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來

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 来, 徠, and 夾
來 U+4F86, 來
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F86
← 侅
[U+4F85] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侇 →
[U+4F87]
來 U+F92D, 來
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F92D
← 郎
[U+F92C] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 冷 →
[U+F92E]

Translingual

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Traditional 來
Simplified 来
Japanese 来
Korean 來
Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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來 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 40908, composition ⿻木从)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
  • Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 141, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4F86

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 來
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j13740
j13741
j13742
j13743
j13744
j13745
j13746
j13747
j13748
j13749
j13750
j13751
j13752
j13753
j13754
j13755
j13756
j13757
j13758
j13759
j13760
j13761
j13762
j13763
j13764
j13765
j13766
j13767
j13768
j13769
j13770
j13771
j13772
j13773
j13774
j13775
j13776
j13777
j13778
j13779
j13780
j13781
j13782
j13783
j13784
j13785
j13786
j13787
j13788
j13789
j13790
j13791
j13792
j13793
j13794
j13795
j13797
j13798
j13799
j13800
j13801
j13802
j13803
j13804
j13805
j13806
j13807
j13808
j13809
j13810
j13811
j13812
j13813
j13814
j13815
j13816
j13817
j13818
j13819
j13820
j13821
j13822
j13823
j13824
j13825
j13826
j13827
j13828
j13829
j13830
j13831
j13832
j13833
j13834
j13835
j13836
j13837
j13838
j13839
j13840
j13841
j13842
j13843
j13844
j13845
j13846
j13847
j13848
j13849
j13850
j13851
j13852
j13853
j13854
j13855
j13856
j13857
j13858
j13859
j13860
j13861
j13862
j13863
j13864
j13865
j13866
j13867
j13868
j13869
j13870
j13871
j13872
j13873
j13874
j13875
j13876
j13877
j13878
j13879
j13880
j13881
j13882
j13883
j13884
j13885
j13886
j13887
j13888
j13889
j13890
j13891
j13892
j13893
j13894
j13895
j13896
j13897
j13898
j13899
j13900
j13901
j13902
j13903
j13904
j13905
j13906
j13907
j13908
j13909
j13910
j13911
j13912
j13913
j13914
j13915
j13916
j13917
j13918
j13919
j13920
b08481
b08482
b08483
b08484
b08485
b08486
b08487
b08488
b08489
b08490
b08491
b08492
b08493
s03866
Transcribed ancient scripts
L30969
L30970
L30971
L30972
L30973
L30974
L30975
L30976
L30977
L30978
L03906
L03907
L03908
L03909
L03910
L03911
L03912
L03913
L03914
L03915
L03916
L03917
L03918
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
來 *m·rɯːɡ
萊 *rɯː, *rɯːs
淶 *rɯː
徠 *rɯː, *rɯːs
崍 *rɯː
郲 *rɯː, *ruːlʔ, *ruːlʔ
騋 *rɯː
猍 *rɯː
鯠 *rɯː
鶆 *rɯː
庲 *rɯː
棶 *rɯː
斄 *rɯː, *rɯ
逨 *rɯː, *rɯːs
麳 *rɯː
唻 *rɯːʔ, *rrɯː
賚 *rɯːs
睞 *rɯːs
勑 *rɯːs
誺 *rɯːs, *r̥ʰɯ, *r̥ʰɯs, *r̥ʰɯs
倈 *rɯ
憖 *ŋrɯns
猌 *ŋrɯns
麥 *mrɯːɡ

Pictogram (象形) of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾; both are unrelated to 釆

This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts.

Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”.

Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent.

來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/.

Etymology 1

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trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 𧼛
倈／俫
逨
徠／徕

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: lai4, lei4 - vernacular (often written as 嚟).
Note:
  • lì - vernacular;
  • lài - literary.
Note:
  • lai7 - indicates past things;
  • lai2 - “will” (pronounced as /lai⁵²⁻³⁵/).
Rime
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛哀切
Baxter loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləj/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/lɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 來
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lái
Middle
Chinese 		‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)
English come

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component 		來
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions

