Cerdocyonina

Cerdocyoninans; Temporal range: ; Late Miocene-Holocene, 6–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Four representatives of cerdocyonine canids. Clockwise, starting from top left, are the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae
Tribe:	Canini
Subtribe:	Cerdocyonina; Tedford et al., 2009
Genera
	Atelocynus; Cerdocyon; Chrysocyon; Lycalopex; Speothos; †Dusicyon; †Protocyon; †Theriodictis;

Cerdocyonina is an extant subtribe of canids exclusively endemic to the Americas. Often described to be "fox-like" in appearance and behavior, they are more closely related to the wolf-like canids such as Canis than they are to the fox genus Vulpes.^[1] Its members are colloquially known as the South American canids.^[2]

Taxonomy

Prior to the 1990s there have been different systematic hypotheses pertaining to the relationships among South American canids, most frequent was the notion of there being three genera and subgenera (after Langguth 1969^[3] and 1970^[4]):

Genus Cerdocyon
- Subgenus Atelocynus
- Subgenus Cerdocyon
- Subgenus Speothos
Genus Dusicyon
- Subgenus Lycalopex (Langguth recognized it as "Pseudalopex")
- Subgenus †Dusicyon
Genus Chrysocyon

Morphological and DNA evidence shows that the South American canids, being the most diverse group of canids on any continent, forms its own natural group.^[2]

These taxa, representing diverse adaptations, can be diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: angular process of the mandible wide, may lack hooklike termination, expansion accommodates widened insertions for pterygoid muscle segments, especially that for the medial branch of the internal pterygoid; posterior cusp of p3 weak or absent; and m1 hypoconid and entoconid, joined by cristids.
— Richard H. Tedford^[1]

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005),^[5] modified to incorporate recent findings on Lycalopex species^[6] and Dusicyon.^[7]

Cerdocyonina

Speothos venaticus (bush dog)

	Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf)

	† Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

Lycalopex

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)

	Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)

	Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox)

	Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)

	Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox)

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox)

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.
^ ^a ^b Wang, X.; Tedford, R.H. (2007). "Ch1-Evolutionary History of Canids". In Jensen, Per (ed.). The Behavioural Biology of Dogs (1 ed.). Cabi Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1845931872.
^ Lannguth, A. (1969). Die südamerikanischen Canidae unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Mähnenwolfes Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger: (Morphologische, systematische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen). Geest und Portig.
^ Lannguth, A. (1970). "Una nueva clasificación de los cánidos sudamericanos". Actas del IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoología. 1: 129–143.
^ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
^ Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.
^ Slater, G. J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J. A.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366.

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[Tedford2009-1] Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.

[Wang2007-2] Wang, X.; Tedford, R.H. (2007). "Ch1-Evolutionary History of Canids". In Jensen, Per (ed.). The Behavioural Biology of Dogs (1 ed.). Cabi Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1845931872.

[Langguth1969-3] Lannguth, A. (1969). Die südamerikanischen Canidae unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Mähnenwolfes Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger: (Morphologische, systematische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen). Geest und Portig.

[Langguth1970-4] Lannguth, A. (1970). "Una nueva clasificación de los cánidos sudamericanos". Actas del IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoología. 1: 129–143.

[LindbladToh2005-5] Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.

[6] Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC 5004827. PMID 27560989.

[7] Slater, G. J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J. A.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl:10261/58562. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366.

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