十

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See also: 〸 [U+3038 HANGZHOU NUMERAL TEN], ㆺ [U+31BA BOPOMOFO LETTER ZY], and 𬂛 [U+2C09B CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2C09B]
十 U+5341, 十
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5341
← 區
[U+5340] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 卂 →
[U+5342]
⼗ U+2F17, ⼗
KANGXI RADICAL TEN
← ⼖
[U+2F16] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼘ →
[U+2F18]
㈩ U+3229, ㈩
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TEN
← ㈨
[U+3228] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈪ →
[U+322A]
㊉ U+3289, ㊉
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TEN
← ㊈
[U+3288] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊊ →
[U+328A]
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
Wikimedia Commons has more media related to:

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 24 十

十 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 十 (J), four-corner 40000, composition ⿻一丨)

  1. Kangxi radical #24, ⼗.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №54

Derived characters

[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 155, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2695
  • Dae Jaweon: page 348, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 58, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5341

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 十
alternative forms 拾 financial
什

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 十
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (十) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
針 *kjum, *kjums
汁 *kjub
卙 *kʰljub
十 *ɡjub
什 *ɡjub

Unlike 一, which was one horizontal stroke meaning one, 十 was originally simply a vertical stroke. In later forms 一 was added, forming a cross.

Possibly a pictogram (象形) for a needle, later written as 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums), borrowed phonetically for 十 (OC *ɡjub, “ten”).

Unrelated to 支, 卖, 直, 真, 德, 甫， and 七 but related to the original version of 丈 and perhaps related to 由.

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gip.

Pronunciation

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Note: sī - used for "ten" in 20 to 99.
Note:
  • sae2/sieh7 - vernacular (used in counting);
  • seh7 - vernacular (used in compounds, e.g. 十三, 三十);
  • sih7 - literary.
Note:
  • cha̍p - vernacular;
  • si̍p/se̍p - literary.
Note:
  • zab8 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang, Raoping, Pontianak;
  • zag8 - Chenghai.
Note:
  • 1so/3so/5so - only used before 五;
  • 7seq - only used in multiples of 10, e.g. 三十.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 十
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /zai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /səp̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʃïp̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐp̚²/
Nanning /sɐp̚²²/
Hong Kong /sɐp̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sip̚⁵/
/t͡sap̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sɛiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si⁵⁴/
/si⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sap̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /tap̚³/
/tɔp̚³/
Rime
Character 十
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 緝 (141)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 是執切
Baxter dzyip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ʑiɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡ʑip̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡ʑjep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡ʑip̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʑiəp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ʑĭĕp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʑi̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 十
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzyip ›
Old
Chinese 		/*t.[ɡ]əp/
English ten

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 十
Reading # 1/1
No. 11452
Phonetic
component 		十
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		十
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡjub/

Definitions

[edit]

十

  1. ten
  2. (figurative) topmost; utmost
    十分  ―  shífēn  ―  very
    十全十美  ―  shíquánshíměi  ―  perfect

See also

[edit]
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩／两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬／百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写) 		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (十):
  • → Japanese: 十(じゅう) (jū)
  • → Korean: 십(十) (sip)
  • → Vietnamese: thập (十)

Others:

Japanese

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Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  9 10 11  > 
    Cardinal : 十

Kanji

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十

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
十
じゅう
Grade: 1
goon
Alternative spelling
拾 (financial)
Kanji in this term
十
じっ
Grade: 1
kan'yōon

/ʑipʉ/ → /ʑiɸu/ → /ʑɨu/ → /ʑuː//ʑiʔ/ → /ʑi~̚/

From Middle Chinese 十 (MC dzyip).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (Tokyo) じゅう [júꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [d͡ʑɨː]
  • Audio:(file)

Numeral

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十(じゅう) • (jū) ←じふ (zifu)?

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Idioms
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Proverbs
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Noun

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十(じゅう) • (jū) ←じふ (zifu)?

  1. a ten-year-old

Affix

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十(じゅう) or 十(じっ) • (jū or ji') ←じふ (zifu)?

  1. ten, 10
  2. tenth
  3. tenfold
  4. all, completely, perfect
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
十
とお
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

⟨to2wo⟩ → */təwo/ → /towo/ → /toː/

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *təwə.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Numeral

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十(とお) • (tō) ←とを (towo)?

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Idioms
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Proverbs
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
十
と
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Shift from tō above.[2]

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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十(と) • (to) 

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
十
そ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

⟨so1⟩ → */sʷo/ → /so/

From Old Japanese.

Used in compounds.

Affix

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十(そ) • (so) 

  1. multiplied by ten: tenfold
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
十
しい
Grade: 1
irregular

From Mandarin 十 (shí).[3]

Numeral

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十(シー) • (shī) 

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
[edit]

Coordinate terms

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Japanese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Regular 零(れい) (rei)
零(ゼロ) (zero) 		一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
四(し) (shi) 		五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
七(しち) (shichi) 		八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
九(く) (ku) 		十(じゅう) (jū)
Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku) 		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
一(いっ)千(せん) (issen) 		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ “十”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ “十”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

Korean

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Korean numbers (edit)
100
 ←  1  ←  9 10 11  →  20  → 
1
    Native isol.: 열 (yeol)
    Native attr.: 열 (yeol)
    Sino-Korean: 십 (sip)
    Hanja: 十
    Ordinal: 열째 (yeoljjae)

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 十 (MC dzyip).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 씹〮 (Yale: ssíp)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 열〮 (Yale: yél) 십〮 (Yale: síp)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

十 (eumhun 열 십 (yeol sip))

  1. hanja form? of 십 (“ten”)
  2. hanja form? of 십 (“whole; complete; perfect”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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十: Hán Việt readings: thập (寔(thực)入(nhập)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
十: Nôm readings: thập[1][2][4]

  1. chữ Hán form of thập (“ten”).

Derived terms

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Bonet (1899).
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