View source for Xiangxiang dialect

{{Short description|Xiang Chinese dialect of Hunan, China}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Xiangxiang dialect
|nativename=湘乡话
|states=China
|region=[[Xiangxiang]], [[Hunan]] province
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
|fam3=[[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]]
|fam4=Loushao 
|isoexception=dialect
|notice=IPA
}}

The '''Xiangxiang dialect''' ({{zh|s=湘乡话|p=Xiāngxiānghuà}}) is a dialect of [[Xiang Chinese]], spoken in [[Xiangxiang]], [[Hunan]] province, [[China]]. It is part of a group of dialects called the Central Xiang dialects.<ref name="Coblin-2011">{{cite book |last1=Coblin |first1=W. South |title=Comparative Phonology of the Central Xiāng Dialects |date=2011 |publisher=Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica |location=Taipei, Taiwan |isbn=978-986-02-9803-1}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
The linguistic maps below are derived from the Digital Language Atlas of China,<ref name="Crissman-2012">{{cite web |last1=Crissman |first1=Lawrence W. |title=Digital Language Atlas of China |date=23 November 2012 |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |hdl=1902.1/18939 |doi=10.7910/DVN/OHYYXH |doi-access=free|ref=Crissman-2012}}</ref> which is derived from the [[Language Atlas of China]],<ref name="Lavely-Berman-2012" /> the first atlas to comprehensively catalog and chart the distribution of Chinese dialects.<ref name="Cao-Liu-2012">{{cite journal |last1=Cao |first1=Zhiyun |last2=Liu |first2=Xiaohai |title=The Introduction of Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects |journal=Papers from the First International Conference on Asian Geolinguistics |date=14 December 2012 |pages=141–151 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzeLRjfEMUL-RXN4UUIzT1dOcEU/view |access-date=7 December 2018 |ref=Cao-Liu-2012}}</ref> This atlas refers to the two main dialects in [[Xiangxiang City]] and its surroundings as Changyi ({{lang|zh|长益片 / 長益片}})  and Loushao ({{lang|zh|娄邵片 / 婁邵片}}).

<!-- AlanTsukuba 2018/12/18: Since the Language Atlas of China, there appears to be two competing schools of classification. Bao, Chen et al at Hunan Normal University subclassify Xiang into Changyi, Loushao, etc. and essentially ignore New/Old Xiang. Another group at Hunan University use New/Old Xiang and ignore LAC and Bao/Chen. -->
The division of Xiang into [[New Xiang]] and [[Old Xiang]] was introduced by Yuan Jiahua,<ref name="Wu-2011" /> but has been superseded by the Language Atlas of China classifications.<ref name="Kurpaska-2010">{{Cite book |last=Kurpaska |first=Maria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCgnrA7Ke3QC |title=Chinese Languages: A Look Through the Prism of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects |date=2010 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-021914-2 |ref=Kurpaska-2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! | Dialect map of Hunan Province according to the Language Atlas of China<ref name="Crissman-2012"/>
|-
|  |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
[[File:Dialects of Hunan.png|400px|Dialects of Hunan Province]] 
</div>
|}

