昨

See also: 咋

昨 U+6628, 昨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6628 ← 昧 [U+6627] CJK Unified Ideographs 昩 → [U+6629]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

昨 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 日人尸 (AOS) or 日人十 (AOJ), four-corner 6801₁, composition ⿰日乍)

Derived characters

• 葃 𥯭

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 493, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13847
• Dae Jaweon: page 857, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1502, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6628

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 昨
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (乍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
作	*ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ
鲊	*ʔsraːʔ
痄	*ʔsraːʔ
厏	*ʔsraːʔ, *zraːʔ
詐	*ʔsraːɡs
咋	*ʔsraːɡs, *zraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ
笮	*ʔsraːɡs, *zaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
榨	*ʔsraːɡs
炸	*ʔr'aːɡs, *zreːb
乍	*zraːɡs
拃	*ʔsraːnʔ
酢	*sʰaːɡs, *zaːɡ
祚	*zaːɡs
胙	*zaːɡs
阼	*zaːɡs
飵	*zaːɡs, *zaːɡ
秨	*zaːɡs, *zaːɡ
迮	*ʔsaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
柞	*ʔsaːɡ, *zaːɡ
昨	*zaːɡ
怍	*zaːɡ
砟	*zaːɡ
莋	*zaːɡ
岝	*zaːɡ, *zraːɡ
鈼	*zaːɡ
筰	*zaːɡ
葃	*zaːɡ, *zreːɡ, *zaɡ
舴	*ʔr'aːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
窄	*ʔsraːɡ
蚱	*ʔsraːɡ
齚	*zraːɡ
泎	*zraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zaːɡ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs).

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		昨

Related to 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ, “the past”) (Sagart, 1999).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zuó (zuo²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zok³ / zok⁶
• Eastern Min (BUC): sŏ̤h
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): cho̍k / cho̍h / chǎ / chā

  (Teochew, Peng'im): za²

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸zoq; ⁶zo

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zuó
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zuó
    • Wade–Giles: tso²
    • Yale: dzwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwo
    • Palladius: цзо (czo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su̯ɔ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zok³ / zok⁶
    • Yale: jok / johk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzok⁸ / dzok⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: zog³ / zog⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔːk̚³/, /t͡sɔːk̚²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏ̤h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /soʔ⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍k
    • Tâi-lô: tso̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zok
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɔk̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sɔk̚⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cho̍h
    • Tâi-lô: tso̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zoih
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡soʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sɤʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡soʔ¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /t͡soʔ⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǎ
    • Tâi-lô: tsǎ
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sa²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chā
    • Tâi-lô: tsā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: za
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sa²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sa³³/

Note:

• cho̍k - literary;
• cho̍h/chǎ/chā - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: za²
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsá
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sa⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸zoq; ⁶zo
    • MiniDict: zoh^入; zo^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵zoq; ³zo
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zoʔ¹²/, /zo²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzak

Rime
Character	昨
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	鐸 (103)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	在各切
Baxter	dzak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡zɑk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zɑk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zɑk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zak̚/
Li Rong	/d͡zɑk̚/
Wang Li	/d͡zɑk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱɑk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zuó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zok6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤak/

  (Zhengzhang): /*zaːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	昨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zuó
Middle Chinese	‹ dzak ›
Old Chinese	/*[dz]ˁak/
English	yesterday
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	昨
Reading #	1/1
No.	16664
Phonetic component	乍
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	昨
Old Chinese	/*zaːɡ/

Definitions

昨

1. ^⁜ yesterday
2. ^⁜ in former times; past

Compounds

• 一昨 (yīzuó)
• 今是昨非
• 昨來／昨来
• 昨兒／昨儿 (zuór)
• 昨前
• 昨夜 (zuóyè)
• 昨天 (zuótiān)
• 昨日 (zuórì)
• 昨昏 (cha-hng) (Hokkien)
• 昨晚 (zuówǎn)
• 昨暝
• 昨非今是 (zuófēijīnshì)

 

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.		昨

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chăng

---

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chăng
    • Tâi-lô: tsa̋ng
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡saŋ³⁵/

Definitions

昨

1. (Taiwanese Hokkien) Contraction of 昨昏 (cha-hng, “yesterday”).
   • 2009, 詹雅雯 (lyrics and music), “姨仔”‎^[1]performed by 詹雅雯:

     美麗青春親像昨 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
     美丽青春亲像昨 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]

     bí-lē chheng-chhun chhin-chhiūⁿ chăng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

     Beauty and youthfulness are just like yesterday

   • 2020, “送你到這”, 比佛利 (lyrics), 楊彩藝 (music)‎^[2]performed by 潘佩莉:

     昨的央望變絕望 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
     昨的央望变绝望 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]

     chăng ê ǹg-bāng piàn choa̍t-bāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

     Yesterday’s hope becomes despair

References

• “昨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

昨

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. yesterday; last, past (day, week, month, year, etc.)

Readings

• Go-on: ざく (zaku)
• Kan-on: さく (saku, Jōyō)
• Kun: きのう (kinō, 昨)

Compounds

• 昨日(きのう) (kinō): yesterday
• 昨(さく)週(しゅう) (sakushū): last week
• 昨(さく)月(げつ) (sakugetsu): last month
• 昨(さく)年(ねん) (sakunen): last year
• 昨(さく)春(しゅん) (sakushun): last spring
• 昨(さく)夏(なつ) (sakunatsu): last summer
• 昨(さく)秋(しゅう) (sakushū): last autumn
• 昨(さく)冬(とう) (sakutō): last winter

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昨 (MC dzak).

Recorded as Middle Korean 짝〮 (Yale: ccak) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Recorded as Middle Korean 작〮 (cák) (Yale: cak) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

昨 (eumhun 어제 작 (eoje jak))

1. hanja form^? of 작 (“yesterday; last”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 작금 (昨今, jakgeum)
• 작년 (昨年, jangnyeon)
• 작일 (昨日, jagil)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

Han character

昨: Hán Nôm readings: tạc

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