Angiopteris
| Angiopteris | |
|---|---|
| Angiopteris evecta | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Marattiales |
| Family: | Marattiaceae |
| Genus: | Angiopteris Hoffm. |
| Species | |
|
See text. | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Angiopteris is a genus of huge evergreen ferns from the family Marattiaceae, found throughout the paleotropics from Madagascar to the South Pacific islands. Species of smaller stature with elongate synangia and creeping rhizomes are sometimes segregated into the genus Archangiopteris, and a once-pinnate monotypic segregate genus has been called Macroglossum, but molecular data supports inclusion of these taxa within a broad concept of Angiopteris.[2]
Angiopteris evecta has been introduced and naturalized in Hawaii, Jamaica, and parts of Central America, where it has become an invasive weed in lower elevation drainages.[3] They feature a large, erect, woody rhizome with a wide base supported by thick roots. The fronds are deltoid, pinnate, 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) long, with spreading leaflets.[4]
Angiopteris is unique among ferns in having explosively dispersed spores, thought to be caused by the cavitation of an airspace between spore layers.[5]
The basal chromosome number for this genus is 2n=80. The type species is Angiopteris evecta.[2]
Species
Angiopteris taxonomy is poorly understood, with nearly 200 poorly defined species having been named,[2] only a small handful of which are recognized in modern floras. As of October 2022[update], World Ferns recognized the following species:[6]
- Angiopteris angustifolia C.Presl
- Angiopteris annamensis C.Chr. & Tardieu
- Angiopteris bipinnata (Ching) J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris brooksii Copel.
- Angiopteris cadierei (C.Chr. & Tardieu) Govaerts & Christenh.
- Angiopteris cartilagidens Christ
- Angiopteris caudatiformis Hieron.
- Angiopteris chingii J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris chongsengiana Senterre & I.Fabre
- Angiopteris cochinchinensis de Vriese
- Angiopteris confertinervia Ching ex C.Chr. & Tardieu
- Angiopteris crassipes Wall.
- Angiopteris danaeoides Z.R.He & Christenh.
- Angiopteris dianyuecola Z.R.He & W.M.Chu
- Angiopteris elliptica Alderw.
- Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm.
- Angiopteris ferox Copel.
- Angiopteris fokiensis Hieron.
- Angiopteris helferiana C.Presl
- Angiopteris hokouensis Ching
- Angiopteris holttumii C.Chr.
- Angiopteris itoi (W.C.Shieh) J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris javanica C.Presl
- Angiopteris latipinna (Ching) Z.R.He, W.M.Chu & Christenh.
- Angiopteris lygodiifolia Rosenst.
- Angiopteris madagascariensis de Vriese
- Angiopteris marchionica E.D.Br.
- Angiopteris microura Copel.
- Angiopteris oblanceolata Ching & Chu H.Wang
- Angiopteris opaca Copel.
- Angiopteris paucinervis W.M.Chu & Z.R.He
- Angiopteris pruinosa Kunze
- Angiopteris rapensis E.D.Br.
- Angiopteris remota Ching & Chu H.Wang
- Angiopteris smithii Racib.
- Angiopteris somae (Hayata) Makino & Nemoto
- Angiopteris sparsisora Ching
- Angiopteris subcuspidata Rosenst.
- Angiopteris subrotundata (Ching) Z.R.He & Christenh.
- Angiopteris sugongii Gui L.Zhang, J.Y.Xiang & Ting Wang
- Angiopteris tamdaoensis (Hayata) J.Y.Xiang & T.Wang
- Angiopteris tonkinensis (Hayata) J.M.Camus
- Angiopteris undulatostriata Hieron.
- Angiopteris versteegii Alderw.
- Angiopteris wangii Ching
- Angiopteris winkleri Rosenst.
- Angiopteris yunnanensis Hieron.
References
- ^ "Angiopteris Hoffm.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description of a new genus Ptisana". Taxon. 57 (3): 737–755. doi:10.1002/tax.573007.
- ^ Murdock, Andrew G. (2008). "Phylogeny of marattioid ferns (Marattiaceae) inferring a root in the absence of a closely related outgroup". American Journal of Botany. 95 (5): 626–641. doi:10.3732/ajb.2007308. PMID 21632388.
- ^ Ellison, Don (1999) Cultivated Plants of the World. London: New Holland (1st ed.: Brisbane: Flora Publications International, 1995)
- ^ Hovenkamp, Peter (June 2009). "Spore movement driven by the spore wall in an eusporangiate fern". Grana. 48 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1080/00173130902804331. S2CID 51794034.
- ^ Hassler, Michael (2004–2022). "Genus Angiopteris Hoffm". World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 14.1. Retrieved 2022-10-13.