝]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɑ
Hyphenation^(key): ja

Conjunction

ja

(coordinating) and
Siellä oli poikia ja tyttöjä. ― There were boys and girls there.

Menin kotiin ja aloin soittaa pianoa. ― I went home and started playing the piano.

Iltapalaksi on leipää, juustoa, kinkkua, tomaattia ja maitoa. ― For supper we have bread, cheese, ham, tomato and milk.

Mies juoksee ja juoksee. ― The man runs and runs.

Ja sitten alkoi sataa. ― And then it started raining.

Mene ja tiedä. ― Go figure. (literally, “Go and know.”)

viisi ja puoli ― five and a half

ensimmäisen ja viimeisen kerran ― for the first and the last time

Usage notes

On the differences between ja and sekä:
- ja can be used more widely than sekä. As an example, sekä may not be used to join two independent clauses.
  Vaahdota voi sekä sokeri ja sekoita joukkoon kuivat aineet. ― Cream the butter and sugar, and mix in the dry ingredients.
- sekä has a nuance of the things being more separate than with ja. If both words are used, ja ties things closer together than sekä.
  mansikka- ja vadelmahillo sekä muut hedelmäsäilykkeet ― strawberry and raspberry jam as well as other fruit preserves
- In legal language, ja and sekä are distinguished more clearly. sekä is considered "stronger" than ja. For example, an attribute specified before a list will apply to every item with ja, but not with sekä.
  paineella tyhjennettävät ja täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure = containers that are both filled and emptied under pressure
  
  paineella tyhjennettävät sekä täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure = containers that are emptied under pressure, and which can be filled either under pressure or not

Synonyms

sekä (see the above usage notes)

Adverb

ja

(dialectal) also, as well
Synonyms: -kin, myös

Noun

ja

AND (logic gate or connector)

Declension

Rarely inflected; if inflection is necessary, it is used as a first component in a compound, such as JA-portti ("AND gate").

Inflection of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation)
nominative		ja	jat
genitive		jan	jaiden jaitten
partitive		jata	jaita
illative		jahan	jaihin
		singular	plural
nominative		ja	jat
accusative	nom.	ja	jat
accusative	gen.	jan	jat
genitive		jan	jaiden jaitten
partitive		jata	jaita
inessive		jassa	jaissa
elative		jasta	jaista
illative		jahan	jaihin
adessive		jalla	jailla
ablative		jalta	jailta
allative		jalle	jaille
essive		jana	jaina
translative		jaksi	jaiksi
abessive		jatta	jaitta
instructive		—	jain
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		jani	jani
accusative	nom.	jani	jani
accusative	gen.	jani	jani
genitive		jani	jaideni jaitteni
partitive		jatani	jaitani
inessive		jassani	jaissani
elative		jastani	jaistani
illative		jahani	jaihini
adessive		jallani	jaillani
ablative		jaltani	jailtani
allative		jalleni	jailleni
essive		janani	jainani
translative		jakseni	jaikseni
abessive		jattani	jaittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	jaineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		jasi	jasi
accusative	nom.	jasi	jasi
accusative	gen.	jasi	jasi
genitive		jasi	jaidesi jaittesi
partitive		jatasi	jaitasi
inessive		jassasi	jaissasi
elative		jastasi	jaistasi
illative		jahasi	jaihisi
adessive		jallasi	jaillasi
ablative		jaltasi	jailtasi
allative		jallesi	jaillesi
essive		janasi	jainasi
translative		jaksesi	jaiksesi
abessive		jattasi	jaittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	jainesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		jamme	jamme
accusative	nom.	jamme	jamme
accusative	gen.	jamme	jamme
genitive		jamme	jaidemme jaittemme
partitive		jatamme	jaitamme
inessive		jassamme	jaissamme
elative		jastamme	jaistamme
illative		jahamme	jaihimme
adessive		jallamme	jaillamme
ablative		jaltamme	jailtamme
allative		jallemme	jaillemme
essive		janamme	jainamme
translative		jaksemme	jaiksemme
abessive		jattamme	jaittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	jainemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		janne	janne
accusative	nom.	janne	janne
accusative	gen.	janne	janne
genitive		janne	jaidenne jaittenne
partitive		jatanne	jaitanne
inessive		jassanne	jaissanne
elative		jastanne	jaistanne
illative		jahanne	jaihinne
adessive		jallanne	jaillanne
ablative		jaltanne	jailtanne
allative		jallenne	jaillenne
essive		jananne	jainanne
translative		jaksenne	jaiksenne
abessive		jattanne	jaittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	jainenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		jansa	jansa
accusative	nom.	jansa	jansa
accusative	gen.	jansa	jansa
genitive		jansa	jaidensa jaittensa
partitive		jataan jatansa	jaitaan jaitansa
inessive		jassaan jassansa	jaissaan jaissansa
elative		jastaan jastansa	jaistaan jaistansa
illative		jahansa	jaihinsa
adessive		jallaan jallansa	jaillaan jaillansa
ablative		jaltaan jaltansa	jailtaan jailtansa
allative		jalleen jallensa	jailleen jaillensa
essive		janaan janansa	jainaan jainansa
translative		jakseen jaksensa	jaikseen jaiksensa
abessive		jattaan jattansa	jaittaan jaittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	jaineen jainensa

