senus

See also: Senus

Latin

Latin numbers ^(edit)

	60
←  5	VI 6	7  →
Cardinal: sex     Ordinal: sextus     Adverbial: sexiēs, sexiēns, sextō     Proportional: sexuplus, sextuplus, sexcuplus     Multiplier: sexuplex, sextuplex, sexcuplex, sēplex, secuplex     Distributive: sēnus     Collective: sēniō     Fractional: sextāns

Etymology

From *seksnos, equivalent to sex +‎ -nus.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈseː.nus/, [ˈs̠eːnʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈse.nus/, [ˈsɛːnus]

Numeral

sēnus (feminine sēna, neuter sēnum); first/second-declension numeral

1. (chiefly plural) six each
2. (poetic or post-Classical) six (collective), sixfold
   • c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Hercules Furens 1282:

     ...agedum, dextra, conare aggredi / ingens opus, labore bis seno amplius.

     Come on, right hand, attempt to undertake the enormous work, greater than the twice sixfold labor(s).

   • c. 45 CE – 96 CE, Statius, Silvae 5.3.92:

     quis labor Aonios seno pede ducere cantus

     • 2003 translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey

       they whose toil it is to make song in six-foot measure

Usage notes

This is part of the Latin series of distributive numerals. These numerals are inflected as first/second-declension adjectives; in Classical Latin, they typically accompany plural nouns (with which they agree in case and gender) and have the following functions:

• to express the sense “[numeral] [noun]s each/apiece”, as in hominis digiti ternos articulos habent, “a man’s fingers have three joints each” (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 11.244.3).

• to express multiplication after a numeral adverb, as in Gallinaciis enim pullis bis deni dies opus sunt, pavoninis ter noveni "hens' [eggs] need twice ten days, peahens' thrice nine" (Marcus Terentius Varro, Res Rusticae 3.9.10)

• to express the sense of cardinal numerals when used with pluralia tantum (plural-only nouns) such as castra "camp": for example, "twelve camps" is expressed by duodēna castra (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.105.5). Distributive forms are regularly used in this context for the number 2 and for all numbers greater than 4. For 1, plural-only nouns are used with plural inflected forms of the cardinal ūnus (“one”), as in ūnae scālae "one flight of stairs" (rather than with forms of the distributive numeral singulus). For 3 and 4, plural-only nouns are used with the plural inflected forms of trīnus and quadrīnus, as in trīna castra "three camps" (rather than with forms of ternus and quaternus, which tend to be used in distributive function).

These adjectives do not normally occur in the singular. Because of this, many grammars and dictionaries treat them as plural-only words and refer to them using the nominative masculine plural form in -ī, rather than the nominative masculine singular form in -us (which is often unattested in Classical Latin). However, some of these adjectives are attested in the singular in Classical Latin poetry (e.g. Sed neque Centauri fuerunt, nec tempore in ullo / esse queunt duplici natura et corpore bino..., Titus Lucretius Carus, De Rerum Natura 5.879, and Sic tu bis fueris consul, bis consul et ille, / inque domo binus conspicietur honor, Publius Ovidius Naso, Epistulae ex Ponto 4.9.64; "corpore bino" here seems to have the sense of "twofold body", and "binus ... honor" the sense of "double/dual/twofold honor"). Singular forms are also attested in postclassical Latin, where these adjectives sometimes have non-distributive meanings (taking an ordinal, cardinal, or collective sense instead). These alternative senses are sometimes continued by Romance descendants (e.g. Spanish noveno (“ninth”) from Latin novēnus).

The genitive plural of singulus is usually singulōrum/singulārum, but distributive numerals greater than one commonly use short genitive plural forms ending in -um rather than the longer forms ending in -ōrum and -ārum.

Declension

First/second-declension adjective (distributive, normally plural-only; short genitive plurals in -num preferred).

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	sēnus	sēna	sēnum		sēnī	sēnae	sēna
genitive	sēnī	sēnae	sēnī		sēnum sēnōrum	sēnum sēnārum	sēnum sēnōrum
dative	sēnō	sēnae	sēnō		sēnīs
accusative	sēnum	sēnam	sēnum		sēnōs	sēnās	sēna
ablative	sēnō	sēnā	sēnō		sēnīs
vocative	sēne	sēna	sēnum		sēnī	sēnae	sēna

Derived terms

• sēnārius
• sēniō

Further reading

• senus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “senus”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

Latvian

Adjective

senus

1. accusative plural masculine of sens

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sʲɛˈnʊs]

Adjective

senùs m pl

1. accusative masculine plural of senas