Donetsk People's Republic
This article needs to be updated. (October 2022) |
Donetsk People's Republic
Донецкая Народная Республика | |
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Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: Государственный гимн Донецкой Народной Республики Gosudarstvennyy gimn Donetskoy Narodnoy Respubliki "State Anthem of the Donetsk People's Republic" | |
Territory of Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast controlled by Russia as DPR shown in red and pink; territory claimed but not controlled shown in yellow and blue[2] | |
DPR in its borders claimed by Russia shown in red, along with other disputed territories hatched | |
| Coordinates: 48°08′N 37°44′E / 48.14°N 37.74°E | |
| Country | Russia (partly controlled; internationally recognized as part of Ukraine) |
| Federal district | Southern[1] |
| Established | 7 April 2014[3] (as a breakaway state) 30 September 2022 (as a republic of Russia) |
| Administrative centre | Donetsk |
| Government | |
| • Body | People's Council |
| • Head | Denis Pushilin |
| • Prime Minister | Yevgeny Solntsev |
| Population | |
• Total | ? |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK[4]) |
| License plates | 80, 180[5] |
| OKTMO ID | 21000000 |
| Official language | Russian[6] |
| Website | днронлайн |
The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR; Russian: Донецкая Народная Республика (ДНР), romanized: Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika (DNR), IPA: [dɐˈnʲetskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]) is a republic of Russia, comprising the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast,[7][8] with its capital in Donetsk.
The DPR was created by Russian-backed paramilitaries in 2014,[9][10] and it initially operated as a breakaway state until it was illegally annexed in 2022. The entire territory of DPR is viewed as sovereign territory of Ukraine by nearly all UN member states.
Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity in 2014, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary unrest erupted in the eastern part of the country. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine, while armed separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent states. This sparked the war in Donbas, part of the wider Russo-Ukrainian War. The DPR and LPR are often described as puppet states of Russia during this conflict.[11][12][13] They received no international recognition from any United Nations member state before 2022.
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the DPR and LPR as sovereign states. Three days later, it launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the republics. Russian forces captured more of Donetsk Oblast, which became part of the DPR. In September 2022, Russia proclaimed the annexation of the DPR and other occupied territories, following referendums widely described as fraudulent by commentators. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it called the "attempted illegal annexation" and demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw".[14][15]
The Head of DPR is Denis Pushilin, and its parliament is the People's Council. The ideology of the DPR is shaped by right-wing Russian nationalism, Russian imperialism, and Orthodox fundamentalism.[16] Russian far-right groups played an important role among the separatists, especially at the beginning of the conflict.[17] Organizations such as the UN Human Rights Office and Human Rights Watch have reported human rights abuses in the DPR, including internment, torture, extrajudicial killings, and forced conscription,[18] as well as political and media repression. The DPR People's Militia has also been held responsible for war crimes, among them the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.[19] Ukraine views the DPR and LPR as terrorist organisations.[20]
History
The Luhansk and Donetsk Peoples Republics are located in the historical Donbas region of Eastern Ukraine. Since Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Eastern and Western Ukraine typically have voted for different candidates in presidential elections. Viktor Yanukovych, a Donetsk native, was elected as President of Ukraine in 2010. Eastern Ukrainian dissatisfaction with the government can also be attributed to the Euromaidan Protests which began in November 2013,[21] as well as Russian support[22] due to tension in Russia–Ukraine relations over Ukraine's geopolitical orientation.[23] President Yanukovych's overthrow in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution led to protests in Eastern Ukraine, which gradually escalated into an armed conflict between the newly formed Ukrainian government and the local armed militias.[24] The pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine was originally characterised by riots and protests which had eventually escalated into the storming of government offices.[25]
In 2011, Ukrainian Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts had a combined population of 6,1mln. As a result of Russian military aggression in 2014, 2 million had to leave the region as refugees. After full-scale Russian invasion in 2022, under the false pretext of "genocide of Russian speakers", another approx. 3 mln. either fled or were killed, resulting in total in 80% decrease of Donbas population. According to political scientist Taras Kuzio, this amounts to "destruction, depopulation, and genocide".[26]
Formation (2014–2015)
Foundations
On 6 April, 2014, pro-Russian rebel leaders announced that a referendum on whether Donetsk Oblast should "join the Russian Federation", would take place "no later than May 11th, 2014."[27] Additionally, the group's leaders appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to send Russian peacekeeping forces to the region.[27][28]
On 7 April, between 1,000 and 2,000[29] people attended a rally in Donetsk pushing for a Crimea-style referendum on independence from Ukraine. Ukrainian media claimed that the proposed referendum had no status quo option.[30] Afterwards, 200–1,000 separatists[31][29] stormed and took control of the first two floors of the government headquarters of the Regional State Administration (RSA), breaking down doors and smashing windows. The separatists demanded a referendum to join Russia, and said they would otherwise take unilateral control and dismiss the elected government.[32][33][34] When the session was not held, the unelected separatists held a vote within the RSA building and overwhelmingly backed the declaration of a Donetsk People's Republic.[35] According to the Russian ITAR-TASS, the declaration was voted by some regional legislators, while Ukrainian media claimed that neither the Donetsk city council nor district councils of the city delegated any representatives to the session.[36][37]
The political leadership initially consisted of Denis Pushilin, self-appointed as chairman of the government,[38][39] while Igor Kakidzyanov was named as the commander of the People's Army.[40] Vyacheslav Ponomarev became the self-proclaimed mayor of the city of Sloviansk.[41] Ukrainian-born pro-Russian activist Pavel Gubarev,[42][43] an Anti-Maidan activist, a former member of the neo-Nazi Russian National Unity paramilitary group in 1999–2001 and former member of the nazbol Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, proclaimed himself the People's Governor of the Donetsk Region.[44][45][46][47] He was arrested on charges of separatism and illegal seizure of power but released in a hostage swap.[48][42] Alexander Borodai, a Russian citizen claiming to be involved in the Russian annexation of Crimea, was appointed as prime minister, while Igor Girkin was made Defence Minister. Borodai had a past working for an openly anti-semitic and fascist Russian newspaper Zavtra which had called for pogroms against Jews.[49][50]
