-issa

See also: issa, Issa, and issā

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin -īcia, feminine of -īcius.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈi.sə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈi.sa]

Suffix

-issa f (plural isses)

1. feminine singular of -ís
2. forms nouns from other nouns

   ‎hortal (“walled garden”) + ‎-issa → ‎hortalissa (“vegetable”)

   ‎rave (“radish”) + ‎-issa → ‎ravenissa (“wild radish”)

3. forms nouns from past participles

   ‎mesclat (“jumbled”) + ‎-issa → ‎mescladissa (“hodgepodge”)

   ‎volat (“flown”) + ‎-issa → ‎voladissa (“flock”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms suffixed with -issa

Ingrian

Etymology 1

Suppletive:

• In most forms, from Proto-Finnic *-t'ak (*-de-) (reflexive verb suffix).
• Forms containing -s- (except in the past tense) are analogically leveled from the past tense.
• The third-person singular endings derive from the paradigm of -ita.

The lengthening of the initial -i- in many verbs is a generalisation of the verbs whose stem originally ended in -i.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-isːɑ/, [-is̠ː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-isːɑ/, [-iʃːɑ]

Suffix

-issa (front vowel variant -issä)

2. Forms reflexive verbs.

   ‎näyttää (“to show”) + ‎-issa → ‎näyttiissä (“to appear”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -Vissa (type 17/laskiissa, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-VVn	en -VV	1st singular	oon -Vist, oon -Vissut	en oo -Vist, en oo -Vissut
2nd singular	-VVt	et -VV	2nd singular	oot -Vist, oot -Vissut	et oo -Vist, et oo -Vissut
3rd singular	-Vijaa	ei -VV	3rd singular	ono -Vist, ono -Vissut	ei oo -Vist, ei oo -Vissut
1st plural	-VVmma	emmä -VV	1st plural	oomma -Visseet	emmä oo -Visseet
2nd plural	-VVtta	että -VV	2nd plural	ootta -Visseet	että oo -Visseet
3rd plural	-Vijaat1), -VVvat2), -Vissaa	evät -VV, ei -Vissa	3rd plural	ovat -Visseet	evät oo -Visseet, ei oo -Vistu
impersonal	-Vissaa	ei -Vissa	impersonal	ono -Vistu	ei oo -Vistu
Imperfekta			Pluskvamperfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-Visin	en -Vist, en -Vissut	1st singular	olin -Vist, olin -Vissut	en olt -Vist, en olt -Vissut
2nd singular	-Visit, -Viist1)	et -Vist, et -Vissut	2nd singular	olit -Vist, olit -Vissut	et olt -Vist, et olt -Vissut
3rd singular	-Vis	ei -Vist, ei -Vissut	3rd singular	oli -Vist, oli -Vissut	ei olt -Vist, ei olt -Vissut