Derived terms

compounds

References

^ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin iam.

Adverb

ja (ORB, broad)

already

References

déjà in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
ja in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

ja

month

Synonyms

mas

German

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [jäː] (Standard, overall more common)
IPA^(key): [ʝäː] (standard, overall less common)
Audio: (file)
Audio: (file)
IPA^(key): [jɑː] (Austrian German)
IPA^(key): [jɒ~jɔ] (Austrian German, common in casual speech as an influence of the Austro-Bavarian language)
Rhymes: -aː
Homophone: Jahr (according to a widespread pronunciation of this word)

Adverb

ja

yes; yea, yeah, aye
Synonym: jawohl

Willst du das? Ja. ― Do you want that? Yes.

Aber ja! ― Yes, of course!
(intensifier) obviously; certainly; of course; really; just; as you know; as is generally known (indicates and emphasises that one is expressing a known fact)
Synonyms: doch, bekanntlich

Es kann ja nicht immer so bleiben. ― It obviously cannot always remain so.

Der Peter war ja gestern krank. ― Peter was sick yesterday, as you know.

Usage notes

(yes): Ja is used to indicate agreement with a positive statement. To contradict a negative statement (where English would use “yes”), doch is used instead.
(obviously): Ja means roughly the same as English obviously or as you know, but given its shortness it is used much more frequently. In colloquial German, ja is used in most statements of facts already known to the one addressed.

Antonyms

nein

Derived terms

Interjection

ja

yes
Synonym: jawohl

Antonym: nein

Gothic

Romanization

ja

Romanization of 𐌾𐌰

Guerrero Amuzgo

Adjective

ja

heavy

Pronoun

ja

I

Gutnish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jaː/, [jɑː]

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ek. Compare Swedish jag.

Alternative forms

jag (Fårö and Lau dialects)

Pronoun

ja

I (first-person singular pronoun)

Inflection

	inflection of "ja"
subject	ja
object	mi
possessive	min, mein, mitt, meine

Etymology 2

From Old Norse já.

Adverb

ja

yes

Usage notes

Uncertain or stalling answer; jo is used for yes-no questions

Related terms

(used for yes-no questions) jo, jå (Lau dialect)

Interjection

ja

yes

References

"ja" in Gutamålgildes Årdliste
"ja in Gustavson, H. (red.). 1972-1986. Ordbok över Laumålet på Gotland. Uppsala: AB Lundequistska Bokhandeln.

Hausa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /(d)ʒáː/
- (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [d͡ʒáː]

Adjective

jā (feminine jā, plural jājā̀yē)

red

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈjɒ], [ˈjɒː] (the long pronunciation is used in case of great surprise)
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -jɒ

Interjection

ja

(informal) yep (indicates agreement, approval, or understanding)
Synonyms: aha, ühüm, jaja

Jössz holnap a meccsre? – Ja.
“Are you coming to the game tomorrow?” “Yep.”
(informal) oh (indicates understanding something finally after a misunderstanding or confusion)
Este nem jár a vonat. – Ja, hát akkor menjünk busszal!
“No train is leaving in the evening.” “Oh, well then let's travel by bus!”

