एक

Hindi

**Hindi numbers ^(edit)**
		10
	^{[a], [b]} ← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā), प्रथम (pratham) Fractional: पूरा (pūrā)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy?

Proto-Indo-European *-nós?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Old Hindi एक (eka)

Sanskrit एक (eka)influ.

Hindi एक (ek)

Inherited from Old Hindi एक (eka), from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka). Reinforced by Sanskrit एक (eka).

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /eːk/
Audio: (file)

Numeral

एक • (ek) (Urdu spelling ایک) (cardinal)

one; 1

Adjective

एक • (ek) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling ایک)

sole, only
united

Derived terms

एक न एक (ek na ek)
एक-दूसरे (ek-dūsre)
एकजुट (ekjuṭ)
एकदम (ekdam)
एकभाषी (ekbhāṣī)

Related terms

इकट्ठा (ikaṭṭhā)

Konkani

**Konkani cardinal numbers**
	एक	दोन >
Cardinal : एक (ek) Ordinal : पयलें (paylẽ)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy?

Proto-Indo-European *-nós?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Konkani एक (ek)

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Numeral

एक • (ek) (Latin script ek, Kannada script ಎಕ್)

one

Maithili

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy?

Proto-Indo-European *-nós?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Maithili एक (ēk)

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [eːk]

Numeral

एक • (ek)

one

Marathi

**Marathi numbers ^(edit)**
		10
	← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहिले (pahile) Adverbial: एकदा (ekdā) Collective: एकटा (ekṭā)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy?

Proto-Indo-European *-nós?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Old Marathi 𑘊𑘎 (eka)

Marathi एक (ek)

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ek/
Audio: (file)

Numeral

एक • (ek)

one

Derived terms

एकटा (ekṭā, “alone”)
एकपेशीय (ekapeśīya, “unicellular”)
एकी (ekī, “unity”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “एक”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

Nepali

**Nepali numbers ^(edit)**
		10^{[a], [b]}
	^{[a], [b]} ← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहिलो (pahilo), प्रथम (pratham) Adverbial: एकचोटी (ekacoṭī), एकपटक (ekapaṭak)

Etymology

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ek]
Phonetic Devanagari: एक्

Numeral

एक • (ek)

one

Old Hindi

Alternative forms

इक (ika), हेक (heka)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy?

Proto-Indo-European *-nós?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

Ashokan Prakrit 𑀏𑀓 (eka)

Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka)

Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka)

Old Hindi एक (eka)

Inherited from Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ĕkka), from Sanskrit एक (éka).

Numeral

एक (eka)

one
- c. 1500, Kabīr 77.1:
  एक जोति तैं सब उतपंना, कौंण वारंण कौंण सूदा
  eka joti taiṃ saba utapaṃnā, kauṃṇa vāraṃṇa kauṃṇa sūdā
  All have arisen from one light, who is a brāhmaṇa and who is a śūdra?

Descendants

Hindustani: ek
Hindi: एक

Urdu: ایک

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

eka (Latin script)
𑀏𑀓 (Brahmi script)
এক (Bengali script)
එක (Sinhalese script)
ဧက or ဨက or ဢေၵ (Burmese script)
เอก or เอกะ (Thai script)
ᩑᨠ (Tai Tham script)
ເອກ or ເອກະ (Lao script)
ឯក (Khmer script)
𑄃𑄬𑄇 (Chakma script)

Numeral

एक (eka)

Devanagari script form of eka (“one”)
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎^[1] (overall work in Pali), page 252; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
  सब्बेसं तिण्णं पठममज्झिमुत्तमपुरिसानं एकाभिधाने परो पुरिसो गहेतब्बो। सो च पठति, ते च पठन्ति, त्वञ्च पठसि तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पठामि = मयं पठाम; सो पचति, ते च पचन्ति, त्वञ्च पचन्ति, तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पचआमि = मयं पचाम एवं सेसासु विभत्तीसु परो पुरिसो योजेतब्बो॥
  Sabbesaṃ tiṇṇaṃ paṭhamamajjhimuttamapurisānaṃ ekābhidhāne paro puriso gahetabbo. So ca paṭhati, te ca paṭhanti, tvañca paṭhasi, tumhe ca paṭhatha, ahañca paṭhāmi = mayaṃ paṭhāma; so pacati, te ca pacanti, tvañca pacasi, tumhe ca pacatha, ahañca pacāmi = mayaṃ pacāma. Evaṃ sesāsu vibhattīsu paro puriso yojetabbo.
  With all three, third, second, and first persons, in one expression, the last person is to be taken. He reads, they read, thou readest, you read, and I read = we read; he cooks, they cook, thou cookest, you cook , and I cook = we cook. The last person is to be applied thus for other endings.