1st plural	-Visimma	emmä -Visseet	1st plural	olimma -Visseet	emmä olleet -Visseet
2nd plural	-Visitta	että -Visseet	2nd plural	olitta -Visseet	että olleet -Visseet
3rd plural	-Visiit1), -Visivat2), -Vistii	evät -Visseet, ei -Vistu	3rd plural	olivat -Visseet	evät olleet -Visseet, ei olt -Vistu
impersonal	-Vistii	ei -Vistu	impersonal	oli -Vistu	ei olt -Vistu
Konditsionala
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-Vijaisin	en -Vijais	1st singular	olisin -Vist, olisin -Vissut	en olis -Vist, en olis -Vissut
2nd singular	-Vijaisit, -Vijaist1)	et -Vijais	2nd singular	olisit -Vist, olisit -Vissut	et olis -Vist, et olis -Vissut
3rd singular	-Vijais	ei -Vijais	3rd singular	olis -Vist, olis -Vissut	ei olis -Vist, ei olis -Vissut
1st plural	-Vijaisimma	emmä -Vijais	1st plural	olisimma -Visseet	emmä olis -Visseet
2nd plural	-Vijaisitta	että -Vijais	2nd plural	olisitta -Visseet	että olis -Visseet
3rd plural	-Vijaisiit1), -Vijaisivat2), -Vistais	evät -Vijais, ei -Vistais	3rd plural	olisivat -Visseet	evät olis -Visseet, ei olis -Vistu
impersonal	-Vistais	ei -Vistais	impersonal	olis -Vistu	ei olis -Vistu
Imperativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	—	—	1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	-VV	elä -VV	2nd singular	oo -Vist, oo -Vissut	elä oo -Vist, elä oo -Vissut
3rd singular	-Viskoo	elköö -Visko	3rd singular	olkoo -Vist, olkoo -Vissut	elköö olko -Vist, elköö olko -Vissut
1st plural	—	—	1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	-Viskaa	elkää -Visko	2nd plural	olkaa -Visseet	elkää olko -Visseet
3rd plural	-Viskoot	elkööt -Visko, elköö -Vistako	3rd plural	olkoot -Visseet	elkööt olko -Visseet, elköö olko -Vistu
impersonal	-Vistakkoo	elköö -Vistako	impersonal	olkoo -Vistu	elköö olko -Vistu
Potentsiala
Preesens
	positive	negative
1st singular	-Vissen	en -Visse
2nd singular	-Visset	et -Visse
3rd singular	-Vissoo	ei -Visse
1st plural	-Vissemma	emmä -Visse
2nd plural	-Vissetta	että -Visse
3rd plural	-Vissoot	evät -Visse, ei -Vistane
impersonal	-Vistannoo	ei -Vistane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat			Partisipat
				active	passive
1st		-Vissa	present	-Viva	-Vistava
2nd	inessive	-Vissees	past	-Vist, -Vissut	-Vistu
	instructive	-Vissen	1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (-Viskaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd	illative	-Vimaa
	inessive	-Vimaas
	elative	-Vimast
	abessive	-Vimata
4th	nominative	-Vimiin
	partitive	-Vimista, -Vimist