On the morning of 8 April, the 'Patriotic Forces of Donbas', a pro-Kyiv group that was formed on 15 March earlier that year by 13 pro-Kyiv NGOs, political parties and individuals,[51][52] issued a statement "cancelling" the other group's declaration of independence, citing complaints from locals.[53][54][55]
The Donetsk Republic organisation continued to occupy the RSA and upheld all previous calls for a referendum and the release of their leader Pavel Gubarev.[56][a] On 8 April, about a thousand people rallied in front of the RSA listening to speeches about the Donetsk People's Republic and to Soviet and Russian music.[57] Ukrainian media stated that a number of Russian citizens, including one leader of a far-right militant group, had also taken part in the events.[58]
12 April saw the start of a military conflict. Russian nationalist and former intelligence officer Igor "Strelkov" Girkin led an armed team of 52 volunteers and mercenaries from Crimea, where he had participated in the Russian occupation of the peninsula, to seize police and government buildings in Sloviansk, Donetsk Oblast.[59]: 14–17 Girkin's unit drove off an initial response by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) and successive assaults by government, in what was to become an eighty-four day siege.[59]: 14–17 Girkin later said that he had been "the one who pulled the trigger of war".[60]
On 15 April 2014, acting Ukrainian President Olexander Turchynov announced the start of a military counteroffensive to confront the pro-Russian militants, and on 17 April, tensions de-escalated as Russia, the US, and the EU agreed on a roadmap to eventually end the crisis.[61][62] However, officials of the People's Republic ignored the agreement and vowed to continue their occupations until a referendum was accepted or the government in Kyiv resigned.[63]
The OSCE reported that all the main institutions of the city observed by the Monitoring Mission seemed to be working normally as of 16 April.[64] On 22 April, separatists agreed to release the session hall of the building along with two floors to state officials.[65] The ninth and tenth floors were later released on 24 April.[66] On the second day of the Republic, organisers decided to pour all of their alcohol out and announce a prohibition law after issues arose due to excessive drinking in the building.[67]
On 7 May, Russian president Vladimir Putin asked the separatists to postpone the proposed referendum to create the necessary conditions for dialogue. Despite Putin's comments, the Donetsk Republic group said they would still carry out the referendum.[68] The same day, Ukraine's security service (SBU) released an alleged audio recording of a phone call between a Donetsk separatist leader and leader of one of the splinter groups of former Russian National Unity Alexander Barkashov.[69] In the call, the voice said to be Barkashov insisted on falsifying the results of the referendum.[70] SBU stated that this tape is a definitive proof of the direct involvement of Russian government with preparations for the referendum.[69]
Ukrainian authorities released separatist leader Pavel Gubarev and two others in exchange for three people detained by the Donetsk Republic.[71]
Polling during this period indicated that around 18 per cent of Donetsk Oblast residents supported the seizures of administrative buildings while 72 per cent disapproved. Twelve per cent were in favour of Ukraine and Russia uniting into a single state, a quarter were in favour of regional secession to join Russia, 38.4 per cent supported federalisation, 41.1 per cent supported a unitary Ukraine with decentralised power, and 10.6 per cent supported the status quo.[72][73] In an August 2015 poll, with 6500 respondents from 19 cities of Donetsk Oblast, 29 per cent supported the DPR and 10 per cent considered themselves to be Russian patriots.[74]
11 May independence referendum
The planned referendum was held on 11 May, disregarding Vladimir Putin's appeal to delay it.[75] The organisers claimed that 89% voted in favour of self-rule, with 10% against, on a turnout of nearly 75%. The results of the referendums were not officially recognised by any government;[76] Germany and the United States also stated that the referendums had "no democratic legitimacy",[77] while the Russian government expressed respect for the results and urged a civilised implementation.[78]
On the day after the referendum, the People's Soviet of the DPR proclaimed Donetsk to be a sovereign state with an indefinite border and asked Russia "to consider the issue of our republic's accession into the Russian Federation".[citation needed] It also announced that it would not participate in the Ukrainian presidential election which took place on 25 May.[79]
The first full Government of the DPR was appointed on 16 May 2014.[80] It consisted of several ministers who were previously Donetsk functionaries, a member of the Makiivka City Council, a former Donetsk prosecutor, a former member of the special police Alpha Group, a member of the Party of Regions (who allegedly coordinated "Titushky" (Viktor Yanukovych supporters) during Euromaidan) and Russian citizens.[80] This government imposed martial law on 16 July.[81]
Elections in the DPR and LPR were held on 2 November 2014, after the territories had boycotted the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election on 26 October.[82] The results were not recognised by any country.[83][84]
The DPR adopted a memorandum on 5 February 2015, declaring itself the successor to the Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic and Bolshevik revolutionary Fyodor Sergeyev—better known by his alias "Artyom"—as the country's founding father.[85]
Stalemate (2015–2022)
On 1 January 2015, the Russian ruble went into official circulation with parallel circulation of the Ukrainian hryvnia permitted until 1 September 2015, however, taxes and fees were to be paid in rubles only, and the wages of employees at budget-receiving organisations were to be paid out in rubles as well.[86]
On 12 February 2015, the DPR and LPR leaders, Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky, signed the Minsk II agreement.[87] According to the agreement, amendments to the Ukrainian constitution should be introduced, including "the key element of which is decentralisation" and the holding of elections in the LPR and DPR within the lines of the Minsk Memorandum. In return, the rebel-held territory would be reintegrated into Ukraine.[87][88] In an effort to stabilise the ceasefire in the region, particularly the disputed and strategically important town of Debaltseve, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called for a UN-led peacekeeping operation in February 2015 to monitor compliance with the Minsk agreement.[89] The Verkhovna Rada did not ratify the changes in the constitution needed for the Minsk agreement.[90][91][92]
On 20 May 2015, the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya, a proposed confederation of the DPR and LPR, announced the termination of the confederation project.[93][94]
On 15 June 2015, several hundred people protested in the centre of Donetsk against the presence of BM-21 "Grad" launchers in a residential area. The launchers had been used to fire at Ukrainian positions, provoking return fire and causing civilian casualties.[95] A DPR leader said that its forces were indeed shelling from residential areas (mentioning school 41 specifically), but that "the punishment of the enemy is everyone's shared responsibility".[96]
On 2 July 2015, DPR leader Aleksandr Zakharchenko ordered local elections to be held on 18 October 2015 "in accordance with the Minsk II agreements".[98] The 2015 Ukrainian local elections were set for 25 October 2015.[99] This was condemned by Ukraine.[98]
