šms

See also: sms, SMS, SMs, and sms'

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈʃimsij/ → /ˈʃimsij/ → /ˈʃemsə/ → /ˈʃems/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʃimsij/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʃimsij/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʃemsə/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʃems/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ʃɛmɛs/
  • Conventional anglicization: shemes

Verb

 3-lit. or 4ae inf.

1. (transitive) to follow
   • Reign of Senusret III, c. 1878–1839 BCE, Stela of Ikhernofret (Berlin ÄM 1204), lines 18–19:

     jw jr.n.j prt-ꜥꜣt šms.j nṯr r nmtt.f dj.n.j sqd dpt-nṯr ḏḥwtj ḥr mꜣꜥ [sqd]wt

     I undertook the Great Procession, following the god at his travels; I made the god’s boat sail, with Thoth directing the sailing.

Inflection

Conjugation of šms (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: šms, geminated stem: šmss

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
šms	šmsw, šms	šmst	šms	šms

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
šms	ḥr šms	m šms	r šms

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	šms.n	šmsw, šms	consecutive	šms.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	šmst
perfective3	šms	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	šms.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	šms	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	šms	šmss	potentialis1	šms.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	šms	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	šms.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	šms	active + .tj1, .tw2	šms	šms, šmsw5, šmsy5
imperfective	šms, šmsy, šmsw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	šms, šmsj6, šmsy6	šms, šmsw5
prospective	šms, šmstj7	—	šmstj4, šmst4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Allen and Loprieno instead consider this a fourth weak verb:

Conjugation of šmsj (fourth weak / 4ae inf. / IV. inf.) — base stem: šms, geminated stem: šmss

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
šms	šmsw, šmsyw, šms	šmst, šmswt, šmsyt	šms	šms, šmsy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
šms8	ḥr šms	m šms	r šms

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	šms.n	šmsw, šms, šmsy	consecutive	šms.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	šmst
perfective3	šms	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	šms.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	šms, šmsy	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	šmsw, šms, šmsy	šmss	potentialis1	šms.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	šms, šmsy	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	šms.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	šmsw1, šmsy, šms	active + .tj1, .tw2	šms	šmsy, šms
imperfective	šmss, šmssy, šmssw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	šmss, šmssj6, šmssy6	šmss, šmssw5
prospective	šmsw1, šmsy, šms, šmstj7	—	šmswtj1 4, šmstj4, šmst4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of šms  

šms

Derived terms

• šmsw
• šmswt
• šms wḏꜣ

Descendants

• Demotic: šms
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ (šm̄še)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ (šemši)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ (šemši), ϣⲏⲙϣⲓ (šēmši)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ (šm̄še)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲙ̄ϣⲉ (šm̄še)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 162, 178.
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 245