rugir

Catalan

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rugīre (“roar”). First attested in the 19th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ruˈʒi]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ruˈd͡ʒiɾ]

Verb

rugir (first-person singular present rugeixo, first-person singular preterite rugí, past participle rugit)

1. (intransitive) to roar

Conjugation

    Conjugation of rugir (third conjugation, with -eix-)

infinitive			rugir
gerund			rugint
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		rugit		rugida
		plural		rugits		rugides
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	rugeixo	rugeixes	rugeix	rugim	rugiu	rugeixen
	imperfect	rugia	rugies	rugia	rugíem	rugíeu	rugien
	future	rugiré	rugiràs	rugirà	rugirem	rugireu	rugiran
	preterite	rugí	rugires	rugí	rugírem	rugíreu	rugiren
	conditional	rugiria	rugiries	rugiria	rugiríem	rugiríeu	rugirien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	rugeixi	rugeixis	rugeixi	rugim	rugiu	rugeixin
	imperfect	rugís	rugissis	rugís	rugíssim	rugíssiu	rugissin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	rugeix	rugeixi	rugim	rugiu	rugeixin
	negative (no)	—	no rugeixis	no rugeixi	no rugim	no rugiu	no rugeixin

Related terms

• rugit

Further reading

• “rugir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “rugir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “rugir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rugīre (“roar”). Cf. Old French ruir, a more gallicized variant. See also rut.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʁy.ʒiʁ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

rugir

1. to roar

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of rugir (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	rugir
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	rugissant /ʁy.ʒi.sɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		rugi /ʁy.ʒi/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	rugis /ʁy.ʒi/	rugis /ʁy.ʒi/	rugit /ʁy.ʒi/	rugissons /ʁy.ʒi.sɔ̃/	rugissez /ʁy.ʒi.se/	rugissent /ʁy.ʒis/
	imperfect	rugissais /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/	rugissais /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/	rugissait /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/	rugissions /ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/	rugissiez /ʁy.ʒi.sje/	rugissaient /ʁy.ʒi.sɛ/
	past historic2	rugis /ʁy.ʒi/	rugis /ʁy.ʒi/	rugit /ʁy.ʒi/	rugîmes /ʁy.ʒim/	rugîtes /ʁy.ʒit/	rugirent /ʁy.ʒiʁ/
	future	rugirai /ʁy.ʒi.ʁe/	rugiras /ʁy.ʒi.ʁa/	rugira /ʁy.ʒi.ʁa/	rugirons /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/	rugirez /ʁy.ʒi.ʁe/	rugiront /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	rugirais /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/	rugirais /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/	rugirait /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/	rugirions /ʁy.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/	rugiriez /ʁy.ʒi.ʁje/	rugiraient /ʁy.ʒi.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	rugisse /ʁy.ʒis/	rugisses /ʁy.ʒis/	rugisse /ʁy.ʒis/	rugissions /ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/	rugissiez /ʁy.ʒi.sje/	rugissent /ʁy.ʒis/
	imperfect2	rugisse /ʁy.ʒis/	rugisses /ʁy.ʒis/	rugît /ʁy.ʒi/	rugissions /ʁy.ʒi.sjɔ̃/	rugissiez /ʁy.ʒi.sje/	rugissent /ʁy.ʒis/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	rugis /ʁy.ʒi/	—	rugissons /ʁy.ʒi.sɔ̃/	rugissez /ʁy.ʒi.se/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

• rugissement

Further reading

• “rugir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Portuguese

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Latin rugīre (“to roar”).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [huˈʒi(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [huˈʒi(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ɾ)/ [huˈʒi(ɾ)]
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ʁ)/ [χuˈʒi(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒi(ɻ)/ [huˈʒi(ɻ)]

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒiɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒiɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ʁuˈʒi.ɾi/

Verb

rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugi, past participle rugido)

1. to roar (to make a loud, deep cry)