On 4 September 2015, there was a sudden change in the DPR government, where Denis Pushilin replaced Andrey Purgin in the role of speaker of the People's Council and, in his first decision, fired Aleksey Aleksandrov, the council's chief of staff, Purgin's close ally. This happened in absence of Purgin and Aleksandrov who were held at the border between Russia and DPR, preventing their return to the republic. Aleksandrov was accused of "destructive activities" and an "attempt to illegally cross the border" by the republic's Ministry of Public Security. Russian and Ukrainian media commented on these events as yet another coup in the republic's authorities.[100][101]
After a Normandy four meeting in which the participants agreed that elections in territories controlled by DPR and LPR should be held according to Minsk II rules, both postponed their planned elections to 21 February 2016.[102] Vladimir Putin used his influence to reach this delay.[103] The elections were then postponed to 20 April 2016 and again to 24 July 2016.[104] On 22 July the elections were again postponed to 6 November.[105]
In July 2016, over a thousand people, mainly small business owners, protested in Horlivka against corruption and taxes, which included charging customs fees on imported goods.[106]
On 2 October 2016, the DPR and LPR held primaries in were voters voted to nominate candidates for participation in the 6 November 2016 elections.[107] Ukraine denounced these primaries as illegal.[107] The DPR finally held elections on 11 November 2018. These were described as "predetermined and without alternative candidates"[108] and not recognised externally.[109]
On 16 October 2016, a prominent Russian citizen and DPR military leader Arsen Pavlov was killed by an improvised explosive device in his Donetsk apartment's elevator.[110] Another DPR military commander, Mikhail Tolstykh, was killed by an explosion while working in his Donetsk office on 8 February 2017.[111] On 31 August 2018, Head and Prime Minister Alexander Zakharchenko was killed in an explosion in a cafe in Donetsk.[112] After his death Dmitry Trapeznikov was appointed as head of the government until September 2019 when he was nominated mayor of Elista, capital of Kalmyk Republic in Russia.[113] According to Ukrainian authorities, 50 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in clashes with Donbas separatists in 2020.[114]
In January 2021, the DPR and LPR stated in a "doctrine Russian Donbas" that they aimed to seize all of the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast under control by the Ukrainian government "in the near future".[115] The document did not specifically state the intention of DPR and LPR to be annexed by Russia.[115]
Russian invasion of Ukraine (since 2022)
The general mobilization in the Donetsk People's Republic began on 19 February 2022; five days before the start of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Tens of thousands of local residents were forcibly mobilized for the war. According to the Eastern Human Rights Group, as of mid-June, about 140,000 people were forcibly mobilized in the DPR and LPR, of which from 48,000 to 96,000 were sent to the front and the rest to logistics support.[116][117]
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the independence of the DPR and LPR.[118] The next day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force, and Russian forces openly advanced into the separatist territories.[119] Russian president Vladimir Putin declared that the Minsk agreements "no longer existed", and that Ukraine, not Russia, was to blame for their collapse.[120] A Russian military attack into Ukrainian government-controlled territory began on the morning of 24 February,[121] when Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.[122][123]
In the course of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, around 55% of Donetsk Oblast came under the control of Russia and the DPR by June 2022.[124] In the south of Donetsk Oblast, the Russian Armed Forces laid siege to Mariupol for almost three months.[125] According to Ukrainian sources, an estimated 22,000 civilians were killed[126] and 20,000 to 50,000 were illegally deported to Russia by June 2022.[127][128][129] A vehicle convoy of 82 ethnic Greeks was able to leave the city via a humanitarian corridor.[130][131]
On 19 April 2022, a town hall assembly was reportedly organized in Russian-occupied Rozivka, where a majority of attendees (mainly seniors) voted by hand to join the Donetsk People's Republic. This came despite two hurdles: the raion was outside the borders claimed by the DPR, and the raion had not existed since 18 July 2020. The vote was claimed to be rigged, and organizers threatened anyone voting against it with arrest.[132][133]
On 21 May 2022, the town of Oskil in the Kharkiv Oblast was declared part of the DPR.[134] The town was later recaptured by Ukrainian forces during the Kharkiv Counteroffensive.
Dmitry Medvedev, the former Russian president and as of July 2022 vice chairman of the Russian Security Council, in July 2022 shared a map of Ukraine where most of Ukraine, including DPR, had been absorbed by Russia.[135]
Der Spiegel reported that forcibly recruited men from Donbas were used as cannon fodder. According to DPR officials, more than 3,000 were killed and over 13,000 wounded, "a casualty rate of 80 percent of the initial fighting force."[136] Human rights activists reported a huge – up to 30,000 people as of August 2022 – death toll among mobilized recruits in clashes with the well-trained Armed Forces of Ukraine.[116][117] On 16 August 2022, Vladimir Putin stated that "the objectives of this operation are clearly defined – ensuring the security of Russia and our citizens, protecting the residents of Donbass from genocide."[137]
Annexation by Russia
On 20 September 2022, the People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic scheduled a referendum on the republic's entry into Russia as a federal subject for 23–27 September.[138] It was widely described as a sham referendum by commentators and denounced by various countries. On 21 September, Russian President Putin announced a partial mobilization in Russia. He said that "in order to protect our motherland, its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to ensure the safety of our people and people in the liberated territories", he decided to declare a partial mobilization.[139] On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of the DPR along with the Luhansk People's Republic and two other oblasts of Ukraine in an address to both houses of the Russian parliament. On 12 October 2022, the United Nations General Assembly voted in Resolution ES-11/4 to condemn the annexation. The resolution received a vast majority of 143 countries in support of condemning Russia's annexation, 35 abstaining, and only 5 against condemning Russia's annexation.[15]
Government and politics
In early April 2014, a Donetsk People's Council was formed out of protesters who occupied the building of the Donetsk Regional Council on 6 April 2014.[32][33][140] The New York Times described the self-proclaimed state as neo-Soviet,[141] while Al Jazeera described it as neo-Stalinist and a "totalitarian, North Korea-like statelet".[142] Administration proper in DPR territories was performed by those authorities which performed these functions prior to the war in Donbas.[143] The DPR leadership has also appointed mayors.[144][145] Some sources described the "Donetsk People's Republic" during this period as a Russian puppet government.[146][147][148]
On 5 February 2020, Denis Pushilin unexpectedly appointed Vladimir Pashkov, a Russian citizen and former deputy governor of Russia's Irkutsk Oblast, as the chairman of the government.[149] This appointment was received in Ukraine as a demonstration of direct control over DPR by Russia.[150]
