straff
German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From late Middle High German straf, further origin uncertain. However, a semantic connection Proto-Indo-European *(s)ter(h₁)- (“to be stiff; be rigid; exert”) has been proposed.
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]straff (strong nominative masculine singular straffer, comparative straffer, superlative am straffsten)
- (also figurative) tight, firm, of an object that could also be slack
- ein straffes Programm ― a tight schedule
- c. 1914, Franz Kafka, Der Prozess [The Trial], Berlin: Die Schmiede, published 1925:
- Er wandte ihm sein Gesicht zu, dessen viele straffe Falten nicht Alter, sondern Kraft zu beweisen schienen, und fing sofort wieder zu suchen an.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Declension
[edit]number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist straff | sie ist straff | es ist straff | sie sind straff | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | straffer | straffe | straffes | straffe |
genitive | straffen | straffer | straffen | straffer | |
dative | straffem | straffer | straffem | straffen | |
accusative | straffen | straffe | straffes | straffe | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der straffe | die straffe | das straffe | die straffen |
genitive | des straffen | der straffen | des straffen | der straffen | |
dative | dem straffen | der straffen | dem straffen | den straffen | |
accusative | den straffen | die straffe | das straffe | die straffen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein straffer | eine straffe | ein straffes | (keine) straffen |
genitive | eines straffen | einer straffen | eines straffen | (keiner) straffen | |
dative | einem straffen | einer straffen | einem straffen | (keinen) straffen | |
accusative | einen straffen | eine straffe | ein straffes | (keine) straffen |
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Icelandic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”).[1] Cognate with Swedish straff; compare with German Strafe.
Noun
[edit]straff n (genitive singular straffs, nominative plural ströff)
- (dated) punishment, penalty
- the state of being confined to one's home; house arrest, the state of being grounded
Declension
[edit]singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | straff | straffið | ströff | ströffin |
accusative | straff | straffið | ströff | ströffin |
dative | straffi | straffinu | ströffum | ströffunum |
genitive | straffs | straffsins | straffa | straffanna |
References
[edit]- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
Further reading
[edit]- “straff” in the Dictionary of Modern Icelandic (in Icelandic) and ISLEX (in the Nordic languages)
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.
Noun
[edit]straff m (definite singular straffen, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)
- a punishment
- a penalty
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Verb
[edit]straff
References
[edit]- “straff” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Low German or German Low German; compare with German Strafe.
Noun
[edit]straff f (definite singular straffa, indefinite plural straffer, definite plural straffene)
- a punishment
- a penalty
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “straff” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Swedish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Low German straffen, from Proto-West Germanic *strēpōn, of uncertain ultimate origin, but possibly related to *streupan (“to squeeze, press, graze”).[1]
Compare with German Strafe. Etymologies 2, 3, and 4 below are all clippings of compounds from Etymology 1.
Noun
[edit]straff n
- a punishment, a penalty
- (law) sentence
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- arreststraff
- bötesstraff
- disciplinstraff
- dödsstraff
- frihetsstraff
- fängelsestraff
- förvandlingsstraff
- förvisningsstraff
- helvetesstraff
- isoleringsstraff
- kroppsstraff
- lagstraff
- livsstraff
- livstidsstraff
- matchstraff
- maximistraff
- maxstraff
- minimistraff
- skamstraff
- spöstraff
- stockstraff
- straffdom
- straffknulla
- straffläggning
- straffslag
- straffspark
- straffvärde
- syndastraff
Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Noun
[edit]straff c
- (soccer, common) penalty kick
- Synonym: straffspark
Declension
[edit]nominative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | indefinite | straff | straffs |
definite | straffen | straffens | |
plural | indefinite | straffar | straffars |
definite | straffarna | straffarnas |
Etymology 3
[edit]Clipping of straffslag n
Noun
[edit]straff c
Declension
[edit]nominative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | indefinite | straff | straffs |
definite | straffen | straffens | |
plural | indefinite | straffar | straffars |
definite | straffarna | straffarnas |
Etymology 4
[edit]Clipping of straffkast n
Noun
[edit]straff c
- (basketball, handball) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Declension
[edit]nominative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | indefinite | straff | straffs |
definite | straffen | straffens | |
plural | indefinite | straffar | straffars |
definite | straffarna | straffarnas |
References
[edit]- ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “straf1”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
Further reading
[edit]- straff in Svensk ordbok.
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