George Pollard Jr.

George Pollard Jr.
Born	c. 1791
Died	1870 (aged 78–79)

George Pollard Jr. (c. 1791–1870) was the captain of the whalers Essex and Two Brothers, both of which sank. Pollard's life, including his encounter with the sperm whale that sank Essex, served as inspiration for Captain Ahab, the whale-obsessed character in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.

Life and work

Plaque on the Capt. George Pollard house in Nantucket

George Pollard was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, the son of Tamar Pollard (née Bunker) and George Pollard, a ship's captain, at a time when the principal industry there was hunting sperm whales to harvest the oil contained in their blubber and spermaceti. He served on the Essex for four years in the capacities of second mate and first mate from 1815–1819.

On April 5, 1819, Pollard was appointed captain of Essex by the owners, Gideon Folger and Paul Macy, when the previous captain, Daniel Russell, was promoted. The ship set sail for the Pacific Ocean on August 12, 1819, from which it was to return to Nantucket with a load of whale oil. Other members of the 21-man crew included Owen Chase as first mate, Matthew Joy as second mate, Thomas Nickerson as cabin boy, and six other Nantucket men. Those included Pollard's seventeen-year-old cousin Owen Coffin with whose care and protection Pollard had been entrusted by his aunt, Nancy Bunker Coffin. To fill in the crew, others had to be recruited from Cape Cod and New England cities; these were inexperienced seamen and were known as "green hands" by the Nantucketers.

Four days after leaving Nantucket the ship was struck by a sudden storm and experienced a knockdown, having tipped to its side by nearly ninety degrees. Two of the ship’s whaleboats were lost and another was damaged, leaving two usable whaleboats. The knockdown was caused in part by miscalculations on the part of Pollard and his officers, and in part by the inexperience of the crew. In his personal account of the event Nickerson wrote that, once the ship was upright, "the cool and undismayed countenance of the captain soon brought all to their sober senses." Pollard declared the damage was so extensive that they should sail back to Nantucket for repairs, but Chase and Joy persuaded him to go forward to the Azores and replace the whaleboats there.

After a difficult passage around Cape Horn, Essex arrived in the Pacific Ocean in January 1820. On 20 November 1820, in a remote area of the ocean, some 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 km) west of the Galapagos Islands, Essex was struck twice by a huge sperm whale, estimated to be 85 feet (26 m) in length. With only three shipkeepers and the crew of Chase's whaleboat on board to repair their damaged vessel, Essex began taking on water following the second collision with the whale. The crew abandoned the sinking vessel, taking the navigational equipment and Pollard's and Chase's sea chests with them. Meanwhile, Pollard and Joy were hunting smaller whales near the ship, and on their return found Essex had capsized. The crew chopped off the masts, a necessary move that would enable the ship to stay upright for a longer time, and outfitted the whaleboats with sails and masts using Essex's spars and sails. They also hastened to retrieve what provisions they could and divided them equally so that each whaleboat had 200 pounds of hardtack, 65 gallons of freshwater, and two Galapagos tortoises. The crew was divided into three whaleboats commanded by Pollard, Chase, and Joy and set sail with provisions estimated to last them 60 days. Pollard, Chase, and Joy set up a council to decide which direction to sail in. The closest islands were the Marquesas Islands, about 1,200 miles (1,900 km) west of their position but in those days the inhabitants there were believed to practice cannibalism. Pollard suggested sailing to the Society Islands, which were further away but presumed to be safer. However, on the grounds that very little was actually known about these islands, Chase and Joy disagreed, proposing instead to sail south far enough to pick up a band of variable breezes that would take them to South America. Once again, Pollard "reluctantly yielded to their arguments".

On 20 December, near starvation, the crews of the three whaleboats reached what they believed to be Ducie Island, but was actually Henderson Island. After seven days, they exhausted the island's meager supply of food and decided that the island could not sustain them and they reluctantly set sail again. Three of the men opted to remain on the island and were eventually rescued by the trading vessel Surry.