The Language Atlas of China serves as the starting point for many efforts to further detail, map and classify Xiang dialects, including the many studies of Bao Houxing and Chen Hui.<ref name="Bao-Chen-2005">{{Cite journal |last1=Bao |first1=Houxing 鲍厚星 |last2=Chen |first2=Hui 陈晖 |date=2005 |title=Xiāngyǔ de fēnqū (gǎo) |script-title=zh:湘语的分区(稿) |trans-title=The Classification of Xiang Group |journal=Fāngyán |language=zh |volume=2005 |issue=3 |pages=261–270 |ref=Bao-Chen-2005 |script-journal=zh:方言}}</ref><ref name="Li-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Kang-cheng 李康澄 |date=2014 |title=Jìn 30 nián Húnán Hànyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiū shùpíng |script-title=zh:近30年湖南汉语方言比较研究述评 |trans-title=Comparative Study Reviews of Chinese Dialects in Hunan in Recent Thirty Years |url=http://hnkjsk.cnjournals.com/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20140422&flag=1&journal_id=hnkjdxxbsk&year_id=2014 |journal=Húnán Kējì Dàxué xuébào (shèhuì kēxué bǎn) |language=zh |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=136–143 |doi=10.13582/j.cnki.1672-7835.2014.04.022 |ref=Li-2014 |script-journal=zh:湖南科技大学学报（社会科学版）}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! | Dialect map of Hunan Province according to Chen and Bao (2007)<ref name="Chen-Bao-2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hui 陈晖   |last2=Bao |first2=Houxing 鲍厚星 |date=2007 |title=Húnán Shěng de Hànyǔ fāngyán (gǎo) |script-title=zh:湖南省的汉语方言(稿) |url=http://www.cqvip.com/qk/81953x/200703/25428043.html |journal=Fāngyán |language=zh |volume=2007 |issue=3 |pages=250–259 |ref=Chen-Bao-2007 |script-journal=zh:方言}}</ref>
|-
|  |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
[[File:Hunan Dialects per Bao and Chen.png| 400px|Hunan Dialects per Chen and Bao]]
</div>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! | Linguistic map of Xianxiang City and surrounding counties<ref name="Lavely-Berman-2012">{{cite web |last1=Lavely |first1=William |last2=Berman |first2=Lex |title=Language Atlas of China |date=18 October 2012 |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |hdl=1902.1/19004 |hdl-access=free |doi=10.7910/DVN/QPUONU |doi-access=free |ref=Lavely-Berman-2012}}</ref>
|-
|  |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
[[File:Linguistic map of Xiangxiang City and surrounding counties.jpg|400px|Linguistic map of Xiangxiang City and surrounding counties]]
</div>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! |Sample Locations of Xiangxiang Dialect Studies<ref name="Coblin-2011" /><ref name="Lavely-Berman-2012" /><ref name="Hunan-Normal-2005" /><ref name="Nakajima-1990" />
|-
|  |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
[[File:Sample Locations of Xiangxiang Dialect Studies.png|400px|Sample Locations of Xiangxiang Dialect Studies]]
</div>
|}

==History and strategic value==
The Xiang dialect group forms a transitional zone between northern and southern Chinese dialects.<ref name="Wu-2011">{{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Yunji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYwhPW7ErvcC&q=Bao+houxing&pg=PA415 |title=A Synchronic and Diachronic Study of the Grammar of the Chinese Xiang Dialects |date=2011 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-018366-5 |ref=Wu-2011}}</ref>

Prehistorically, the main inhabitants were [[Ba (state)|Ba]], [[Nanman]], [[Baiyue]] and other tribes whose languages cannot be studied. During the Warring States Period, large numbers of Chu migrated into Hunan. Their language blended with that of the original natives to produce a new dialect Nanchu (Southern Chu). The culture of Xiangxiang at the center of Hunan is considered to be mainly Chu. The language of Shaoshan, Loudi, Shuangfeng and Xiangxiang (Old Xiang) is considered as originating from a synthesis of Chu and the languages of original natives.<ref name="Jiang-2006">{{Cite thesis |last=Jiang |first=Junfeng |title=A Phonological Study of Xiangxiang Dialect |date=2006 |degree=PhD |publisher=Hunan Normal University |url=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10542-2008132120.htm |ref=Jiang-2006}}</ref>

Migrations into Hunan can be divided into three periods <!-- What three periods are being referred to here? I count four.-->. Before the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], migrants came mainly from the North. Between the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] and the [[Ming dynasty]], migrants came mainly from [[Jiangxi]]. In the early [[Ming dynasty]], large numbers of migrants came from [[Jiangxi]] and settled in present day [[Yueyang]], [[Changsha]], [[Zhuzhou]], [[Xiangtan]], and [[Hengyang]] districts. Migrants from [[Jiangxi]] concentrated mainly in southeastern Hunan and present day [[Shaoyang]] and Xinhua districts. They came for two reasons: the first is that [[Jiangxi]] became too crowded and its people sought expansion. The second is that Hunan suffered greatly during the [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty]], when there was mass slaughter,<ref name="Coblin-2011"/> and needed to replenish its population. After the middle of the [[Ming dynasty]], migration gradually became more diverse and economically and commercially motivated. Migrants who came from the North settled mainly in northern Hunan followed by western Hunan. For this reason northern and western Hunan are Mandarin districts.<ref name="Jiang-2006" />

