Pyrus communis

Pyrus communis
	European Pear branch with fruit
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rosaceae
Genus:	Pyrus
Species:	P. communis
Binomial name
	Pyrus communis; L.
Synonyms
	Pyrus domestica (L.) Ehrh.

Pyrus communis, known as the European pear or common pear,^[1] is a species of pear native to central and eastern Europe and southwest Asia.

It is one of the most important fruits of temperate regions, being the species from which most orchard pear cultivars grown in Europe, North America, and Australia have been developed. Two other species of pears, the Nashi pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) and the hybrid Chinese white or ya pear (Pyrus × bretschneideri, Chinese: 白梨; pinyin: báilí) are more widely grown in East Asia.

Origin

The cultivated European pear (P. communis subsp. communis) is thought to be descended from two subspecies of wild pears, categorized as P. communis subsp. pyraster (syn. P. pyraster) and P. communis subsp. caucasica (syn. P. caucasica), which are interfertile with domesticated pears. Archeological evidence shows these pears "were collected from the wild long before their introduction into cultivation", according to Zohary and Hopf.^[2] Although they point to finds of pears in sites in Neolithic and Bronze Age European sites, "reliable information on pear cultivation first appears in the works of the Greek and the Roman writers."^[3] Theophrastus, Cato the Elder, and Pliny the Elder all present information about the cultivation and grafting of pears.

Cultivation

European pear trees are not quite as hardy as apples, but nearly so. However, they do require some winter chilling to produce fruit. A number of Lepidoptera caterpillars feed on pear tree leaves.

For best and most consistent quality, European pears are picked when the fruit matures, but before they are ripe. Fruit allowed to ripen on the tree often drops before it can be picked, and in any event will be hard to pick without bruising. Pears store (and ship) well in their mature but unripe state if kept cold, and can be ripened later, a process called bletting. Some varieties, such as Beurre d'Anjou, ripen only with exposure to cold.

Fermented pear juice is called perry. In Britain, the place name "Perry" can indicate the historical presence of pear trees.

Relatively few cultivars of European or Asian pears are widely grown worldwide. Only about 20-25 European and 10-20 Asian cultivars represent virtually all the pears of commerce. Almost all European cultivars were chance seedlings or selections originating in western Europe, mostly France. The Asian cultivars all originated in Japan and China. 'Bartlett' (Williams) is the most common pear cultivar in the world, representing about 75% of US pear production.^{[citation needed]}

Major cultivars

In the United States, 95% of reported pear production in 2004 came from four cultivars:^[4]

50% Williams' Bon Chrétien (England, circa 1770; a summer pear commonly called Bartlett in the US and Canada, and Williams elsewhere)
34% Beurré d'Anjou (France, a winter pear commonly called just d'Anjou)
10% Beurré Bosc (France, also known as Kaiser Alexander, a winter pear commonly called just Bosc or Kaiser)
1% Doyenné du Comice (France, 1849; commonly called Comice pears)

Eight varieties of pears, from left to right, Williams' Bon Chrétien (sold in the US as Bartlett), two Red Bartlett varieties, d'Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Concorde, and Seckel

Selected European pear cultivars

Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

'Abate Fetel' (syn. Abbé Fetel; a major cultivar in Italy)
'Ayers' (USA - an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid from the University of Tennessee)
'Bambinella' (Malta)
'Beth' agm^[5]
Beurré Hardy/Gellerts Butterbirne
'Blake's Pride' (USA)
'Blanquilla' (or 'pera de agua' and 'blanquilla de Aranjuez', Spain)
'Butirra Precoce Morettini'
'Carmen'^[6]
'Clara Frijs' (major cultivar in Denmark)
'Concorde' (England - a seedling of 'Conference' × 'Doyenné du Comice) agm^[7]
'Conference' (England, 1894; the most popular commercial variety in the UK) agm^[8]
'Corella' (Australia)
'Coscia' (very early maturing cultivar from Italy)
'Don Guindo' (Spain - strong yellow, flavoured taste)
'Doyenné du Comice' (France)
'Dr. Jules Guyot'
'Forelle'
'Glou Morceau' (Belgium, 1750)
'Gorham' (USA)
'Harrow Delight' (Canada)
'Harrow Sweet' (Canada)
'Joséphine de Malines' (Belgium - obtained by Esperen, pomologist and mayor of Malines in the 19th century; one of the best late season pears) agm^[9]
'Kieffer' (USA - a hybrid of the Chinese "sand pear", P. pyrifolia and probably 'Bartlett')
'Laxton's Superb' (England; no longer used due to high susceptibility to fireblight)
'Louise Bonne of Jersey' agm^[10]
'Luscious' (USA)
'Merton Pride' (England, 1941)
'Onward' (UK) agm^[11]
'Orient' (USA - an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid)
'Packham's Triumph' (Australia, 1896)
'Pineapple' (USA - an interspecific P. communis × P. pyrifolia hybrid)
'Red Bartlett' (USA - There are three major red-skinned mutant clones: 'Max Red Bartlett', 'Sensation Red Bartlett', 'Rosired Bartlett')
'Rocha' (Portugal)
'Rosemarie' (South Africa)
'Seckel' (USA; late 17th century Philadelphia area; still produced, naturally resistant to fireblight)^[12]
'Starkrimson', also called Red Clapp's, is a red-skinned 1939 Michigan bud mutation of Clapp's Favourite. Its thick, smooth skin is a uniform, bright and intense red, and its creamy flesh is sweet and aromatic.^[13]
'Summer Beauty'
'Sudduth'
'Taylor's Gold' (New Zealand - a russeted mutant clone of 'Comice')
Triomphe de Vienne
'Williams Bonne Chrétienne' agm^[14]