Declension

Declension table of "एक" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एको (eko)	एके (eke)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एके (eke)
Instrumental (third)	एकेन (ekena)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकस्मा (ekasmā) or एकम्हा (ekamhā)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकस्मिं (ekasmiṃ) or एकम्हि (ekamhi)	एकेसु (ekesu)
Vocative (calling)	एक (eka)	एके (eke)

Declension table of "एका" (feminine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एका (ekā)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)
Instrumental (third)	एकाय (ekāya)	एकाहि (ekāhi) or एकाभि (ekābhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकिस्सा (ekissā) or एकिस्साय (ekissāya)	एकासं (ekāsaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकाय (ekāya)	एकाहि (ekāhi) or एकाभि (ekābhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकिस्सा (ekissā) or एकिस्साय (ekissāya)	एकासं (ekāsaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकाय (ekāya) or एकायं (ekāyaṃ) or एकिस्सं (ekissaṃ)	एकासु (ekāsu)
Vocative (calling)	एके (eke)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)

Declension table of "एक" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकानि (ekāni)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकानि (ekāni)
Instrumental (third)	एकेन (ekena)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकस्मा (ekasmā) or एकम्हा (ekamhā)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकस्मिं (ekasmiṃ) or एकम्हि (ekamhi)	एकेसु (ekesu)
Vocative (calling)	एक (eka)	एकानि (ekāni)

Sanskrit

**Sanskrit numbers ^(edit)**
		10^{[a], [b]}
	← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: एक (eka) Ordinal: प्रथम (prathama) Multiplier: एकधा (ekadhā) Distributive: एकशस् (ekaśas)

Alternative scripts

এক (Assamese script)
ᬏᬓ (Balinese script)
এক (Bengali script)
𑰊𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀏𑀓 (Brahmi script)
ဧက (Burmese script)
એક (Gujarati script)
ਏਕ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌏𑌕 (Grantha script)
ꦌꦏ (Javanese script)
𑂉𑂍 (Kaithi script)
ಏಕ (Kannada script)
ឯក (Khmer script)
ເອກ (Lao script)
ഏക (Malayalam script)
ᡝᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘊𑘎 (Modi script)
ᠧᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑦪𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
𑐊𑐎 (Newa script)
ଏକ (Odia script)
ꢍꢒ (Saurashtra script)
𑆍𑆑 (Sharada script)
𑖊𑖎 (Siddham script)
එක (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩔𑩜 (Soyombo script)
𑚆𑚊 (Takri script)
ஏக (Tamil script)
ఏక (Telugu script)
เอก (Thai script)
ཨེ་ཀ (Tibetan script)
𑒋𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
𑨀𑨄𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy?

Proto-Indo-European *-nós?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas

Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas

Sanskrit एक (eka)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)óykos (“one, single”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɐ́j.kɐ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈeː.kɐ/

Numeral

एक • (éka)

one

Adjective

एक • (éka) stem

(with and without एव (eva)) alone, solitary, single, happening only once, that one only
the same, one and the same, identical
one of two or many
single of its kind, unique, singular, chief, pre-eminent, excellent
sincere, truthful
little, small
(sometimes used as an indefinite article) a, an
(in the plural) some, certain ones

