Juren
| Juren | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 舉人 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 举人 | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Juren (Chinese: 舉人) was a rank achieved by people who passed the xiangshi exam in the imperial examination system of Imperial China, also known in English as the provincial examination.[1] It was higher than the shengyuan, but lower than jinshi, the highest degree.
To achieve the juren rank, candidates, who already held the shengyuan rank, had to pass the provincial examination, which occurred once every three years in the provincial capital[2]. Those with the juren rank gained gentry status, and experienced social, political and economic privileges accordingly[3].
People who achieved juren as their highest degree
- Shen Defu[4]
- Yang Shoujing
- Wei Yuan, scholar and secretariat
- Zuo Zongtang, General
- Liang Qichao, scholar and politician
- Wu Zhihui, anarchist writer and Republic of China official
- Huang Zunxian, Chinese official, scholar, and writer, active during the late Qing dynasty
- Zhu Xingyuan, politician and collaborator with Japan
References
- ^ Wang, Rui (2013). The Chinese Imperial Examination System: An Annotated Bibliography. Rowman & Littlefield.
- ^ Bai, Ying; Jia, Ruixue (2016). "Elite Recruitment and Political Stability: The Impact of the Abolition of China's Civil Service Exam". Econometrica. 84 (2): 677–733. doi:10.3982/ecta13448. ISSN 0012-9682.
- ^ Zhang, Lawrence (2013). "Legacy of Success: Office Purchase and State-Elite Relations in Qing China". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 73 (2): 259–297. doi:10.1353/jas.2013.0020. ISSN 1944-6454.
- ^ Shen, Defu (1578). "Survey of the Legitimate and Illegitimate Dynasties in History". World Digital Library (in Chinese). Retrieved 7 June 2013.
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