==Phonology==
===Comparison with Standard Chinese===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Comparison of Xiangxiang Area Loushao and Changyi Dialects with Standard Chinese
! rowspan=2 | Feature
! colspan=2 | Standard Chinese
! colspan=4 | Xiangxiang Locations
! colspan=1 | Ninxiang Location
|-
! Dictionary<ref name="xiandai-2015">{{Cite book |title=Xiàndài Hànyǔ cídiǎn |title-link=Xiandai Hanyu Cidian |date=2012 |publisher=Shangwu yinshuguan |isbn=978-7-100-08467-3 |edition=6th |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:现代汉语词典}}</ref>
! Chao<ref name="Chao-1968">{{cite book |last1=Chao |first1=Yuen Ren |title=A Grammar of Spoken Chinese |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofspokenc0000chao |url-access=registration |date=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-00219-9 |ref=Chao-1968}}</ref>
! Chengguan<ref name="Coblin-2011" />
! Yueshan<ref name="Nakajima-1990" />
! Jinsou<ref name="Hunan-Normal-2005" />
! Baitian<ref name="Hunan-Normal-2005" />
! Huitang<ref name="Hunan-Normal-2005" />
|-
! Consonants<br />and Initials
! 21
! 23
! 29
! 28
! 24
! 26
! 24
|-
! Vowels<br />and Finals
! 35
! 37
! 37
! 38
! 42
! 37
! 38
|-
! Tones
! 4
! 4
! 7
! 5
! 6
! 6
! 6
|}

===General===
These phonetic charts use IPA phonetic symbols with the addition of curly-tail alveolo-palatal symbols<ref name="Cook-2000">{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Richard S. Jr. |date=2000 |title=On the Status of the Curly-Tail Alveolo-Palatal (舌面前) Symbols [ȶ, ȡ, ȴ, ȵ, ɕ, ʑ] |url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pdf/curly-tailed-tdnlcz.pdf |access-date=3 December 2018 |via=stedt.berkeley.edu |ref=Cook-2000}}</ref> and follow the format set forth by Chao.<ref name="Chao-1968"/>
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ [[Consonant]]s of the Xiangxiang dialect<ref name="Coblin-2011" />
! colspan=2|&nbsp;
! [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]]
! [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]]
! [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]]
! [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]
! [[velar consonant|velar]]
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| &nbsp;
| ȵ
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! rowspan=3|[[plosives]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|-
! rowspan=2|[[fricative consonant|fricatives]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
| {{IPA link|x}}
|-
! rowspan=3|[[affricate consonant|affricates]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|dz}}
| {{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|dʐ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ts}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}
| {{IPA link|tʂ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʂʰ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan=2|[[lateral consonant|lateral]] [[approximant consonant|approximants]]
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|l}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}

====Tones====
Phonemically, Xiangxiang dialect has seven tones.<ref name="Coblin-2011" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Tone chart of the Xiangxiang dialect
|-
! Tone number !! [[Tone name]] !! [[Tone contour]] !! Description
|-
! 1
| yin ping ({{lang|zh|陰平}})|| {{IPA|˥}} (55) || ''high''
|-
! 2
| yang ping ({{lang|zh|陽平}})|| {{IPA|˩˧}} (13) || ''extra low rising''
|-
! 2'
| ci yang ping ({{lang|zh|次陽平}})|| {{IPA|˨˧}} (23) || ''low rising''
|-
! 3
| shang sheng ({{lang|zh|上聲}})|| {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) || ''low''
|-
! 5
| yin qu ({{lang|zh|陰去}})|| {{IPA|˦˥}} (45) || ''high rising''
|-
! 5'
| ci yin qu ({{lang|zh|次陰去}})|| {{IPA|˧˥}} (35) || ''high rising''
|-
! 6
| yang qu ({{lang|zh|陽去}})|| {{IPA|˧}} (33) || ''mid''
|}