Ezt nem is Miki küldte! – Ja, lehet, hogy én értettem félre.
“This was not sent by Miki!” “Oh, then I must have misunderstood it.”

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from French déjà, Italian già, Spanish ya, from Latin iam, replacing Esperanto jam which is cognate. Decision no. 987, Progreso VI.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒa/, /d͡ʒa/

Adverb

ja

already
Lu ja dormeskis.
He/she has already fallen asleep.

Derived terms

ne ja (“not yet; not even”)

Related terms

ya

References

Progreso III (in Ido), 1910–1911, page 557, 691
Progreso VI (in Ido), 1913–1914, page 164

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *ja. Cognates include Finnish ja and Estonian ja.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑ
Hyphenation: ja

Conjunction

ja

and
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
  Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
  Kiko and Miko are already swimming.

Synonyms

i, da

Adverb

ja

also, too
- 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 3:
  On meil hyvät mașinistat -
  paravozat ollaa ja.
  We have good engine drivers -
  we have steam locomotives, too.

Synonyms

kera, tože, i

Derived terms

ja niin etes

Etymology 2

Ultimately from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *ja (compare Swedish ja and German ja). Cognates include Finnish jaa and Estonian jah, jaa.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑ
Hyphenation: ja

Particle

ja

yes
- 1936, V. I. Junus, N. A. Iljin, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (toine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 42:
  Onok se maa teil?
  - Ja, ono.
  Is that your land?
  Yes, it is.

Synonyms

niin

Antonyms

ei

References

Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 99
Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[4], →ISBN, page 79

Japanese

Romanization

ja

The hiragana syllable じゃ (ja) or the katakana syllable ジャ (ja) in Hepburn romanization.
The hiragana syllable ぢゃ (ja) or the katakana syllable ヂャ (ja) in Hepburn romanization.

Kashubian

Etymology

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈja/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: ja

Particle

ja

(Canada, United States, New Zealand) yes
Synonym: (United States) szur

Latvian

Pronunciation

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Conjunction

ja

if
in case

Lithuanian

Pronoun

ja f

third-person singular instrumental of ji

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronoun

ja sg

I

Declension

Declension of the first-person pronouns

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ja	mej	my
Genitive	mě (after preposition) mnjo	naju	nas
Dative	mě (after preposition) mnjo	nama	nam
Accusative	mě (after preposition) mnjo	naju	nas
Instrumental	mnu	nama	nami
Locative	mnjo	nama	nas
Possessive determiner	mój	naju	naš

Lule Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Conjunction

ja

and

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic يَا (yā).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jaː/
Usually unstressed and then automatically shortened to /ja/.

Particle

ja

vocative particle; oh!; you!
Ja Mulejja! ― Oh my Lord!

Ja iblah! ― You idiot!
- 1998, Anton Buttigieg, “Lill-Qamar”, in Żibeġ u Boċċi:
  Stagħnejt, ja Qamar,
  dal-lejl bil-poeżija
  tar-realtà.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

While not obligatory even in standard Arabic, the vocative particle is predominantly omitted in Maltese. It does remain a common word, however, especially when equivalent to English “you”.

Mbati

Noun

ja

drought, famine

References

LePage, Sarah Gloria (2020) "The phonology of Mbati"‎^[6], University of North Dakota

North Frisian

Etymology

Compare West Frisian hja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ja]

Pronoun

ja

third-person plural personal pronoun
1. (Mooring, Sylt) they (subject case)
2. (Mooring) them, themselves (object case)

Alternative forms

's (reduced form)
(them): jam (Sylt, also Mooring alternatively)
jo (Föhr-Amrum)
djo (Heligoland), jä (Halligen, Wiedingharde, Hoorning)

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈja/

Conjunction

ja

and

Northern Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Verb

ja

to eat

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse já.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɑː/
Audio: (file)

Adverb

ja

yes

Antonyms

nei

Related terms

Interjection

ja

yes

Noun

ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja or jaer, definite plural jaa or jaene)

yes

References

“ja” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse já.