Sailing east towards South America, Pollard and Chase had seen Matthew Joy's health decline. He was transferred to Pollard's boat and shortly thereafter died. Obed Hendricks was given command of Joy's boat, and the three boats sailed on until during a gale one night Chase's boat became separated from the other two. By 20 January 1821 a crew member, Lawson Thomas, died just as the boats of Pollard and Hendricks had come to the end of their provisions. It was at this point that to survive their ordeal the men resorted to cannibalism. As other crew members died their bodies were eaten in turn until only four men were left alive on Pollard's boat. One of them, Charles Ramsdell proposed that lots should be drawn to determine who should be killed so that the rest might survive. Pollard at first resisted this suggestion but then gave in to the majority. The lot fell to his cousin Owen Coffin and lots were drawn again to determine who would be Coffin's executioner. Ramsdell drew the black spot and Coffin was shot and his remains eaten. After the death of Barzillai Ray five days later, Pollard and Ramsdell sailed on and were rescued on 23 February by the whaleship Dauphin. For a time the crews of Dauphin, Two Brothers, Hero, and Diana, which were all involved in the rescue of Pollard and Ramsdell, thought that Pollard and Ramsdell were the only survivors of the Essex crew. They were eventually moved to the whaleship Two Brothers and taken to Valparaíso. There, on March 17, they were reunited with Chase, Benjamin Lawrence, and Thomas Nickerson, the cabin boy of Essex, all of whom had been rescued by the British merchant ship Indian.

The majority of the surviving crew returned to Nantucket aboard Macedonian. Pollard, however, remained behind because his health was not stable enough for travel. Upon his return on 5 August aboard Two Brothers, Pollard had to face Nancy Bunker Coffin, who was distraught at the idea that her son's death resulted in Pollard's preservation. According to his nephew Joseph Warren Phinney, every year Pollard spent the anniversary of the Essex disaster fasting in solitude.

Herman Melville is quoted by the Nantucket Historical Association as having said of Pollard, "To the islanders he was a nobody. To me, the most impressive man, tho' wholly unassuming, even humble—that I ever encountered."

Two Brothers

Captain George Worth of the whaleship Two Brothers grew to admire Pollard, suggesting that Pollard replace him once he discontinued his own command of the ship. Pollard wanted to return to sea, believing that another wreck was unlikely. On November 26, 1821, Pollard left port as the captain of Two Brothers in hopes of finding success. Joining him as crew members were Nickerson and Ramsdell. During the voyage Pollard kept a supply of food in his cabin, something he had not done prior to the Essex disaster. This voyage also ended in disaster in February 1823 when, during a storm, Pollard had difficulty determining the ship's precise latitude. The ship ran into rocks off French Frigate Shoals and sank. Pollard and his crew escaped in the whaleboats and were rescued within a short period. Of the failed voyages Pollard said, "No owners will ever trust me with a whaler again, for all will say I am an unlucky man." This second disaster ended Pollard's whaling career, and he later took a voyage in a merchant ship before spending the rest of his life as a night watchman on Nantucket. As night watchman Pollard made sure the town curfew was kept. Though it was a lowly job, he was reported to have been "buoyant, even cheerful". Meanwhile, some Nantucket villagers suspected that Pollard had drawn the lot to be executed and that an already-dying Coffin volunteered in his stead.

In popular culture

First mate Chase and a ghost writer wrote an account of the ordeal entitled Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex. This was published soon after the return of the survivors, and was an inspiration for the Herman Melville classic, Moby-Dick (1851). Much later, Cabin boy Nickerson wrote his own account of the voyage The Loss of the Ship Essex Sunk by a Whale and the Ordeal of the Crew in Open Boats. His manuscript was lost for nearly a century, but was discovered, authenticated and published in 1984. An account of the ordeal, using both Chase and Nickerson's works, was written by Nathaniel Philbrick in the 2000 non-fiction book, In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex.

The source material for Moby Dick found itself an inspiration for movie adaptations in the mid-2010s as two of them were released in quick succession, and in which George Pollard himself became portrayed.

In 2013, the television movie The Whale was broadcast on BBC One on 22 December, wherein an elderly Thomas Nickerson recounted the events of Essex. Pollard was played by Adam Rayner.

In 2015, a film, In The Heart of the Sea, directed by Academy Award Winner Ron Howard, was released on 11 December, and in which Pollard was portrayed by Benjamin Walker.

A dramatized documentary titled Revenge of the Whale, was produced and broadcast on 7 September 2001 by NBC. The Pollard character was voiced by actor Jordan Gelber.

See also

• Custom of the sea

Bibliography

• Chase, Owen (1821). Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex. New York: W. B. Gilley. ISBN 9780819562449. OCLC 12217894.
• Nickerson, Thomas (1984) The Loss of the Ship Essex Sunk by a Whale and the Ordeal of the Crew in Open Boats. Nantucket: Nantucket Historical Association OCLC 11613950
• Philbrick, Nathaniel (2001). In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-100182-8. OCLC 46949818.