Several Russian officials were appointed to cabinet posts and prime ministership of the DPR in June and July 2022.[151]
Head
The Head of the Donetsk People's Republic (Russian: Глава Донецкой Народной Республики, romanized: Glava Donetskoy Narodnoy Respubliki) is the highest office of the Donetsk People's Republic. The following persons have occupied the post:
- Alexander Zakharchenko (1976–2018) 4 November 2014 – 31 August 2018 †. Political party: Donetsk Republic[152][153]
- Dmitry Trapeznikov (born 1981) Acting 31 August 2018 – 7 September 2018. Independent[154]
- Denis Pushilin (born 1981) 7 September 2018 – Incumbent (Acting: 7 September 2018 – 20 November 2018). Political party: Donetsk Republic, later United Russia[155]
Legislature
The parliament of the Donetsk People's Republic is the People's Council[156] and has 100 deputies.[82]
Passports and citizenship
In March 2016, the DPR began to issue passports[157] despite a 2015 statement by Zakharchenko that, without at least partial recognition of DPR, local passports would be a "waste of resources".[157] In November 2016 the DPR announced that all of its citizens had dual Ukrainian/Donetsk People's Republic citizenship.[158]
In June 2019, Russia started giving Russian passports to the inhabitants of the DPR and Luhansk People's Republic under a simplified procedure allegedly on "humanitarian grounds" (such as enabling international travel for eastern Ukrainian residents whose passports have expired).[159] Since December 2019 Ukrainian passports are no longer considered a valid identifying document in the DPR, and Ukrainian licence plates have been declared illegal.[160] Meanwhile, the previous favourable view of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in the DPR press was replaced with personal accusations of genocide and "crimes against Donbas", and proposals of organising a tribunal against him in absentia.[160] In March 2020 Russian was declared to be the only state language of the DPR;[161][unreliable source?] previously in its May 2014 constitution, the DPR had declared both Russian and Ukrainian its official languages.[80]
According to the Ukrainian press, by mid-2021, local residents received half a million Russian passports.[162] Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff Dmitry Kozak stated in a July 2021 interview with Politique internationale that 470,000 local residents had received Russian passports; he added that "as soon as the situation in Donbass is resolved ....The general procedure for granting citizenship will be restored."[163]
Military
The Donbas People's Militia was formed by Pavel Gubarev, who was elected People's Governor of Donetsk Oblast and Igor Girkin, appointed the Minister of Defence of the Donetsk People's Republic.[164] The People's Militia of the DPR (Russian: Вооружённые силы ДНР) comprise the Russian separatist forces in the DPR. On 10 January 2020 president of the non-recognised pro-Russian Abkhazia accused DPR of staging a coup in his country. DPR commander Akhra Avidzba was commanding on the spot.[165] Unlike South Ossetia, Abkhazia had not then recognised DPR.[166]
The award Hero of the Donetsk People's Republic (Russian: Герой Донецкой Народной Республики) was bestowed on
- Joseph Kobzon – Russian actor[167]
- Ramzan Kadyrov — Head of Chechen Republic[168]
Problems of governance
OSCE monitors met with the self-proclaimed mayor of Sloviansk, Volodymyr Pavlenko, on 20 June 2014.[169] According to him, sewage systems in Sloviansk had collapsed, resulting in the release of least 10,000 litres of untreated sewage into the river Sukhyi Torets, a tributary of the Seversky Donets. He called this an "environmental catastrophe", and said that it had the potential to affect both Russia and Ukraine.[169]
As of May 2014, the Ukrainian Government was paying wages and pensions for the inhabitants of the DPR.[170][171][172] The closing of bank branches led to problems in receiving these,[173][174][175] especially since the National Bank of Ukraine ordered banks to suspend financial transactions in places which are not controlled by the Ukrainian authorities on 7 August 2014.[176] Only the Oschadbank (State Savings Bank of Ukraine) continued to function in territories controlled by the DPR, but it also closed its branches there on 1 December 2014.[176][177] In response, tens of thousands of pensioners have registered their address as being in Ukrainian-controlled areas while still living in separatist-controlled areas, and must travel outside of separatist areas to collect their pensions on a monthly basis.[178]
In October 2014, the DPR announced the creation of its own central bank and tax office, obliging residents to register to the DPR and pay taxes to it.[179] Some local entrepreneurs refused to register.[179]
According to the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine a number of local mutinies have taken place due to unpaid wages and pensions, the council claims that on 24 November 2014, the local "Women Resistance Battalion" presented to Zakharchenko an ultimatum to get out of Donetsk in two months.[180]
Since April 2015, the DPR has been issuing its own vehicle number plates.[181]
The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine reported that in the DPR, "parallel 'justice systems' have begun operating".[182] They found this new judiciary to be "non-transparent, subject to constant change, seriously under-resourced and, in many instances, completely non-functional".[182]
Law and order
The Ministry of Internal Affairs is the DPR's agency responsible for implementing law and order.[183]
In 2014, the DPR introduced the death penalty for cases of treason, espionage, and assassination of political leaders. There had already been accusations of extrajudicial execution.[184] After 2015 a number of DPR and LPR field commanders and other significant figures were killed or otherwise removed from power.[185][186] This included Cossack commander Pavel Dryomov, commander of Private Military Company (ЧВК) Dmitry Utkin ("Wagner"), Alexander Bednov ("Batman"), Aleksey Mozgovoy, Yevgeny Ishchenko, Andrei Purgin and Dmitry Lyamin (the last two arrested).[187][188] In August 2016 Igor Plotnitsky, head of LPR, was seriously injured in a car bombing attack in Luhansk.[189] In September 2016 Evgeny Zhilin (Yevhen Zhylin), leader of the separatist "Oplot" unit, was killed in a restaurant near Moscow.[190][191] In October 2016 military commander Arseniy Pavlov ("Motorola") was killed by an IED planted at his house.[192] In February 2017 a bomb planted in an office killed Mikhail Tolstykh ("Givi").[193] On 31 August 2018 DPR leader Alexander Zakharchenko was killed by a bomb in a restaurant in Donetsk.[153] The DPR and Russia blamed the Security Service of Ukraine; Ukraine rejected these accusations, stating that Zakharchenko's death was the result of civil strife in the DPR.[186]
In May 2015, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed four laws concerning decommunisation in Ukraine. Various cities and many villages in Donbas were renamed. The Ukrainian decommunisation laws were condemned by the DPR.[194]
In addition to Ukrainian prisoners of war there are reports of "thousands" of prisoners who were arrested as part of internal fighting between various militant groups inside DPR.[195]
Political scientist Stephen Shenfield summarizes the witness account of life in DPR as
- Political repressions on a level of Stalin's terror
- Power and wealth concentrated in hands of an elite
- Industrial base destroyed by fighting, stolen, or moved to Russia
- Large unemployment rate due to the destruction of the industry, and former workers joining armed formations to get paid.[196]
In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, three soldiers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Aiden Aslin, Shaun Pinner, and Brahim Saadoune, were sentenced to death. The DPR lifted the death penalty moratorium.[197]