Gallery

Blake's Pride pear (Image courtesy of USDA, ARS)
Packham's Triumph pear, or just Packham's pear
Beurré Clairgeau, or Clairgeau pear, an early 19th-century French variety
Louise Bonne of Jersey pear, a late 18th-century French pear
A pear pie
Williams' Bon Chrétien (commonly Williams or Bartlett) pear, 1822 printing digitized by Google.
Summer Beauty pear - watercolor 1893
Sudduth pear - watercolor 1895
Williams pear red and green from Savoie
'Butirra Precoce Morettini' variety, grown in Croatia
'Doyenné du Comice' variety, grown in Croatia
Watercolor of Forelle (European pear) painted in 1900 by Deborah Griscom Passmore (USDA)
Pyrus Communis in the UBC Botanical Garden
'Vicar of Winkfield' variety

References

^ "Heritage Rare & Iconic Trees - Visit Kew Gardens". kew.org.
^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 176.
^ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 177.
^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004". (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), page 5. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Beth'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ "Pero - in Italian" (PDF).
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Comice'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Conference'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Joséphine de Malines'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Louise Bonne of Jersey'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Onward'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004". (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), pages 5-7, 10. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
^ Dris, Ramdane, and S. Mohan Jain (editors.) (2004.) "Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops: Volume 3, Quality Handling and Evaluation". Springer, page 274, ISBN 978-1-4020-1700-1. Retrieved on 2007-10-10
^ "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Williams Bonne Chretienne'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

External links

Pyrus communis images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu

[1] "Heritage Rare & Iconic Trees - Visit Kew Gardens". kew.org.

[2] Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 176.

[3] Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (Fourth ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 177.

[4] U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004". (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), page 5. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.

[5] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Beth'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

[6] "Pero - in Italian" (PDF).

[7] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Comice'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

[8] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Conference'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

[9] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Joséphine de Malines'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

[10] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Louise Bonne of Jersey'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

[11] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Onward'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

[12] U.S. Department of Agriculture. (September 2004.) "Pyrus Crop Germplasm Committee: Report and genetic vulnerability statement, September 2004". (Website.) Germ Resources Information Network (GRIN), pages 5-7, 10. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.

[13] Dris, Ramdane, and S. Mohan Jain (editors.) (2004.) "Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops: Volume 3, Quality Handling and Evaluation". Springer, page 274, ISBN 978-1-4020-1700-1. Retrieved on 2007-10-10

[14] "RHS Plant Selector - Pyrus communis 'Williams Bonne Chretienne'". Retrieved 30 May 2013.

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v t e Pyrus
Cultivars	Abate Fetel Bosc pear Choke pear Churchland pear Concorde Conference pear D'Anjou Doyenné du Comice Harovin Sundown Huntington pear Le Conte pear Parsonage pear Pêra Rocha Seckel pear Stinking Bishop pear Taylor's gold Warden pear Williams pear Winter Nelis pear	Pear
Species	P. anatolica P. armeniacifolia P. boissieriana P. bourgaeana P. calleryana P. communis P. cordata P. elaeagrifolia P. hakkiarica P. korshinskyi P. nivalis P. oxyprion P. pashia P. pyraster P. pyrifolia P. salicifolia P. serikensis P. spinosa P. syriaca P. ussuriensis
Natural hybrids	Pyrus × bretschneideri Pyrus × sinkiangensis
Related topics	Herefordshire Pomona List of pear diseases Perry Tottori Nijisseiki Pear Museum World Apple and Pear Association
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