Conjugation of -Vssa (type 18/praavihussa, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-Vn	en -V	1st singular	oon -Vst, oon -Vssut	en oo -Vst, en oo -Vssut
2nd singular	-Vt	et -V	2nd singular	oot -Vst, oot -Vssut	et oo -Vst, et oo -Vssut
3rd singular	-VV	ei -V	3rd singular	ono -Vst, ono -Vssut	ei oo -Vst, ei oo -Vssut
1st plural	-Vmma	emmä -V	1st plural	oomma -Vsseet	emmä oo -Vsseet
2nd plural	-Vtta	että -V	2nd plural	ootta -Vsseet	että oo -Vsseet
3rd plural	-VVt1), -Vvat2), -Vssaa	evät -V, ei -Vssa	3rd plural	ovat -Vsseet	evät oo -Vsseet, ei oo -Vstu
impersonal	-Vssaa	ei -Vssa	impersonal	ono -Vstu	ei oo -Vstu
Imperfekta			Pluskvamperfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-Vin	en -Vst, en -Vssut	1st singular	olin -Vst, olin -Vssut	en olt -Vst, en olt -Vssut
2nd singular	-Vit	et -Vst, et -Vssut	2nd singular	olit -Vst, olit -Vssut	et olt -Vst, et olt -Vssut
3rd singular	-Vi	ei -Vst, ei -Vssut	3rd singular	oli -Vst, oli -Vssut	ei olt -Vst, ei olt -Vssut
1st plural	-Vimma	emmä -Vsseet	1st plural	olimma -Vsseet	emmä olleet -Vsseet
2nd plural	-Vitta	että -Vsseet	2nd plural	olitta -Vsseet	että olleet -Vsseet
3rd plural	-Viit1), -Vivat2), -Vstii	evät -Vsseet, ei -Vstu	3rd plural	olivat -Vsseet	evät olleet -Vsseet, ei olt -Vstu
impersonal	-Vstii	ei -Vstu	impersonal	oli -Vstu	ei olt -Vstu
Konditsionala
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-Visin	en -Vis	1st singular	olisin -Vst, olisin -Vssut	en olis -Vst, en olis -Vssut
2nd singular	-Visit, -Viist1)	et -Vis	2nd singular	olisit -Vst, olisit -Vssut	et olis -Vst, et olis -Vssut
3rd singular	-Vis	ei -Vis	3rd singular	olis -Vst, olis -Vssut	ei olis -Vst, ei olis -Vssut
1st plural	-Visimma	emmä -Vis	1st plural	olisimma -Vsseet	emmä olis -Vsseet
2nd plural	-Visitta	että -Vis	2nd plural	olisitta -Vsseet	että olis -Vsseet
3rd plural	-Visiit1), -Visivat2), -Vstais	evät -Vis, ei -Vstais	3rd plural	olisivat -Vsseet	evät olis -Vsseet, ei olis -Vstu
impersonal	-Vstais	ei -Vstais	impersonal	olis -Vstu	ei olis -Vstu
Imperativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	—	—	1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	-V	elä -V	2nd singular	oo -Vst, oo -Vssut	elä oo -Vst, elä oo -Vssut
3rd singular	-Vskoo	elköö -Vsko	3rd singular	olkoo -Vst, olkoo -Vssut	elköö olko -Vst, elköö olko -Vssut
1st plural	—	—	1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	-Vskaa	elkää -Vsko	2nd plural	olkaa -Vsseet	elkää olko -Vsseet
3rd plural	-Vskoot	elkööt -Vsko, elköö -Vstako	3rd plural	olkoot -Vsseet	elkööt olko -Vsseet, elköö olko -Vstu
impersonal	-Vstakoo	elköö -Vstako	impersonal	olkoo -Vstu	elköö olko -Vstu
Potentsiala
Preesens
	positive	negative
1st singular	-Vssen	en -Vsse
2nd singular	-Vsset	et -Vsse
3rd singular	-Vssoo	ei -Vsse
1st plural	-Vssemma	emmä -Vsse
2nd plural	-Vssetta	että -Vsse
3rd plural	-Vssoot	evät -Vsse, ei -Vstane
impersonal	-Vstanoo	ei -Vstane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat			Partisipat
				active	passive
1st		-Vssa	present	-Vva	-Vstava
2nd	inessive	-Vsses	past	-Vst, -Vssut	-Vstu
	instructive	-Vssen	1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (-Vskaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd	illative	-Vmmaa
	inessive	-Vmas
	elative	-Vmast
	abessive	-Vmata
4th	nominative	-Vmiin
	partitive	-Vmista, -Vmist