Ideology
According to a 2016 report by the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), Russian ethnic and imperialist nationalism has shaped the official ideology of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[198] During the war in Donbas, especially at the beginning, far-right groups played an important role on the pro-Russian side, arguably more so than on the Ukrainian side.[198][199]
According to Marlène Laruelle, separatist ideologues in Donbas produced an ideology composed of three strands of Russian nationalism: neo-fascist, Orthodox, and neo-Soviet.[199] Journalist Andrew Kramer observed that the DPR had effectively institutionalized nostalgia for the Soviet Union in the territories under its control, and reintroduced some socialist state policies, including the nationalization of the mining industry and commercial agriculture.[141]
Members and former members of neo-Nazi group Russian National Unity (RNU), as well as the National Bolshevik Party, Eurasian Youth Union, and Cossack groups, formed branches to recruit volunteers for the separatists.[198][200][201][202] A former RNU member, Pavel Gubarev, was founder of the Donbas People's Militia and first "governor" of the Donetsk People's Republic.[198][203] RNU is particularly linked to the Russian Orthodox Army,[198] one of a number of separatist units described as "pro-Tsarist" and "extremist Orthodox" nationalists.[204][198] Neo-Nazi unit 'Rusich'[198] is part of the Wagner Group, a Russian mercenary group in Ukraine which has been linked to far-right extremism.[205][206]
Some of the most influential far-right nationalists among the Russian separatists are neo-imperialists, who seek to revive the Russian Empire.[198] These included Igor 'Strelkov' Girkin, the minister of defence of the Donetsk People's Republic, who espouses Russian neo-imperialism and ethno-nationalism.[198] The Russian Imperial Movement, a white supremacist militant group,[205] has recruited thousands of volunteers to join the separatists.[204] Some separatists have flown the black-yellow-white Russian imperial flag,[198] such as the Sparta Battalion. In 2014, volunteers from the National Liberation Movement joined the Donetsk People's Republic People's Militia bearing portraits of Tsar Nicholas II.[200] The national flag of the Soviet Union is also commonly displayed at official events, parades, and celebrations in the DPR.[141]
Other Russian nationalist volunteers involved in separatist militias included members of the Eurasian Youth Union, and of banned groups such as the Slavic Union and Movement Against Illegal Immigration.[201] Another Russian separatist paramilitary unit, the Interbrigades, is made up of activists from the National Bolshevik (Nazbol) group Other Russia.[198] An article in Dissent noted that "despite their neo-Stalinist paraphernalia, many of the Russian-speaking nationalists Russia supports in the Donbass are just as right-wing as their counterparts from the Azov Battalion".[207]
In July 2015, the head of the Donetsk People's Republic, Alexander Zakharchenko, said at a press conference that he respected Ukraine's far-right party Right Sector "when they beat up the gays in Kyiv and when they tried to depose Poroshenko".[208]
While far-right activists played a part in the early days of the conflict, their importance was often exaggerated, and their importance on both sides of the conflict declined over time. The political climate in Donetsk further pushed far-right groups into the margins.[198]
In April 2022, news outlets noted that a video posted on Donetsk People's Republic's website showed Denis Pushilin awarding a medal to Lieutenant Roman Vorobyov (Somalia Battalion) while Vorobyov was wearing patches affiliated with neo-Nazism: the Totenkopf used by the 3rd SS Panzer Division, and the valknut. However, the video did not show Vorobyov getting his medal when it was posted on Pushilin's website.[209][210]
International status
The Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) initially sought recognition as a sovereign state following its declaration of independence in April 2014. Subsequently, the DPR willingly acceded to the Russian Federation as a Russian federal subject in September–October 2022, effectively ceasing to exist as a sovereign state in any capacity and revoking its status as such in the eyes of the international community. The DPR claims direct succession to Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast.
From 2014 to 2022, Ukraine, the United Nations, and most of the international community regarded the DPR as an illegal entity occupying a portion of Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast (see: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War). The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), which had a similar backstory, was regarded in the exact same way. Crimea's status was treated slightly differently since Russia annexed that territory immediately after its declaration of independence in March 2014.
Up until February 2022, Russia did not recognise the DPR, although it maintained informal relations with the DPR. On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the DPR and the LPR at the same time,[211] marking a major escalation in the 2021–2022 diplomatic crisis between Russia and Ukraine. Three days later, on 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of the entire country of Ukraine, partially under the pretext of protecting the DPR and the LPR. The war had wide-reaching repercussions for Ukraine, Russia, and the international community as a whole (see: War crimes, Humanitarian impact, Environmental impact, Economic impact, and Ukrainian cultural heritage). In September 2022, Russia made moves to consolidate the territories that it had occupied in Ukraine, including Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts. Russia officially annexed these four territories in September–October 2022.
Between February 2022 and October 2022, in addition to receiving Russian recognition, the DPR was recognised by North Korea (13 July 2022)[212] and Syria (29 June 2022).[213][214] This means that three United Nations member states recognised the DPR in total throughout its period of claimed independence. The DPR was also recognised by three other breakaway entities: the LPR, South Ossetia (19 June 2014),[215] and Abkhazia (25 February 2022).[216]
Relations with Ukraine
The Ukrainian government passed the "Law on the special status of Donbas" on 16 September 2014, which designated a special status within Ukraine on certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, in line with the Minsk agreements.[citation needed] The status lasted for three years, and then was extended annually several times.[217]
In January 2015, Ukraine declared the Russia-backed separatist republics in Donbas to be terrorist organizations.[218]
Relations with Russia before 2022
Russia has recognised identity documents, diplomas, birth, and marriage certificates and vehicle registration plates as issued by the DPR and the LPR since 18 February 2017,[219] enabling people living in DPR-controlled territories to travel, work, or study in Russia.[219] According to the decree, it was signed "to protect human rights and freedoms" in accordance with "the widely recognised principles of international humanitarian law".[220]
On February 21, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed agreements on friendship, cooperation, and assistance with DPR and the LPR, coinciding with Russia's official recognition of the two quasi-states.[211] The Russian State Duma had approved a draft resolution appealing for him to recognize both quasi-states on 15 February.[221] Shortly afterwards, Abkhazia also recognized the independence of the DPR.