===Jinsou Town<ref name="Hunan-Normal-2005">{{Cite book |last=Wen |first=Dan 文丹 |url=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10542-2004090179.htm |title=Húnán Níngxiāng yǔ Xiāngxiāng biānjiè dōng duàn de fāngyán zhuàngkuàng |date=2004 |publisher=Hunan Normal University |location=Changsha, China |language=zh |script-title=zh:湖南宁乡与湘乡边界东段的方言状况 |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>===
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ [[Consonant]]s of the Xiangxiang dialect, Jinsou Town
! colspan=2|&nbsp;
! [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]]
! [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! [[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]]
! [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]]
! [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]
! [[velar consonant|velar]]
! [[Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| &nbsp;
| ȵ
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=3|[[plosives]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|k}}
| '''[[:en:Zero (linguistics)|{{IPA|Ø|cat=no}}]]<br />油'''
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=2|[[fricative consonant|fricatives]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|x}}
|-
! rowspan=3|[[affricate consonant|affricates]]
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|dz}}
| {{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|dʐ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ts}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}
| {{IPA link|tʂ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! [[voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʂʰ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
! colspan=2|[[lateral consonant|lateral]] [[approximant consonant|approximants]]
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|l}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}

===Yueshan Town===
====Tones====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"
|+ Tone chart of the Xiangxiang dialect, Yueshan Town<ref name="Nakajima-1990">{{Cite book |last=Nakajima |first=Motoki 中嶋 幹起 |title=Shōhōgen chōsa hōkoku-ka saku |date=1990 |publisher=Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku Ajia Afurika Gengo Bunka Kenkyūjo  |isbn=4-87297-025-X |location=Tōkyō |language=ja |script-title=ja:湘方言調査報告下冊 |trans-title=Report on Xiang Dialects Part 2 |hdl=10108/81503 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|-
! Tone number !! [[Tone name]] !! [[Tone contour]] !! Description
|-
! 1
| yin ping ({{lang|zh|陰平}})|| {{IPA|˥}} (55) || ''high''
|-
! 2
| yang ping ({{lang|zh|陽平}})|| {{IPA|˩˧}} (13) || ''low rising''
|-
! 3
| shang sheng ({{lang|zh|上聲}})|| {{IPA|˨˩}} (21) || ''low''
|-
! 4
| yin qu ({{lang|zh|陰去}})|| {{IPA|˦˥}} (45) || ''high rising''
|-
! 5
| yang qu ({{lang|zh|陽去}})|| {{IPA|˨}} (22) || ''mid''
|}

==See also==
* [[Xiang Chinese]]
* [[List of Chinese dialects]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book 
| author = Hunan Sheng difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui
| author-mask = Hunan Sheng difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 湖南省地方志编纂委员会
| date = 2001
| title = Húnán shěngzhì, dì-èrshíwǔ juǎn, fāngyán zhì, shàngcè
| script-title=zh:湖南省志，第二十五卷，方言志，上册
| publisher = Hunan renmin chubanshe
| location = Changsha
| url = http://218.76.24.115/BookRead.aspx?bookid=201604080046
| language = zh
}}
* {{cite book 
| last = Li
| first = Jialong 李加龙
| date = 2017
| title =Hànyǔ fāngyán diàochá 
| script-title=zh:汉语方言调查
| publisher = Shangwu yinshuguan
| location = Beijing
| isbn = 978-7-100-12869-8
| language = zh
}}
* {{cite news |title=Húnán fāngyán zhōng tā zuì nán dǒng bèi chēng wèi "Húnán de wàiguóhuà" |script-title=zh:湖南方言中它最难懂 被称为"湖南的外国话" |url=http://view.inews.qq.com/a/HNN2017040301429506 |access-date=11 January 2019 |publisher=Xiāoxiāng chénbào |date=3 April 2017| language = zh }}

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[[Category:Xiang Chinese| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Hunan]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Subgroups of the Han Chinese]]
[[Category:Xiangxiang| ]]