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來

  1. to come; to arrive
    Antonyms: 去 (qù), 往
    我一會兒就來。／我一会儿就来。  ―  Wǒ yīhuìr jiù lái.  ―  I'll come in a moment.
    我不知道它是從哪裡來的。 [MSC, trad.]
    我不知道它是从哪里来的。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ bù zhīdào tā shì cóng nǎlǐ lái de. [Pinyin]
    I didn't know where it came from.
    來了個電話／来了个电话  ―  lái le ge diànhuà  ―  got a phone call; a phone call arrived
  2. to happen; to occur
  3. to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
  4. since
  5. next; coming; future
    來年／来年  ―  láinián  ―  next year
  6. (after a number) about; approximately; around
    四十來歲／四十来岁  ―  sìshí lái suì  ―  around forty years old
    十年來沒有活動／十年来没有活动  ―  shínián lái méiyǒu huódòng  ―  has had no activity in a decade
  7. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
    下來／下来  ―  xiàlái  ―  to come down [compare 下去 (xiàqù, “to go down”)]
    進來／进来  ―  jìnlái  ―  to come in
  8. Used before a verb to express volition.
    讓我來做吧。／让我来做吧。  ―  Ràng wǒ lái zuò ba.  ―  Let me do it.
  9. Used with 不 or 得 to express capability.
    我做不來俯臥撐。 [MSC, trad.]
    我做不来俯卧撑。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zuò bù lái fǔwòchēng. [Pinyin]
    I can't do push-ups.
  10. Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
  11. Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
  12. (Shanghainese) currently
    儂勿要叫伊，伊來做功課。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬勿要叫伊，伊来做功课。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 6veq8-iau 5ciau 6yi 6yi 6le 5tsu 1kon-khu [Wugniu]
    Don’t call him, he’s currently doing his homework.
  13. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 來 (MC loj)
  14. a surname
  15. in order to
    他摘了一個荷葉來當雨傘。 [MSC, trad.]
    他摘了一个荷叶来当雨伞。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zhāi le yī ge héyè lái dāng yǔsǎn. [Pinyin]
    He picks a lotus leaf in order to use it as an umbrella.
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 來 (“to come”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 來
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 來
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 來
Taiwan 來
Malaysia 來
Singapore 來
Cantonese Guangzhou 嚟
Hong Kong 嚟
Macau 嚟
Taishan 來
Qingyuan 來
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 嚟
Singapore (Guangfu) 嚟
Hakka Meixian 來
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 來
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 來
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 來
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 來
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 來
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 來
Eastern Min Singapore (Fuqing) 來
Sitiawan (Gutian) 來
Southern Min Xiamen 來
Quanzhou 來
Dehua 來
Taipei 來
New Taipei (Sanxia) 來
Kaohsiung 來
Yilan 來
Changhua (Lukang) 來
Taichung 來
Tainan 來
Hsinchu 來
Kinmen 來
Penghu (Magong) 來
Penang (Hokkien) 來
Singapore (Hokkien) 來
Manila (Hokkien) 來
Chaozhou 來
Shantou 來
Shantou (Chaoyang) 來
Singapore (Teochew) 來
Wu Shanghai 來
Suzhou 來
Hangzhou 來
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 來

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (來):
  • → Japanese: 来(らい) (rai)
  • → Korean: 래(來) (rae)
  • → Vietnamese: lai (來)

Etymology 2

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trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 麳／𪎌
䅘／𥟂

Cognate to or same word as 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛哀切
Baxter loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləj/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/lɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 來
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lái
Middle
Chinese 		‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə.rˁək/ (> *mə.rˁə)
English a kind of wheat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component 		來
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

來

  1. (obsolete) wheat

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

来

Kyūjitai

來

Kanji

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來

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 来)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 来

Readings

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Etymology

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For pronunciation and definitions of 來 – see the following entry.
【来】2
[kanji] second grade kanji
(This term, 來, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

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Hanja

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來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae), word-initial (South Korea) 올 내 (ol nae))

  1. hanja form? of 래 (“to come; to arrive”)

Compounds

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Old Japanese

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Japonic *ku. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Verb

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來 (ku) (kana く)

  1. to come (towards the speaker), approach
  2. to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)
  3. (suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:
      可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利
      kaze no2 to2 no2 kaze no2 to2poki1 wagi1mo ga ki1sesi ki1nu tamoto2 no2 kudari mayo1piki1nike1ri
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
[edit]
Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 來 こ ko
Continuative (連用形) 來 き ki
Terminal (終止形) 來 く ku
Attributive (連体形) 來る くる kuru
Realis (已然形) 來れ くれ kure
Imperative (命令形) 來
來よ		 こ
こよ		 ko
koyo
Key constructions
Negative 來ず こず kozu
Contrasting conjunction 來れど くれど kuredo
Causal conjunction 來れば くれば kureba
Conditional conjunction 來ば こば koba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 來し[1]
來し[1]		 こし
きし		 kosi
kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 來けり きけり kikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 來つ きつ kitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 來ぬ きぬ kinu
Perfect-continuative tense 來たり きたり kitari
Volitional 來む こむ komu
[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 2

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Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.

Verb

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來 (ke1) (kana け)

  1. stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:
      美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎
      miduto2ri no2 tati no2 iso1gi1 ni titipapa ni mono2pazu ke1nite ima zo kuyasiki1
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Vietnamese

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Han character

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來: Hán Nôm readings: lai, lay, lơi, ray, rơi, rời

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

[edit]
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