Relations with extremist groups
According to the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group, a number of European politicians from extreme-right and extreme-left have received all-expenses-paid trips to the Donetsk People's Republic.[222]
Far-right
As well as Russian far-right groups (see #Right-wing nationalism), the DPR has cultivated relations with other European far-right groups and activists. The Lansing Institute for Global Threats and Democracies Studies acquired a memorandum of cooperation between the DPR and the far-right Russian Imperial Movement, which trains foreign volunteers; including members of the neo-Nazi Atomwaffen Division and Der Dritte Weg.[223][224][225][226][227] Anton Shekhovtsov, an expert on far-right movements in Russia and abroad, reported in 2014 that Polish neo-fascist group "Falanga", Italian far-right group "Millennium" and French Eurasianists had joined the Donbas separatists.[228][229][230] Members of Serbian Action have also joined the Donbas separatists.[231]
According to Italian newspaper la Repubblica, well-known Italian neo-fascist Andrea Palmeri (former member of the far-right New Force party) has been fighting for the DPR since 2014, and was hailed by DPR leader Gubarev as a "real fascist".[232] Other far-right activists with links to the DPR include French far-right MEP Jean-Luc Schaffhauser, Italian nationalist Alessandro Musolino, German neo-Nazi journalist Manuel Ochsenreiter, and Emmanuel Leroy, a far-right adviser to Marine Le Pen, former leader of the National Rally.[233][234]
Finnish neo-Nazis have been recruited for pro-Russian forces by local far-right pro-Russian parties.[235][236][237][238][239] In addition to recruiting, Janus Putkonen also runs the Russian-funded DONi (Donbass International News Agency) and MV-media, which publish pro-Russian propaganda about the DPR.[240][241]
Far-left
The DPR has also cultivated relations with various far-left groups. A small number of Spanish socialists travelled to Ukraine to fight for the separatists, with some explaining they were "repaying the favour" to Russia for the USSR's support to Republicans during the Spanish Civil War.[242] Spanish fighters founded the 'Carlos Palomino International Brigade', which flew the flag of the Second Spanish Republic. In 2015, it reportedly had less than ten members, and was later disbanded.[243]
A female member of the Israeli Communist Party also reportedly fought for the separatists in 2015.[244] Other examples of far-left groups fighting for the separatists were the 'DKO' (Volunteer Communist Unit) and the Interunit, which has been inactive since 2017.[245][246]
The Italian communist ska punk group Banda Bassotti has also been active in support of the DPR and has organized trips to Donetsk, one of which saw the participation of Eleonora Forenza, a member of the European Parliament for the Communist Refoundation Party.[247] Andrej Hunko, a member of the German parliament for the far-left party Die Linke, also travelled to Donetsk to support the separatists.[248]
Economy
The DPR has its own central bank, the Donetsk Republican Bank. The republic's economy is frequently described as dependent on contraband and gunrunning,[249] with some labelling it a mafia state. Joining DPR military formations or its civil services has become one of the few guarantees for a stable income in the DPR.[143]
By late October 2014, many banks and other businesses in the DPR were shut, and people were often left without social benefits payments.[179] Sources (who declined to be identified, citing security concerns) inside the DPR administration have told Bloomberg News that Russia transfers 2.5 billion Russian rubles ($37 million) for pensions every month.[250] By mid-February 2016 Russia had sent 48 humanitarian convoys to rebel-held territory that were said to have delivered more than 58,000 tons of cargo including food, medicines, construction materials, diesel generators and fuel and lubricants.[251] President Poroshenko called this a "flagrant violation of international law" and Valentyn Nalyvaychenko said it was a "direct invasion".[252]
Reuters in late October 2014 reported long lines at soup kitchens.[179] In the same month in at least one factory, workers no longer received wages, only food rations.[253]
By June 2015, due to logistical and transport problems, prices in DPR-controlled territory are significantly higher than in territory controlled by Ukraine.[143] This led to an increase of supplies (of more expensive products and those of lower quality) from Russia.[143] Mines and heavy-industry facilities damaged by shelling were forced to close, undermining the wider chain of economic ties in the region.[253] Three industrial facilities were under DPR "temporary management" by late October 2014.[253] By early June 2015, 80% of companies physically located in the Donetsk People's Republic had re-registered on territory under Ukrainian control.[249]
The new ruling elites of the DPR have displaced the previous oligarchic structures in the region.[254] The new powerholders expropriated profitable businesses. For instance, Rinat Akhmetov lost control over his assets in the region after they were nationalised. Under Russia's guidance, the republic set up trade and production monopolies through which the trade in coal and steel is organised. Lacking private banks, its own currency, and direct access to the Black Sea, DPR's survival depends exclusively on Russia's economic support and trade through the common border.[255]
A DPR official often promised financial support from Russia without giving specific details.[179] Prime Minister Aleksandr Zakharchenko in late October 2014 stated that "We have the Russian Federation's agreement in principle on granting us special conditions on gas (deliveries)".[179] Zakharchenko also claimed that "And, finally, we managed to link up with the financial and banking structure of the Russian Federation".[179] When Reuters tried to get more details from a source close to Zakharchenko the only reply was "Money likes silence".[179] Early October 2014 Zakharchenko stated, "The economy will be complete, if possible, oriented towards the Russian market. We consider Russia our strategic partner". According to Zakharchenko this would "secure our economy from impacts from outside, including from Ukraine".[256] According to Yury Makohon, from the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies, "Trade volume between Russia and Donetsk Oblast has seen a massive slump since the beginning of 2014".[257] Since Russia did not recognise the legal status of the self-proclaimed republic, all the trade it did with it was on the basis of Ukrainian law.[249]
DPR authorities have created a multi-currency zone in which both the rouble (Russia's currency) and the hryvnia (Ukraine's currency) can be used, and also the Euro and U.S. Dollar.[143][256] Cash shortages are widespread and, due to a lack of roubles, the hryvnia is the most-used currency.[143] According to Ukraine's security services in May 2016 alone the Russian government has passed US$19 million in cash to fund the DPR administration as well as 35,000 blank Russian passports.[258]
Since late February 2015, DPR-controlled territories receive their natural gas directly from Russia.[259] According to Russia, Ukraine should pay for these deliveries; Ukraine claims it does not receive payments for the supplies from DPR-controlled territory.[259][260] On 2 July 2015, Ukrainian Energy Minister Volodymyr Demchyshyn announced that he "did not expect" that Ukraine would supply natural gas to territory controlled by separatist troops in the 2015–2016 heating season.[261] Since 25 November 2015 Ukraine has halted all its imports of (and payments for) natural gas from Russia.[262]