Adverb

ja

yes

Antonyms

nei

Related terms

jo

Interjection

ja

yes

Usage notes

Depending on context, may be pronounced by some speakers through inhaling, like Northern Swedish inhaling jo (although not making the same sound as the Swedish one).

Noun

ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja, definite plural jaa)

yes

References

“ja” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old French

Etymology

From Latin iam.

Pronunciation

(classical) IPA^(key): /ˈdʒa/
(late) IPA^(key): /ˈʒa/

Adverb

ja

References

Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (ja)

Old Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /jaː/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /jɒ/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ. First attested in the 13th century.

Pronoun

ja

first-person pronoun; I

Declension

Declension of ja

	singular
nominative	ja, jaz
genitive	mnie, mienie, mie, mię, mnię
dative	mnie, mienie, minie, mie, mi, mni, ni
accusative	mnie, mię, mie, mnię, nię, mi
instrumental	mną
locative	mnie

Alternative forms

jaz

Descendants

Polish: ja
Silesian: jŏ

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Interjection

ja

(reduplicated) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
1. the name of some idol

References

B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ja”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ja”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Pennsylvania German

Alternative forms

ya

Etymology

Compare German ja, Dutch ja, Swedish ja.

Interjection

ja

yes, yeah

Pite Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Conjunction

ja

and

Pnar

Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʤaː. Cognate with Khasi ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒa/

Noun

ja

cooked rice

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ja. Doublet of ego.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈja/

(Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /jɒ/

Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: ja

Pronoun

ja

first-person pronoun; I
Ja chcę mieć przyjaciół. ― I want to have friends.

Usage notes

The mute forms mię and mi cannot be used in accented positions in the sentence. Mię is considered dated in standard Polish but can still be heard commonly in some dialects or in colloquial speech.

Declension

Declension of ja

	singular	plural
nominative	ja	my
genitive	mnie/mię	nas
dative	mnie/mi	nam
accusative	mnie/mię	nas
instrumental	mną	nami
locative	mnie	nas
vocative	—	—

Derived terms

noun

jaźń

particle

bo ja wiem

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ja is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 16 times in scientific texts, 2 times in news, 84 times in essays, 892 times in fiction, and 2034 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 3028 times, making it the 15th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “ja”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 159

Portuguese

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

Obsolete spelling of já.

Russenorsk

Etymology

From Russian я (ja). May also be a Russianized form of Danish jeg or Swedish jag.

Pronoun

ja

I (pronoun)

Synonyms

moja

References

Ingvild Broch, Ernst H. Jahr (1984) Russenorsk: Et pidginspråk i Norge [Russenorsk: A pidgin language in Norway], 2 edition, Oslo: Novus Forlag

Rwanda-Rundi

Alternative forms

-jya (Rwanda)

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-gɪ̀a.

Verb

-ja (infinitive kuja, perfective -gīye)

(Kirundi) to go to

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jâː/

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Pronoun

jȃ (Cyrillic spelling ја̑)

I
Ja sam učio. ― I have studied.

Declension

Declension of ja

	singular	plural
nominative	jȃ	mȋ
genitive	mȅne, me	nȃs
dative	mȅni, mi	nȁma, nam
accusative	mȅne, me	nȃs
vocative	—	mȋ
locative	mȅni	nȁma
instrumental	mnȏm, mnóme	nȁma

Etymology 2

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jâ/

Adverb

jȁ (Cyrillic spelling ја̏)

(colloquial, regional) yes, yeah

Etymology 3

Interjection

ja

Archaic form of jao.
- 1891, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Srpske narodne pjesme:
  Ja Ivane, mio pobratime!
  O woe, Ivan, dear blood-brother!

Silesian

Etymology

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈja/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: ja

Particle

ja

yes
Antonym: niy

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ja]
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

ja

I

Usage notes

Following prepositions, ma and mi are replaced by mňa and mne respectively.

