Octobass
Photo of an Octobass at Musée de la Musique, Paris. | |
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The octobass is an extremely large and rare bowed string instrument that was first built around 1850 in Paris by the French luthier Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume (1798–1875). It has three strings and is essentially a larger version of the double bass - the specimen in the collection of the Musée de la Musique in Paris measures 3.48 metres (11 ft 5 in) in length, whereas a full-size double bass is generally approximately 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length.
Because of the extreme fingerboard length and string thickness, the musician plays it using a system of levers and pedals. The levers serve to engage metal clamps that are positioned above the neck at specific positions. These clamps act as fretting devices when the performer presses the levers. It has never been produced on a large scale or used much by composers (though Hector Berlioz wrote favorably about the instrument and proposed its widespread adoption).
The only known work from the Nineteenth Century that specifically calls for the Octobass is Charles Gounod's Messe solennelle de Sainte-Cécile. In this work, the Octobass only appears in the "Benedictus" and the "Agnus Dei." It typically plays one octave below the Double Bass.[1]
In addition to the Paris instrument, octobasses exist in the collections of the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona and the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.[2] In October 2016, the Quebec company Canimex donated an octobass to the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, which is now the only orchestra in the world to own one.[3][4] This instrument was made by the luthier Jean-Jacques Pagès of Mirecourt, France, in 2010.[5] There are at least 3 modern working examples: one made in 1995 by the luthier Pierre Bohr and belonging to the Italian musician Nicola Moneta, which is a copy of those made by Vuillaume but with innovative elements especially in the mechanics and of which a library of samples from Daniele Bertinelli and Giorgio Riolo, [4] and an example, made in 2007 by the Italian luthier Antonio Dattis, exhibited at the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona [5], the third is owned by Guro Moe, an experimental musician who commissioned the instrument to the German luthier Wolfgang Staab, a professional who worked for 25 years in the restoration and repair of old basses. To build Moe's Ottobasso, Staab looked at all the existing specimens and looked for the best possible wood in the Alps that was light and very hard. The instrument (slightly larger than the other examples) took 13 months to finish, and the first concert was held in an Oslo church during the Only Connect Festival of Sound.
Range and tuning
According to Berlioz, the three open strings were tuned C1, G1, and C2. This tuning gave it a low range one octave below the cello and equal to the modern double bass with low C extension. However, at the time when the octobass was invented, the double bass lacked this extension and could descend only to E1 or G1. The mechanism enabled each string to chromatically cover the range of a perfect fifth and gave the instrument a high range to G2.[6] The instrument at the Musée de la Musique in Paris, which uses period-accurate gut strings, is tuned thus (though on at least some recordings the overall tuning is a half-step flat).[7]
The instrument at the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, which uses modern wound metal strings, is tuned C0, G0, D1. This tuning gives it a low range two octaves below the cello and one octave below the modern double bass with low C extension (or a 5 string Double Bass w/ a Low B). Berlioz specifically noted this tuning in his orchestration treatise. As on the Paris instrument, the mechanism allows each string to cover a perfect fifth, giving it a high range to A1. The fundamental frequencies of the lowest notes in this tuning lie below 20 Hz — the commonly-stated lower bound of human hearing range — but these notes are nevertheless audible due to the overtones they produce.[8] (An organ's 32′ stop also exceeds the supposed 20 Hz limit.)
The Montreal Symphony Orchestra octobass uses gut strings, is tuned A0, E1, B1 and has a high range to F♯2.[9]
See also
- Triple contrabass viol – A similar, but more recent, instrument that has appeared on a recording by the American composer Roscoe Mitchell.
References
- ^ Arenas, Erick G. (August 2004). A historical Study of Charles Gounod's Messe Solennelle de Sainte-Cecile (Thesis). hdl:1794/23902.
- ^ McDonald, Huge; Berlioz, Hugh (2002). Berlioz's Orchestration Treatise : a Translation and Commentary. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-139-43300-6.
- ^ "The Montreal Symphony Orchestra's new octobass has arrived". CBC Music. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
- ^ Un géant entre à l'OSM. Le Téléjournal, Radio Canada. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ^ Canimex acquiert une octobasse pour l'OSM Archived 2016-12-11 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- ^ Berlioz, Hector (1848). Treatise on Instrumentation. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. p. 405. ISBN 0486269035.
- ^ Octobasse @ Cité de la musique, Paris. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ Up Close With A Curator: Octobasse. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ OSM Octobass. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
External links
- Octobass on Atlas Obscura
- Octobass on the OSM website
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