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -issa (reflexive)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-istak. Cognates include Finnish -ista and Estonian -iseda.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-isːɑ/, [-is̠ː]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-isːɑ/, [-iʃːɑ]

Suffix

-issa (front vowel variant -issä)

2. Forms frequentative verbs.

   ‎rangata (“to bother”) + ‎-issa → ‎rangaissa (“to punish”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -issa (type 11/pessä, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-isen	en -ise	1st singular	oon -ist, oon -issut	en oo -ist, en oo -issut
2nd singular	-iset	et -ise	2nd singular	oot -ist, oot -issut	et oo -ist, et oo -issut
3rd singular	-isoo	ei -ise	3rd singular	ono -ist, ono -issut	ei oo -ist, ei oo -issut
1st plural	-isemma	emmä -ise	1st plural	oomma -isseet	emmä oo -isseet
2nd plural	-isetta	että -ise	2nd plural	ootta -isseet	että oo -isseet
3rd plural	-isoot1), -isevat2), -issaa	evät -ise, ei -issa	3rd plural	ovat -isseet	evät oo -isseet, ei oo -istu
impersonal	-issaa	ei -issa	impersonal	ono -istu	ei oo -istu
Imperfekta			Pluskvamperfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-isin	en -ist, en -issut	1st singular	olin -ist, olin -issut	en olt -ist, en olt -issut
2nd singular	-isit	et -ist, et -issut	2nd singular	olit -ist, olit -issut	et olt -ist, et olt -issut
3rd singular	-isi	ei -ist, ei -issut	3rd singular	oli -ist, oli -issut	ei olt -ist, ei olt -issut
1st plural	-isimma	emmä -isseet	1st plural	olimma -isseet	emmä olleet -isseet
2nd plural	-isitta	että -isseet	2nd plural	olitta -isseet	että olleet -isseet
3rd plural	-isiit1), -isivat2), -istii	evät -isseet, ei -istu	3rd plural	olivat -isseet	evät olleet -isseet, ei olt -istu
impersonal	-istii	ei -istu	impersonal	oli -istu	ei olt -istu
Konditsionala
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-isisin	en -isis	1st singular	olisin -ist, olisin -issut	en olis -ist, en olis -issut
2nd singular	-isisit, -isiist1)	et -isis	2nd singular	olisit -ist, olisit -issut	et olis -ist, et olis -issut
3rd singular	-isis	ei -isis	3rd singular	olis -ist, olis -issut	ei olis -ist, ei olis -issut
1st plural	-isisimma	emmä -isis	1st plural	olisimma -isseet	emmä olis -isseet
2nd plural	-isisitta	että -isis	2nd plural	olisitta -isseet	että olis -isseet
3rd plural	-isisiit1), -isisivat2), -istais	evät -isis, ei -istais	3rd plural	olisivat -isseet	evät olis -isseet, ei olis -istu
impersonal	-istais	ei -istais	impersonal	olis -istu	ei olis -istu
Imperativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	—	—	1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	-ise	elä -ise	2nd singular	oo -ist, oo -issut	elä oo -ist, elä oo -issut
3rd singular	-iskoo	elköö -isko	3rd singular	olkoo -ist, olkoo -issut	elköö olko -ist, elköö olko -issut
1st plural	—	—	1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	-iskaa	elkää -isko	2nd plural	olkaa -isseet	elkää olko -isseet
3rd plural	-iskoot	elkööt -isko, elköö -istako	3rd plural	olkoot -isseet	elkööt olko -isseet, elköö olko -istu
impersonal	-istakkoo	elköö -istako	impersonal	olkoo -istu	elköö olko -istu
Potentsiala
Preesens
	positive	negative
1st singular	-issen	en -isse
2nd singular	-isset	et -isse
3rd singular	-issoo	ei -isse
1st plural	-issemma	emmä -isse
2nd plural	-issetta	että -isse
3rd plural	-issoot	evät -isse, ei -istane
impersonal	-istannoo	ei -istane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat			Partisipat
				active	passive
1st		-issa	present	-iseva	-istava
2nd	inessive	-issees	past	-ist, -issut	-istu
	instructive	-issen	1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (-iskaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd	illative	-isommaa
	inessive	-isomas
	elative	-isomast
	abessive	-isomata
4th	nominative	-isomiin
	partitive	-isomista, -isomist

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -issa (frequentative)

References

• T. Lehtinen (1978) “Inkeroismurteiden refleksiivitaivutuksen kysymyksiä”, in Virittäjä, volume 82, number 3

Latin

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈis.sa/, [ˈɪs̠ːä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈis.sa/, [ˈisːä]

Suffix

-issa f (genitive -issae); first declension

1. (Late Latin) Used to form feminine forms of masculine nouns.

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-issa	-issae
genitive	-issae	-issārum
dative	-issae	-issīs
accusative	-issam	-issās
ablative	-issā	-issīs
vocative	-issa	-issae

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -issa

• archimandritissa (from archimandrita)
• sacerdōtissa (from sacerdōs)

Descendants

• Aromanian: -easã
• Catalan: -essa
• Italian: -essa
• Old French: -esse
  • Middle French: -esse
    • French: -esse
  • Norman: -êsse
  • → Middle Dutch: -esse
    • Dutch: -es, -esse
  • → Middle English: -esse, -es, -ess, -asse, -as, -eyse, -eys, -eis, -isse, -ysse, -iss, -yss, -ys, -is
    • English: -ess
• Portuguese: -esa
• Romanian: -easă, -esă
• Sicilian: -issa
• Spanish: -esa
• → Albanian: -eshë
• → Proto-Brythonic: *-issā
  • Welsh: -es
  • Breton: -ez

Sicilian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin -issa, or from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.sːa/ (Standard)

Suffix

-issa

1. Used to form feminine forms of masculine nouns.

Derived terms

• prufissurissa (from prufissuri)
• dutturissa (from dutturi)