Declension

Declension of ja

	singulare tantum
nominative	ja
genitive	mňa／ma
dative	mne／mi
accusative	mňa／ma
locative	mne
instrumental	mnou

Related terms

Slovak personal pronouns

		substantive		possessive
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		ja	my	môj	náš
2nd person	familiar	ty	vy	tvoj	váš
2nd person	polite	vy		váš
3rd person	m	on	oni*／ony	jeho	ich
	f	ona		jej
	n	ono		jeho
reflexive		seba, sa (clitic)		svoj
* masculine animate only, ony otherwise.

References

“ja”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

Anagrams

aj

Slovene

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jàː/, /jáː/

Particle

jā

(informal) yes
Synonym: dȁ

Antonym: nȅ

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ja

(dialectal) Alternative form of jȁz
Ja sem Slovenec. ― I am Slovenian.

Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Verb

ja

to eat

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxa/ [ˈxa]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: ja

Interjection

ja

representation of laughter, ha
Also used repeatedly: jaja, jajaja

Derived terms

ja ja ja

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jìja. Compare Zulu -za.

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Verb

-ja (infinitive kuja)

to come
going to (followed by an infinitive, future, or subjunctive verb)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ja

Positive present	-nakuja
Subjunctive	-je
Negative	-ji
Imperative singular	njoo

Infinitives

Positive	kuja
Negative	kutokuja

Imperatives

Singular	njoo
Plural	njooni

Tensed forms

Habitual	huja
Positive past	positive subject concord + -likuja
Negative past	negative subject concord + -kuja

Positive present (positive subject concord + -nakuja)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ninakuja/nakuja	tunakuja
2nd person		unakuja	mnakuja
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	anakuja	wanakuja
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -nakuja

Negative present (negative subject concord + -ji)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		siji	hatuji
2nd person		huji	hamji
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	haji	hawaji
3rd person	other classes	negative subject concord + -ji

Positive future	positive subject concord + -takuja
Negative future	negative subject concord + -takuja

Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -je)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nije	tuje
2nd person		uje	mje
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	aje	waje
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -je

Negative subjunctive	positive subject concord + -sije
Positive present conditional	positive subject concord + -ngekuja
Negative present conditional	positive subject concord + -singekuja
Positive past conditional	positive subject concord + -ngalikuja
Negative past conditional	positive subject concord + -singalikuja

Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aja)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		naja	twaja
2nd person		waja	mwaja
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	aja	waja
	m-mi_(III/IV)	waja	yaja
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	laja	yaja
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	chaja	vyaja
	n_(IX/X)	yaja	zaja
	u_(XI)	waja	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	kwaja
	pa_(XVI)	paja
	mu_(XVIII)	mwaja

Perfect	positive subject concord + -mekuja
"Already"	positive subject concord + -meshakuja
"Not yet"	negative subject concord + -jaja
"If/When"	positive subject concord + -kija
"If not"	positive subject concord + -sipokuja
Consecutive	kaja / positive subject concord + -kaja
Consecutive subjunctive	positive subject concord + -kaje
Object concord	—

Relative forms

General positive (positive subject concord + -ja- + relative marker)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-jaye	-jao
m-mi_(III/IV)	-jao	-jayo
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-jalo	-jayo
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-jacho	-javyo
n_(IX/X)	-jayo	-jazo
u_(XI)	-jao	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-jako
pa_(XVI)	-japo
mu_(XVIII)	-jamo

Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + -kuja)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-yekuja	-okuja
m-mi_(III/IV)	-okuja	-yokuja
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-lokuja	-yokuja
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-chokuja	-vyokuja
n_(IX/X)	-yokuja	-zokuja
u_(XI)	-okuja	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-kokuja
pa_(XVI)	-pokuja
mu_(XVIII)	-mokuja

Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -jia

Nominal derivations:
- mja (“comer, visitor; male servant”)
- ujaji (“arrival”)

Swedish

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Etymology 1

From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

Interjection

IPA^(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/, /ja/
Audio: (file)