Conjugation

    Conjugation of rugir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	rugir
Personal	rugir	rugires	rugir	rugirmos	rugirdes	rugirem
Gerund
	rugindo
Past participle
Masculine	rugido			rugidos
Feminine	rugida			rugidas
Indicative
Present	rujo	ruges	ruge	rugimos	rugis	rugem
Imperfect	rugia	rugias	rugia	rugíamos	rugíeis	rugiam
Preterite	rugi	rugiste	rugiu	rugimos	rugistes	rugiram
Pluperfect	rugira	rugiras	rugira	rugíramos	rugíreis	rugiram
Future	rugirei	rugirás	rugirá	rugiremos	rugireis	rugirão
Conditional	rugiria	rugirias	rugiria	rugiríamos	rugiríeis	rugiriam
Subjunctive
Present	ruja	rujas	ruja	rujamos	rujais	rujam
Imperfect	rugisse	rugisses	rugisse	rugíssemos	rugísseis	rugissem
Future	rugir	rugires	rugir	rugirmos	rugirdes	rugirem
Imperative
Affirmative		ruge	ruja	rujamos	rugi	rujam
Negative (não)		não rujas	não ruja	não rujamos	não rujais	não rujam

Related terms

• ruído

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin rugīre (“roar”). Compare the inherited Old Spanish (and Ladino) ruir; cf. also the related ruido.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruˈxiɾ/ [ruˈxiɾ]
• Rhymes: -iɾ
• Syllabification: ru‧gir

Verb

rugir (first-person singular present rujo, first-person singular preterite rugí, past participle rugido)

1. to roar

   Synonym: bramar

2. to bellow
3. to rumble

Conjugation

    Conjugation of rugir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			rugir
gerund			rugiendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		rugido		rugida
		plural		rugidos		rugidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	rujo	rugestú rugísvos	ruge	rugimos	rugís	rugen
	imperfect	rugía	rugías	rugía	rugíamos	rugíais	rugían
	preterite	rugí	rugiste	rugió	rugimos	rugisteis	rugieron
	future	rugiré	rugirás	rugirá	rugiremos	rugiréis	rugirán
	conditional	rugiría	rugirías	rugiría	rugiríamos	rugiríais	rugirían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	ruja	rujastú rujásvos2	ruja	rujamos	rujáis	rujan
	imperfect (ra)	rugiera	rugieras	rugiera	rugiéramos	rugierais	rugieran
	imperfect (se)	rugiese	rugieses	rugiese	rugiésemos	rugieseis	rugiesen
	future1	rugiere	rugieres	rugiere	rugiéremos	rugiereis	rugieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		rugetú rugívos	ruja	rujamos	rugid	rujan
	negative		no rujas	no ruja	no rujamos	no rujáis	no rujan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of rugir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive rugir
	dative	rugirme	rugirte	rugirle, rugirse	rugirnos	rugiros	rugirles, rugirse
	accusative	rugirme	rugirte	rugirlo, rugirla, rugirse	rugirnos	rugiros	rugirlos, rugirlas, rugirse
with gerund rugiendo
	dative	rugiéndome	rugiéndote	rugiéndole, rugiéndose	rugiéndonos	rugiéndoos	rugiéndoles, rugiéndose
	accusative	rugiéndome	rugiéndote	rugiéndolo, rugiéndola, rugiéndose	rugiéndonos	rugiéndoos	rugiéndolos, rugiéndolas, rugiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative ruge
	dative	rúgeme	rúgete	rúgele	rúgenos	not used	rúgeles
	accusative	rúgeme	rúgete	rúgelo, rúgela	rúgenos	not used	rúgelos, rúgelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative rugí
	dative	rugime	rugite	rugile	ruginos	not used	rugiles
	accusative	rugime	rugite	rugilo, rugila	ruginos	not used	rugilos, rugilas
with formal second-person singular imperative ruja
	dative	rújame	not used	rújale, rújase	rújanos	not used	rújales
	accusative	rújame	not used	rújalo, rújala, rújase	rújanos	not used	rújalos, rújalas
with first-person plural imperative rujamos
	dative	not used	rujámoste	rujámosle	rujámonos	rujámoos	rujámosles
	accusative	not used	rujámoste	rujámoslo, rujámosla	rujámonos	rujámoos	rujámoslos, rujámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative rugid
	dative	rugidme	not used	rugidle	rugidnos	rugíos	rugidles
	accusative	rugidme	not used	rugidlo, rugidla	rugidnos	rugíos	rugidlos, rugidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative rujan
	dative	rújanme	not used	rújanle	rújannos	not used	rújanles, rújanse
	accusative	rújanme	not used	rújanlo, rújanla	rújannos	not used	rújanlos, rújanlas, rújanse

Related terms

• ruido

 

Further reading

• “rugir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28