The DPR set up its own mobile network operator called Feniks, which was to be fully operational by the end of the summer of 2015.[263] On 5 February 2015, Kyivstar claimed that Feniks illegally used equipment that they officially gave up in territories controlled by pro-Russian separatists.[263] On 18 April 2015, Prime Minister Zakharchenko issued a decree stating that all equipment given up by Kyivstar fell under the control of the separatists in order to "meet the needs of the population in the communication services".[263] The SIM cards of Feniks display the slogan "Connection for the victory".[264]
In mid-March 2017, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a temporary ban on the movement of goods to and from territory controlled by DPR and LPR. Ukraine has not bought coal from the Donets Black Coal Basin since then.[265]
Anthracite mines under DPR control reportedly supply coal to Poland through Russian shell companies to disguise its real origin.[266]
According to Ukrainian and Russian media, the coal export company Vneshtorgservis, owned by Serhiy Kurchenko, owes massive debts to coal mines located in separatist-controlled territory and other local companies.[267]
Sergey Zdrilyuk ("Abwehr"), former deputy of DPR militia, stated in an interview in 2020 that large-scale disassembly of mining equipment for scrap metal and other forms of looting took place routinely during Igor Girkin's time as a militia commander, and that Girkin took significant amounts of money with him to Moscow. Militia groups such as "Vostok" and "Oplot" as well as various "Cossack formations", were involved in looting on systematic basis.[268][269]
Human rights
An early March 2016 United Nations OHCHR report stated that people that lived in separatist-controlled areas were experiencing "complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms".[270]
Freedom House evaluates the eastern Donbas territories controlled by the DPR and LPR as "not free", scoring 4 out of 100 in its 2022 Freedom in the World index, noting issues with severe political and media repression, numerous reports of torture, and arbitrary detention.[271] The Guardian noted on 17 February 2022 that "Public opposition in the DPR is virtually non-existent."[255]
War crimes
An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the DPR was in a state of "total breakdown of law and order".[272] The report noted "cases of serious human rights abuses by the armed groups continued to be reported, including torture, arbitrary and incommunicado detention, summary executions, forced labour, sexual violence, as well as the destruction and illegal seizure of property may amount to crimes against humanity".[272] The November report also stated "the HRMMU continued to receive allegations of sexual and gender-based violence in the eastern regions. In one reported incident, members of the pro-Russian Vostok Battalion "arrested" a woman for violating a curfew and beat her with metal sticks for three hours. The woman was also raped by several pro-Russian rebels from the battalion. The report also states that the UN mission "continued to receive reports of torture and ill-treatment by the Ukrainian law enforcement agencies and volunteer battalions and by the (pro-Russian separatist) armed groups, including beating, death threats, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and lack of access to medical assistance".[273] In a 15 December 2014 press conference in Kyiv, UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations were committed in areas controlled by pro-Russian rebels.[274]
The United Nations report also accused the Ukrainian Army and Ukrainian (volunteer) territorial defence battalions, including the Azov Battalion,[275][276] of human rights abuses such as illegal detention, torture and ill-treatment of DPR and LPR supporters, noting official denials.[272][277] Amnesty International reported on 24 December 2014 that pro-government volunteer battalions were blocking Ukrainian aid convoys from entering separatist-controlled territory.[278]
On 24 July, Human Rights Watch accused the pro-Russian fighters of not taking measures to avoid encamping in densely populated civilian areas."[279][280] It also accused Ukrainian government forces and pro-government volunteer battalions of indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas, stating that "The use of indiscriminate rockets in populated areas violates international humanitarian law, or the laws of war, and may amount to war crimes."[279][280]
A report by the OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights that was released on 2 March 2015 described media postings and online videos which indicated that the pro-Russian armed groups of the DPR carried out "summary, extrajudicial or arbitrary executions" of captured Ukrainian soldiers. In one incident, corpses of Ukrainian servicemen were found with "their hands tied with white electrical cable" after the pro-Russian rebel groups captured Donetsk International Airport. In January a DPR leader claimed that the rebel forces were detaining up to five "subversives" between the ages of 18 and 35 per day. A number of captured prisoners of war were forced to march in Donetsk while being assaulted by rebel soldiers and onlookers. The report also said that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies had engaged in a "pattern of enforced disappearances, secret detention and ill-treatment" of people suspected of "separatism" and "terrorism".[281] The report also mentions videos of members of one particular pro-Russian unit talking about running a torture facility in the basement of a Luhansk library. The head of the unit in question was the pro-Russian separatist commander Aleksandr Biednov, known as "Batman" (who was later killed) and the "head" of the torture chamber was a rebel called "Maniac" who "allegedly used a hammer to torture prisoners and surgery kit to scare and extract confessions from prisoners".[281][282]
In September 2015, OSCE published a report on the testimonies of victims held in places of illegal detention in Donbas.[283] In December 2015, a team led by Małgorzata Gosiewska published a comprehensive report on war crimes in Donbas.[284]
Allegations of anti-semitism
Alleged members of the Donetsk Republic carrying the flag of the Russian Federation,[285] passed out a leaflet to Jews that informed all Jews over the age of 16 that they would have to report to the Commissioner for Nationalities in the Donetsk Regional Administration building and register their property and religion. It also claimed that Jews would be charged a $50 'registration fee'.[286] If they did not comply, they would have their citizenship revoked, face 'forceful expulsion' and see their assets confiscated. The leaflet stated the purpose of registration was because "Jewish community of Ukraine supported Bandera Junta," and "oppose the pro-Slavic People's Republic of Donetsk".[285] The authenticity of the leaflet could not be independently verified.[287] The New York Times, Haaretz, and The New Republic said the fliers were "most likely a hoax".[288][289][290] France 24 also reported on the questionable authenticity of the leaflets.[291] According to Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the leaflets looked like some sort of provocation, and an attempt to paint the pro-Russian forces as anti-semitic.[292] The chief rabbi of Donetsk Pinchas Vishedski stated that the flyer was a fake meant to discredit the self-proclaimed republic,[293] and saying that anti-Semitic incidents in eastern Ukraine are "rare, unlike in Kyiv and western Ukraine"[294] and believes the men were 'trying to use the Jewish community in Donetsk as an instrument in the conflict;'[295] however, he also called the DPR Press Secretary Aleksander Kriakov "the most famous anti-Semite in the region" and questioned DPR's decision to appoint him.[296]
Religion
Religion in Donbas (Donetsk + Luhansk) (2016)[297]