Noun

IPA^(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

yes
Synonyms: japp, jo, sjup

Antonym: nej
- (Can we date this quote?), traditional (lyrics and music), “I fjol så gick jag med herrarna i hagen [Last year I went with the men in the pasture]”, in Skillingtryck [Broadside ballads]‎^[9], performed by Hootenanny Singers:
  I fjol så gick jag med herrarna i hagen. Ja, ja, med herrarna i hagen. Ja, med herrarna i hagen. I år har jag något som sparkar i magen. Aj, aj, som sparkar i magen. Aj, som sparkar i magen.
  Last year I went with the men in the pasture. Yes, yes, with the men in the pasture. Yes, with the men in the pasture. This year I have something that kicks in my belly. Ow, ow, that kicks in my belly. Ow, that kicks in my belly.

Related terms

Noun

ja n

a yes, an aye; a positive answer or vote

Declension

Declension of ja
		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	ja	jas
singular	definite	jaet	jaets
plural	indefinite	—	—
plural	definite	—	—

Etymology 2

See jag.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɑː/

Pronoun

ja

(colloquial, text messaging) Pronunciation spelling of jag.

References

Anagrams

aj

Tswana

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dʒa/

Verb

go ja (past jelê)

to eat

Re jele bogobe maabane - We ate bogobe yesterday.

Tz'utujil

Alternative forms

jar

Article

ja

the

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ja/

Pronoun

ja

I

Declension

Upper Sorbian personal pronouns

First person pronouns
	Singular			Dual		Plural
Nominative	ja			mój		my
Genitive	mje (after preposition) mnje			naju		nas
Dative	mi (after preposition) mni			namaj		nam
Accusative	mje (after preposition) mnje			naju		nas
Instrumental	mnu			namaj		nami
Locative	mni			namaj		nas
Second person pronouns
	Singular			Dual		Plural
Nominative	ty			wój		wy
Genitive	će (after preposition) tebje			waju		was
Dative	ći (after preposition) tebi			wamaj		wam
Accusative	će (after preposition) tebje			waju		was
Instrumental	tobu			wamaj		wami
Locative	tebi			wamaj		was
Third person pronouns
	Masculine singular	Feminine singular	Neuter singular	Dual virile	Dual nonvirile	Plural virile	Plural nonvirile
Nominative	wón	wona	wono	wonaj	wonej	woni	wone
Genitive	jeho (after preposition) njeho	jeje (after preposition) njeje	jeho (after preposition) njeho	jeju		jich (after preposition) nich
Dative	jemu (after preposition) njemu	jej (after preposition) njej	jemu (after preposition) njemu	jimaj (after preposition) nimaj		jim (after preposition) nim
Accusative	jón (after preposition) njón (animate) jeho (animate after preposition) njeho	ju (after preposition) nju	jo, je (after preposition) njo, nje	jeju (after preposition) njeju	jej (after preposition) njej	jich (after preposition) nich	je (after preposition) nje
Instrumental	nim	njej	nim	nimaj		nimi
Locative	nim	njej	nim	nimaj		nich

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ja.

Pronunciation

(Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈʝɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑ
Hyphenation: ja

Conjunction

ja

and
Synonym: i

References

Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “ja”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

West Frisian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ja/, /jaː/

Interjection

ja

yes

Derived terms

jawis

West Makian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒa/

Verb

ja

(intransitive) to cry

Conjugation

Conjugation of ja (action verb)
		singular	plural
		singular	inclusive	exclusive
1st person		taja	maja	aja
2nd person		naja	faja
3rd person	inanimate	ija	daja
3rd person	animate	ija	daja
imperative		naja, ja	faja, ja

References

Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[10], Pacific linguistics

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies
ALIV	ja
Brazilian standard	fa
New Tribes	ja

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *pa (“grandchild”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [hʷa]

Noun

ja (obligatorily possessed; possessed jadü)

grandchild
sibling’s grandchild; grandnephew or grandniece

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “ja, jaadi”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[11], Lyon
Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 219, 289, 389: “ha:dü 'grandson' […] ----- -ha: -dü 'grandchild' […] ha:dü - grandchild”
Hall, Katherine (2007) “hādɨ”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series‎^[12], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021
Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012) Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, pages 62–65, 71, 75: “jaadü, jaa'dü, jua'de”

