DHCPv6
| Internet protocol suite |
|---|
| Application layer |
| Transport layer |
| Internet layer |
| Link layer |
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6) is a network protocol for configuring Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) hosts with IP addresses, IP prefixes, default route, local segment MTU, and other configuration data required to operate in an IPv6 network. It is not just the IPv6 equivalent of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4.
IPv6 hosts may automatically generate IP addresses internally using stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC), or they may be assigned configuration data with DHCPv6, or both.
IPv6 hosts that use stateless autoconfiguration may need information other than what SLAAC provides on a given network. DHCPv6 can provide this information whether it is being used to assign IP addresses or not. DHCPv6 can provide host with the addresses of Domain Name System (DNS) servers, but they can also be provided through Neighbor Discovery Protocol, which is the mechanism for stateless autoconfiguration.[1]
Many IPv6 routers, such as routers for residential networks, must be configured automatically with no operator intervention. Such routers require not only an IPv6 address for use in communicating with upstream routers, but also an IPv6 prefix for use in configuring devices on the downstream side of the router. DHCPv6 prefix delegation provides a mechanism for configuring such routers.
Operation
[edit]Port numbers
[edit]Clients listen for DHCP messages on UDP port 546. Servers and relay agents listen for DHCP messages on UDP port 547.[2]: §7.2
Identifiers
[edit]DHCP unique identifier
[edit]The DHCP unique identifier (DUID) is used by a client to get an IP address from a DHCPv6 server. It has a 2-byte DUID type field, and a variable-length identifier field up to 128 bytes. Its actual length depends on its type. The server compares the DUID with its database and delivers configuration data (address, lease times, DNS servers, etc.) to the client.
Four DUID types are identified:[2]: §11
- Link-layer address plus time (DUID-LLT)
- Vendor-assigned unique ID based on enterprise number (DUID-EN)
- Link-layer address (DUID-LL)
- UUID-based DUID (DUID-UUID)
RFC 6939: Client Link-Layer Address Option
[edit]Due to the fact that it is difficult to manage multiple identifiers in a dual-stack environment, and the fact that DUIDs are simply not optimal for some situations, RFC 6939 was released, giving a way to identify a host based on its MAC address. It defines a way for a DHCPv6 relay to pass that information to a DHCPv6 server.
Example
[edit]In this example, without rapid-commit present, the server's link-local address is fe80::0011:22ff:fe33:5566 and the client's link-local address is fe80::aabb:ccff:fedd:eeff.
- Client sends a solicit from [fe80::aabb:ccff:fedd:eeff]:546 to multicast address [ff02::1:2]:547.[2]: §14
- Server replies with an advertise from [fe80::0011:22ff:fe33:5566]:547 to [fe80::aabb:ccff:fedd:eeff]:546.
- Client replies with a request from [fe80::aabb:ccff:fedd:eeff]:546 to [ff02::1:2]:547.
- Server finishes with a reply from [fe80::0011:22ff:fe33:5566]:547 to [fe80::aabb:ccff:fedd:eeff]:546.
DHCPv6 Message types
[edit]This table lists the DHCPv6 message types.
| Code | Name | RFC |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | SOLICIT | RFC 8415 |
| 2 | ADVERTISE | RFC 8415 |
| 3 | REQUEST | RFC 8415 |
| 4 | CONFIRM | RFC 8415 |
| 5 | RENEW | RFC 8415 |
| 6 | REBIND | RFC 8415 |
| 7 | REPLY | RFC 8415 |
| 8 | RELEASE | RFC 8415 |
| 9 | DECLINE | RFC 8415 |
| 10 | RECONFIGURE | RFC 8415 |
| 11 | INFORMATION-REQUEST | RFC 8415 |
| 12 | RELAY-FORW | RFC 8415 |
| 13 | RELAY-REPL | RFC 8415 |
| 14 | LEASEQUERY | RFC 5007 |
| 15 | LEASEQUERY-REPLY | RFC 5007 |
| 16 | LEASEQUERY-DONE | RFC 5460 |
| 17 | LEASEQUERY-DATA | RFC 5460 |
| 18 | RECONFIGURE-REQUEST | RFC 6977 |
| 19 | RECONFIGURE-REPLY | RFC 6977 |
| 20 | DHCPV4-QUERY | RFC 7341 |
| 21 | DHCPV4-RESPONSE | RFC 7341 |
| 22 | ACTIVELEASEQUERY | RFC 7653 |
| 23 | STARTTLS | RFC 7653 |
IETF standards
[edit]- RFC 8415, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)" - Obsoletes RFC 3315, RFC 3633, RFC 3736, RFC 4242, RFC 7083, RFC 7283, RFC 7550.
- RFC 3319, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers"
- RFC 3646, "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)"
- RFC 4704, "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option"
- RFC 5007, "DHCPv6 Leasequery" support
- RFC 6221, "Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent" (LDRA) - Updates RFC 3315, Errata
- RFC 6355, "Definition of the UUID-Based DHCPv6 Unique Identifier (DUID-UUID)"
- RFC 6939, "Client Link-Layer Address Option in DHCPv6"
- RFC 7653, "DHCPv6 Active Leasequery"
See also
[edit]- Comparison of DHCP server software
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- Neighbor Discovery Protocol, which also supports DNS Configuration
- Prefix delegation, which allows a DHCPv6 client to obtain a whole prefix.
References
[edit]- ^ J. Jeong, ed. (February 2006). IPv6 Host Configuration of DNS Server Information Approaches. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4339. RFC 4339. Informational.
- ^ a b c T. Mrugalski; M. Siodelski; B. Volz; A. Yourtchenko; M. Richardson; S. Jiang; T. Lemon; T. Winters (November 2018). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC8415. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 8415. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 3315, 3633, 3736, 4242, 7083, 7283 and 7550.
External links
[edit]- IANA DHCPv6 Parameters
- IPv6 Intelligence: DHCPv6, comparison of DHCPv6 packages and implementations (Last updated: April, 2009)
- IPv6 Ready: DHCPv6, list of IPv6 Phase II Certified DHCPv6 implementations (Last updated: December, 2012)