港

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See also: 巻
港 U+6E2F, 港
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E2F
← 渮
[U+6E2E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 渰 →
[U+6E30]
港 U+2F908, 港
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F908
← 洴
[U+2F907] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 湮 →
[U+2F909]

Translingual

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Japanese 港
Simplified 港
Traditional 港

Alternative forms

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Note that, as in 巷, in Chinese, the bottom is 巳, while in Japanese and Korean, the bottom is 己.

Han character

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港 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水廿金山 (ETCU), four-corner 34117, composition ⿰氵巷)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 635, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17783
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1042, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1668, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6E2F

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 港
alternative forms 𣽣
𣿑
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 港 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 港 (Cantonese)
  • káng (Southern Min)

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (共) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
港 *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs
巷 *ɡroːŋs
衖 *ɡroːŋs
鬨 *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs
烘 *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs
洪 *ɡloːŋ
鉷 *ɡloːŋ
谼 *ɡloːŋ
葓 *ɡoːŋ
哄 *ɡloːŋs
蕻 *ɡloːŋs
恭 *kloŋ
供 *kloŋ, *kloŋs
龔 *kloŋ
珙 *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ
共 *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs
髸 *kloŋ
拱 *kloŋʔ
拲 *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ
蛬 *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
栱 *kloŋʔ
輁 *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
舼 *ɡloŋ
輂 *kloɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs) : semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs).

Etymology 1

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Cognate with 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) (Schuessler, 2007). The southern dialectal word originally meant "small river/stream", which is still preserved in some Min languages. The irregular pronunciation in Mandarin (expected Mandarin reflex is *jiǎng) originated from southern dialects where velars have not palatalized (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 港
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 江 (9)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古項切
Baxter kaewngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠʌŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚɔŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɔŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨwŋX/
Li
Rong 		/kɔŋX/
Wang
Li 		/kɔŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kɔŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǎng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gong2
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 港
Reading # 1/2
No. 4150
Phonetic
component 		共
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		講
Old
Chinese 		/*kroːŋʔ/

Definitions

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港

  1. tributary of a larger river or lake
  2. (dialectal) river
  3. port; harbor
    軍港／军港  ―  jūngǎng  ―  naval port
    基隆港  ―  Jīlóng Gǎng  ―  Port of Keelung
  4. large airport
  5. shorthand for Hong Kong
    港幣／港币 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 bai6 [Jyutping]  ―  Hong Kong dollar
    省港 [Cantonese]  ―  saang2 gong2 [Jyutping]  ―  Canton-Hong Kong
  6. (colloquial) Hong Kong-styled
  7. (Hokkien) Classifier for fluids: stream
  8. a surname
Usage notes
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Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 香港 (“Hong Kong”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 香港, 香港特別行政區 official, 港 short
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 香港
Singapore 香港
Cantonese Guangzhou 香港, 香港地, 下便, 桂枝 slang
Hong Kong 香港, 香港地
Macau 香港
Taishan 香港
Kaiping (Chikan) 香港
Singapore (Guangfu) 香港
Southern Min Xiamen 香港
Tainan 香港
Penang (Hokkien) 香港
Singapore (Hokkien) 香港
Manila (Hokkien) 香港
Singapore (Teochew) 香港
Wu Shanghai 香港

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 港
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡貢切
Baxter huwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəwŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 港
Reading # 2/2
No. 4163
Phonetic
component 		共
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		哄
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡloːŋs/
Notes 見馬融賦

Definitions

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港

  1. Only used in 港洞.

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 港
Kyūjitai
[1]
港󠄁
港+󠄁?
(Adobe-Japan1)
港󠄃
港+󠄃?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Alternative forms

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Kanji

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港

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←こう (kou, historical)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←かう (kau, historical)
  • Kun: みなと (minato, 港, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Derived terms

Etymology

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
港
みなと
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[2][3] Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *minato.

The traditional etymology that Japanese sources trace back to is a compound of 水 (mi-, “water”) +‎ な (na, assimilated apophonic form of の (no, “genitive case marker”)) +‎ 門 (to, “gate”).[3][4][5][6][7]

  • However, this does not correlate cleanly with the etymology of 水 (mizu, “water”), reconstructed as Proto-Japonic *mentu (“water”). Then again, there are numerous attested words where 水 (mi) is used as the first and last element in compounds, suggesting either that the derivation of 水 (mizu) might differ.

Vovin, on the other hand suggests that the initial mi- was 御 (mi-, “honorific prefix”), while -na- meant "water", possibly from Proto-Tai *C̬.namꟲ (“water”).[8] Compare 涙 (namida, “tears”), 菜葱, 水葱 (nagi, “Monochoria vaginalis”), 漬く (nazuku, “soak in water”, obsolete).

  • However, this may present semantic difficulties, as any native formation like namida that proposes "water" for the initial nam and "eye" for a following component reverses the usual word-formation pattern for Japanese, where the main or head noun comes last. In addition, the na element appears in other words with no relation to "water", as an assimilated apophonic form of genitive particle の (no), seen in terms such as 掌 (tanagokoro, “palm of the hand”, literally “hand's heart/center”), 眼間 (manakai, “where the lines of sight of the eyes converge”, literally “eyes' exchanging/crossing”).

Pronunciation

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  • Audio:(file)

Noun

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港(みなと) • (minato) 

  1. [from 720] a sluice; a section of a river to let water in and out
    • 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 5, poem 293)
      もみぢ葉(ば)の流(なが)れてとまる水門(みなと)には紅(くれなゐ)深(ふか)き波(なみ)や立(た)つらむ
      momiji ba no nagarete tomaru minato niha kurenai fukaki nami ya tatsuramu
      At the end of the river gate where there are autumn leaves, there are deep red waves! I shall stop...
  2. [from 720] a port, harbour; a place where boats can unload
  3. [from 1205] (figurative) a stop

Proper noun

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

港(みなと) • (Minato) 

  1. Minato (one of 23 special wards in Tokyo prefecture, Japan)
  2. an administrative district in Nagoya prefecture
  3. an administrative district in Osaka Prefecture
  4. a male given name

References

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  1. ^ “港”, in 漢字ぺディア‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
  2. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 713
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 “み‐な‐と 【港・湊・水門】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ “港”, in デジタル大辞泉‎[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  6. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  8. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) “上代日本語と古代・中世韓国語の「水」と「涙」”, in 日韓言語学者会議 (in Japanese), 麗澤大学言語研究センター, pages 115-120
  9. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 港 (MC kaewngX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 가ᇰ〯 (Yale: kǎng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] 개〮 (Yale: káy) 하ᇰ〯 (Yale: hǎng)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [항(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

港 (eumhun 항구(港口) 항 (hanggu hang))

  1. hanja form? of 항 (“harbour; port”) [noun]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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港: Hán Nôm readings: cảng

  1. chữ Hán form of cảng (“port; harbor”).
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