Declension

Masculine pronominal a-stem declension of एक (éka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकः ékaḥ	एकौ / एका¹ ékau / ékā¹	एके éke
Vocative	एक éka	एकौ / एका¹ ékau / ékā¹	एके éke
Accusative	एकम् ékam	एकौ / एका¹ ékau / ékā¹	एकान् ékān
Instrumental	एकेन ékena	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ékaiḥ / ékebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकस्मै ékasmai	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकस्मात् ékasmāt	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ékasya	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकेषाम् ékeṣām
Locative	एकस्मिन् ékasmin	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकेषु ékeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine pronominal ā-stem declension of एका (ékā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एका ékā	एके éke	एकाः ékāḥ
Vocative	एके éke	एके éke	एकाः ékāḥ
Accusative	एकाम् ékām	एके éke	एकाः ékāḥ
Instrumental	एकया / एका¹ ékayā / ékā¹	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकाभिः ékābhiḥ
Dative	एकस्यै ékasyai	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकाभ्यः ékābhyaḥ
Ablative	एकस्याः ékasyāḥ	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकाभ्यः ékābhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्याः ékasyāḥ	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकासाम् ékāsām
Locative	एकस्याम् ékasyām	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकासु ékāsu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter pronominal a-stem declension of एक (éka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकम् ékam	एके éke	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Vocative	एक éka	एके éke	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Accusative	एकम् ékam	एके éke	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Instrumental	एकेन ékena	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ékaiḥ / ékebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकस्मै ékasmai	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकस्मात् ékasmāt	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ékasya	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकेषाम् ékeṣām
Locative	एकस्मिन् ékasmin	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकेषु ékeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

एक • (éka) stem, n

unity, a unit (at the end of a compound)

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of एक (éka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकम् ékam	एके éke	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Vocative	एक éka	एके éke	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Accusative	एकम् ékam	एके éke	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Instrumental	एकेन ékena	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ékaiḥ / ékebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकाय ékāya	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकात् ékāt	एकाभ्याम् ékābhyām	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ékasya	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकानाम् ékānām
Locative	एके éke	एकयोः ékayoḥ	एकेषु ékeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

ऐक्य (aikya)

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kalami: [script needed] (ak), [script needed] (akh)
- Gawar-Bati: یَک (yak)
- Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (ak)
- Kalasha: ek
- Kashmiri:
  - Arabic script: اَکھ (akh)
  - Devanagari script: अख (akh)
- Khowar: اِ (i)
- Phalura: آکھ (āk), آ (ā)
- Shina: ایٗک (aík)
- Savi: [script needed] (yak), [script needed] (ek)
- Shumashti: [script needed] (yek)
- Tirahi: [script needed] (īk)
- Torwali: [script needed] (ē), [script needed] (ēk)
- Ushojo: اک (ak)
Eastern:
- Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
  - Assamese: এক (ek), এটা (eta)
  - Bengali: এক (ek)
  - Bhojpuri: एगो (ēgō)
  - Maithili: एक (ēk)
  - Odia: ଏ (e)
  - Rohingya: [script needed] (ek)
Southern:
- Elu:
  - Dhivehi: އެއް (ek̊)
  - Sinhalese: එක (eka)
- Maharastri Prakrit:
  - Konkani: एक (ēk)
  - Marathi: एक (ek)
Pali: eka
- → Burmese: ဧက (eka.)
- → Khmer: ឯក (ʼaek)
- → Lao: ເອກ (ʼēk)
- → Thai: เอก (èek)
Central:
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka)
  - Apabhramsa: एक्क (ekka)
    - Central:
      - Old Hindi: एक (eka), इक (ika), हेक (heka)
        Hindustani: ek
        Hindi: एक
        Urdu: ایک
    - Northern:
      - Garhwali: यक (yak)
      - Nepali: एक (ek)
      - Dogri:
        Devanagari script: इक (ik)
        Dogra script: 𑠂𑠊 (ika)
    - Northwestern:
      - Punjabi:
        Gurmukhi script: ਇੱਕ (ikka)
        Shahmukhi script: اِکّ (īkk)
    - Western:
      - Gujarati: એક (eka)
      - Romani: jekh, ekh, yek, ek, äk, ăc
        Angloromani: yek
  (see there for further descendants)
Northern:
- Sindhi: هڪ (hik)
- Lahnda: [script needed] (hekk), [script needed] (hikk)
- Kumaoni: एक (ek)
→ Old Javanese: eka
- Javanese: ꦲꦺꦏ (éka)
- → Balinese: ᬏᬓ (éka)
→ Kannada: ಏಕ (ēka)
→ Malay: ايک (eka)
- Indonesian: eka
→ Malayalam: ഏക (ēka), ഏകം (ēkaṁ)
→ Santali: ᱮᱠᱚ (ekô)
→ Telugu: ఏకము (ēkamu)
→ Thai: เอก (èek)
→ Prasuni: [script needed] (ipin)
→ Waigali: [script needed] (ew)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “एक”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0227/3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 262-3