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U+60A8, 您
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60A8

[U+60A7]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+60A9]

Translingual

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Stroke order
11 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 61, +7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人火心 (OFP), four-corner 27339, composition )

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 388, character 34
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10712
  • Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2301, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+60A8

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
honorific

Glyph origin

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Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (you) + (heart). (MC sim) may also phonetically signify the original -m ending (Yuan et al., 1996).

Etymology

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This character was not listed in Sui/Tang rhyme books. First attested in Jin/Yuan-era literature, when it was also written as and probably pronounced as *nim at the time (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). The pronoun was used both in the singular and the plural.

The pronoun used in Jin/Yuan-era literature is generally thought to be a fusion of 你們你们 (nǐmen, “you (plural)”) or 你每 (nǐměi, “you (plural)”) (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). Compare (tān, “he, she (polite)”) ( < 他們他们 (tāmen, “they”)).

The honorific usage may simply be a development of the plural usage (Norman, 1988); compare English you, French vous. However, others have argued for a different etymology for the honorific pronoun. Wang (1984) and Lü (1985) argue that it is a contraction of 你老 (“you (honorific for seniors)”): /ni lau//nil//nin/. Alternatively, Zhang (2001) suggests that it comes from (MC nyin), an honorific used in Buddhist texts from the Han dynasty.

In Cantonese and Hakka, this character is simply read as ; in Teochew, it is read as .

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. (polite, honorific, sometimes sarcastic) you (usually singular, may be plural)
  2. (archaic or dialectal) you (plural)
  3. (archaic) thou; you (singular)

Usage notes

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  • (honorific you): Some speakers consider 您們您们 (nínmen) to be ungrammatical and use (nín) in both singular and plural contexts.

Synonyms

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Compounds

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See also

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Standard Mandarin Chinese personal pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1st () 我們我们 (wǒmen)
inclusive 咱們咱们 (zánmen)
2nd male/indefinite () 你們你们 (nǐmen)
female () 妳們你们 (nǐmen)
deity () 祢們祢们 (nǐmen)
polite (nín) 你們你们 (nǐmen)
您們您们 (nínmen)
3rd male/indefinite () 他們他们 (tāmen)
female () 她們她们 (tāmen)
deity () 祂們祂们 (tāmen)
animal () 牠們它们 (tāmen)
inanimate () 它們它们 (tāmen)

Japanese

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Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. You

Readings

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  • Go-on: (ni)
  • Kan-on: (ji)
  • Kun: なんじ (nanji, )なんぢ (nandi, , historical)しかり (shikari, 您り)その (sono, 您の)のみ (nomi, )

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: nâm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.