Yoruba

Etymology 1

Cognate with Igala jà (“to fight”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒà/

Verb

jà

(intransitive, reciprocal) to fight, to wrestle, to struggle
(intransitive) to occur, to take place, to break out (as in a war or disease)
Synonym: já

ogún jà ― War broke out

Usage notes

ja before a direct object

Derived terms

ajà (“fighter”)
jàkadì (“to wrestle”)
jíjà (“fighting”)
Ìja (“orisha of hunting”)
ìjà (“fight, battle”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(intransitive, transitive) to snap, to break off, to break loose

Derived terms

ìjá

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(intransitive) to occur, to take place, to begin suddenly (to break out)
Synonym: jà

gudugbẹ̀ẹ́ já ― Calamity has broken out

Derived terms

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(intransitive) to ring out like a bell
etí rẹ̀ ń já ― His ears were ringing out

Derived terms

ìjá

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(heading, intransitive) to fall off (from some height)

Derived terms

ìjá
jábọ́ (“to fall down”)

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

to shine brightly
Synonyms: là, bẹ, ha

òṣùpá já tòò bí ọ̀sán ― The moon shined brightly like the afternoon (sun)

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

to become aware, to come to full realization

Derived terms

já sí

Etymology 8

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(intransitive) to become punctured
àpò rẹ̀ẹ́ já ― His pocket has become punctured

Etymology 9

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(intransitive) to become saturated or oversaturated with something; to become too much of something
iyọ̀ ọ́ já ọbẹ̀ yìí ― Salt has saturated this stew

Derived terms

ìjá

Etymology 10

Likely cognate with Igala já (“to harvest”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒá/

Verb

já

(transitive) to pluck off (usually referring to fruit or leaves)
Synonym: wọ́

Derived terms

Zialo

Noun

ja

water

References

Kirill Vladimirovich Babaev, Zialo: the newly-discovered Mande language of Guinea (2010), page 213

Zou

Verb

ja

hear

References

http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2013/zouphonologyfinal.pdf

[1] Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

[2] Ida Kurcz (1990) “ja”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 159

[1]

[1]

		personal				possessive
		subject case		object case		masculine referent	feminine / neuter / plural referent
		full	reduced	full	reduced	masculine referent	feminine / neuter / plural referent
singular	1st	ik	'k	me		man	min
	2nd	dü	–	de		dan	din
	3rd m.	hi	'r	ham	'n	san	sin
	3rd f.	jü	's	har	's	harn	har
	3rd n.	hat	et, 't	ham	et, 't	san	sin
plural	1st	we		üs		üüsen	üüs
	2nd	jam	'm	jam		jarnge
	3rd	ja	's	ja, jam	's	jare
notes		The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.

		personal				possessive
		subject case		object case		singular referent	plural referent
		full	reduced	full	reduced	singular referent	attributive	independent
singular	1st	ik	'k	mi		min		minen
	2nd	dü	–	di		din		dinen
	3rd m.	hi	'r	höm	'n	sin		sinen
	3rd f.	jü	's	höör	's	höör		höören
	3rd n.	hat	et, 't	höm	et, 't	sin		sinen
dual	1st	wat		unk				unken
	2nd	at		junk				junken
	3rd	jat		jam	's	jaar		jaaren
plural	1st	wü		üüs				üüsen
	2nd	i		juu				juuen
	3rd	ja	's	jam	's	jaar		jaaren
notes		The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur. The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects. Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

Translingual

Symbol

See also

English

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Adverb

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Noun

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Descendants

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

Etymology

Adverb

References

Assan

Etymology

Pronoun

Synonyms

Related terms

Atong (India)

Etymology

Noun

References

Catalan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Derived terms

Further reading

Central Melanau

Alternative forms

Numeral

Synonyms

Champenois

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Cimbrian

Etymology

Particle

References

Cypriot Arabic

Etymology

Verb

References

Danish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Interjection

Antonyms

Related terms

Noun

Inflection

Dimasa

Noun

Derived terms

Dutch

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Derived terms

Noun

Interjection

Descendants

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Usage notes