violo

See also: violó and violò

Catalan

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violar

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian viola, English violet, French violette and Polish fiołek.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [viˈolo]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -olo
Hyphenation: vi‧o‧lo

Noun

violo (accusative singular violon, plural violoj, accusative plural violojn)

violet (flower)
(rare) violet (color)
Synonym: violkoloro
- 1921, Johannes Dietterle, editor, La Vendreda Klubo: 11 Diversaj Originalaj Artikoloj Verkitaj de la “Vendredoklubanoj” en Leipzig [The Friday Club: 11 Diverse Original Articles Written by the “Friday Club Members” in Leipzig], Leipzig: Ferdinand Hirt & Sohn, page 77:
  Kiel la cirklo de l’ puraj koloroj estas ordigota? Ĉu ekzemple la interspaco inter sulfuro kaj oranĝo estas pli aŭ malpli granda ol la interspaco inter violo kaj cejano?
  How is the circle of pure colors to be ordered? For example, is the gap between sulfur and orange larger or smaller than the gap between violet and cyan?
- 1948, Montagu C[hristie] Butler, Step by Step in Esperanto: A Simple Textbook for English-Speaking Students, with Graduated Reading-Matter and Numerous Exercises for Class Teaching or for Home Study, The Esperanto Publishing Company Ltd., page 54:
  La ses koloroj de la ĉielarko (rainbow) estas: violo, bluo, verdo, flavo, oranĝo, kaj ruĝo.
  The six colors of the rainbow are: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
- 1958, Paul Neergaard, editor, Sciencaj Studoj: Bazitaj sur Originalaj Esploroj kaj Observoj: Eldonita Okaze de la 50-Jara Jubileo de Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista [Scientific Studies: Based on Original Research and Observations: Published on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Scientific Esperanto Association], Kopenhago [Copenhagen]: Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista [International Scientific Esperanto Association], →OCLC, page 168:
  Tre maldense okupitaj estas la regionoj de violo kaj purpuro. Ŝajne ekzistas grandaj diferencoj en la kolorbezonoj.
  The regions of violet and purple are very sparsely occupied. Seemingly there exist big differences in the color needs.

Italian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /viˈɔ.lo/^[1]^[2]
Rhymes: -ɔlo
Hyphenation: vi‧ò‧lo

Noun

violo m (plural violi) (regional, Tuscan)

violet (plant)
Synonym: (normal register) viola
carnation
Synonym: (normal register) garofano

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /viˈɔ.lo/^[3]
Rhymes: -ɔlo
Hyphenation: vi‧ò‧lo

Noun

violo m (plural violi) (regional, Venice)

path
Synonym: (normal register) viottolo

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈvi.o.lo/
Rhymes: -iolo
Hyphenation: vì‧o‧lo

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violare

References

^ violo in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
^ violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication
^ violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

Anagrams

olivo, ovoli

Latin

Etymology

Traditionally derived from vīs (“strength”), as if from some diminutive *viola. De Vaan prefers to derive the word instead from a deverbal adjective, which he reconstructs as Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-elos. Either way, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, strive after”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈu̯i.o.loː/, [ˈu̯iɔɫ̪oː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈvi.o.lo/, [ˈviːolo]

Verb

violō (present infinitive violāre, perfect active violāvī, supine violātum); first conjugation

to treat with violence; to maltreat
to violate, defile, profane, rape
Synonyms: rumpō, irrumpō, frangō, īnfringō
- 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 6.167:
  post illud nec avēs cūnās violāsse feruntur
  Nor after that were they suffering the birds to have violated cradles
  (A goddess intervenes after a baby is attacked by striges and her divine prayers impart lasting protection.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of violō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	violō	violās	violat	violāmus	violātis	violant
	imperfect	violābam	violābās	violābat	violābāmus	violābātis	violābant
	future	violābō	violābis	violābit	violābimus	violābitis	violābunt
	perfect	violāvī	violāvistī, violāstī³	violāvit, violāt³	violāvimus, violāmus³	violāvistis, violāstis³	violāvērunt, violāvēre, violārunt³
	pluperfect	violāveram, violāram³	violāverās, violārās³	violāverat, violārat³	violāverāmus, violārāmus³	violāverātis, violārātis³	violāverant, violārant³
	future perfect	violāverō, violārō³	violāveris, violāris³	violāverit, violārit³	violāverimus, violārimus³	violāveritis, violāritis³	violāverint, violārint³
	sigmatic future¹	violāssō	violāssis	violāssit, violāsit	violāssimus	violāssitis	violāssint
passive	present	violor	violāris, violāre	violātur	violāmur	violāminī	violantur
	imperfect	violābar	violābāris, violābāre	violābātur	violābāmur	violābāminī	violābantur
	future	violābor	violāberis, violābere	violābitur	violābimur	violābiminī	violābuntur
	perfect	violātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	violātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	violātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	violem	violēs	violet	violēmus	violētis	violent
	imperfect	violārem	violārēs	violāret	violārēmus	violārētis	violārent
	perfect	violāverim, violārim³	violāverīs, violārīs³	violāverit, violārit³	violāverīmus, violārīmus³	violāverītis, violārītis³	violāverint, violārint³
	pluperfect	violāvissem, violāssem³	violāvissēs, violāssēs³	violāvisset, violāsset³	violāvissēmus, violāssēmus³	violāvissētis, violāssētis³	violāvissent, violāssent³
	sigmatic aorist¹	violāssim	violāssīs	violāssīt	violāssīmus	violāssītis	violāssint
passive	present	violer	violēris, violēre	violētur	violēmur	violēminī	violentur
	imperfect	violārer	violārēris, violārēre	violārētur	violārēmur	violārēminī	violārentur
	perfect	violātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	violātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	violā	—	—	violāte	—
active	future	—	violātō	violātō	—	violātōte	violantō
passive	present	—	violāre	—	—	violāminī	—
passive	future	—	violātor	violātor	—	—	violantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		violāre	violāvisse, violāsse³	violātūrum esse	violārī	violātum esse	violātum īrī
participles		violāns	—	violātūrus	—	violātus	violandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		violandī	violandō	violandum	violandō	violātum	violātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²Archaic.
³At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

Descendants

Catalan: violar
→ English: violate
French: violer
Galician: violar
Italian: violare
Piedmontese: violé
Portuguese: violar
Romanian: viola
Sicilian: viulari
Spanish: violar

References

“violo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“violo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
violo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to break one's word: fidem laedere, violare, frangere
- to break one's oath: iusiurandum violare
- to profane sacred rites: sacra polluere et violare
- to break a truce: indutias violare
- to violate the law of nations: ius gentium violare
- to violate a treaty, terms of alliance: foedus frangere, rumpere, violare

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 680

Portuguese

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violar

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbjolo/ [ˈbjo.lo]
Rhymes: -olo
Syllabification: vio‧lo

Verb

violo

first-person singular present indicative of violar

[1] violo in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

[2] violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

[3] violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 680

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