At first the DPR adopted a constitution which stated that the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate was the official religion of the self-declared state.[298][299] This was changed with the promulgation of a law "on freedom of conscience and religious organisation" in November 2015, backed by three deputies professing Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), whose members organised the Svarozhich Battalion (of the Vostok Brigade) and the Rusich Company.[300][301] The new law caused the dissatisfaction of Metropolitan Hilarion of Donetsk and Mariupol of the Moscow Patriarchate church.[302]
Donetsk separatists consider Christian denominations such as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and wider Roman Catholic Church, and Protestantism, as all being anti-Russian and see them as obstacles in the path of the separatist goal of uniting the region with Russia.[299]
Romani people
Hundreds of Romani families fled Donbas in 2014.[303] The News of Donbas reported that members of the Donbas People's Militia engaged in assaults and robbery on the Romani (also known as gypsies) population of Sloviansk. The armed separatists beat women and children, looted homes, and carried off the stolen goods in trucks, according to eyewitnesses.[304][better source needed][305][306][307] Romani fled en masse to live with relatives in other parts of the country, fearing ethnic cleansing, displacement and murder. Some men who decided to remain formed militia groups to protect their families and homes.[306] DPR Mayor Ponomarev said the attacks were only against gypsies who were involved in drug trafficking, and that he was 'cleaning the city from drugs.'[308] The US mission to the OSCE and Ukrainian Prime Minister Yatsenyuk condemned these actions.[304][305][309]
LGBT community
On 8 June 2014, it was reported that armed militants from the Donetsk Republic attacked a gay club in the capital of Donetsk, injuring several. Witnesses said 20 people forced their way into the club, stealing jewellery and other valuables; the assailants fired shots in the club, and several people were hurt.[310] In July 2015, a DPR Ministry of Information spokesperson stated "there are no gays in Donetsk, as they all went to Kyiv".[311] In 2015, the Deputy Minister of Political Affairs of the Donetsk People's Republic stated: "A culture of homosexuality is spreading ... This is why we must kill anyone who is involved in this."[312]
Prejudice against Ukrainian speakers
On 18 April 2014, Vyacheslav Ponomarev asked local residents of Sloviansk to report all suspicious persons, especially if they were speaking Ukrainian. He also promised that the local media would publish a phone number to report them.[313]
An 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the DPR violated the rights of Ukrainian-speaking children because schools in rebel-controlled areas teach only in Russian and forbid pupils to speak Ukrainian.[272] In its May 2014 constitution, the DPR regime declared Russian and Ukrainian its official languages.[80] However, in March 2020, Russian was declared to be the sole official language of the DPR.[161]
Abductions
The Committee to Protect Journalists said that separatists had seized up to ten foreign reporters during the week following the shooting down of the Malaysian aircraft.[314] On 22 July 2014, armed men from the DPR abducted Ukrainian freelance journalist Anton Skiba as he arrived with a CNN crew at a hotel in Donetsk.[314] The DPR often counters such accusations by pointing towards non-governmental organisations, such as Amnesty International's reporting that pro-Ukrainian volunteer paramilitary battalions, such as the Aidar Battalion, Donbas Battalion, Azov Battalion often acted like "renegade gangs", and were implicated in torture, abductions, and summary executions.[278][315] Amnesty International and the (OHCHR) also raised similar concerns about Radical Party leader and Ukrainian MP Oleh Lyashko and his militia.[316]
Donetsk has also observed significant rise in violent crime (homicide, rape, including underage victims) under the control of separatist forces.[317] In July 2015 local authorities of Druzhkovka, previously occupied by separatist forces, exposed a previous torture site in one of the town's cellars.[318]
On 2 June 2017 the freelance journalist Stanislav Aseyev was abducted. Firstly the DPR "government" denied knowing his whereabouts but on 16 July, an agent of the DPR's Ministry of State Security confirmed that Aseyev was in their custody and that he was suspected of espionage. Independent media is not allowed to report from the DPR-controlled territory.[319] Amnesty International, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the European Federation of Journalists, Human Rights Watch, the Norwegian Helsinki Committee, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, PEN International, Reporters Without Borders and the United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have called for the immediate release of Aseyev.[320][321][322][323][324][325] He was released as part of a prison exchange and handed over to Ukrainian authorities on 29 December 2019.[326]
Sergey Zdrilyuk ("Abwehr"), former deputy of DPR militia, confirmed in 2020 that Igor Girkin personally executed prisoners of war he considered "traitors" or "spies".[268][269] This statement was first made in Girkin's interview earlier that year, although Girkin insisted the executions were part of his "military tribunal based on laws of war". Girkin also confessed that he was involved in the murder of Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak, a representative of Horlivka who was abducted on 17 April 2014 after trying to raise a Ukrainian flag: "Naturally, Rybak, as a person who actively opposed the "militias", was an enemy in my eyes. And his death, probably, is to some extent also under my responsibility".[327]
Forced Passportization
According to a US study, Ukrainians in occupied territories who refuse Russian passports face threats, intimidation and possible detention or deportation.[328][329] In April 2022, Russia adopted a law that allows authorities to detain or deport residents without Russian passports. Starting July 2024, residents without Russian citizenship would be considered "foreigners" or "stateless". In June 2023, the head of the so-called "Donetsk People’s Republic" announced a planning group to study facilities for detaining residents without Russian passports for deportation.[328]
Education
By the start of the 2015–2016 school-year DPR's authorities had overhauled the curriculum.[330] Ukrainian language lessons were decreased from around eight hours a week to two hours; while the time devoted to Russian language and literature lessons were increased.[330] The history classes were changed to give greater emphasis to the history of Donbas.[330] The grading system was changed from (Ukraine's) 12-point scheme to the five-point grading system that is also used in Russia.[330] According to the director of a college in Donetsk "We give students the choice between the two but the Russian one is taken into greater account".[330] School graduates will receive a Russian certificate, allowing them to enter both local universities and institutions in Russia.[330]
In April 2016 DPR authorities designed "statehood awareness lessons" were introduced in schools (in territory controlled by them).[331]
Territorial control
| Name | Pop. | Raion | Held by | As of | More information | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andriivka | 71 | Bakhmut | 16 Sep 2024 | Recaptured by Recaptured by Claimed by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Arkhanhelske | 285 | Pokrovsk | 4 May 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Avdiivka | 31,940 | Pokrovsk | 17 Feb 2024 | See Battle of Avdiivka (2017), Battle of Avdiivka (2022–2024) Captured by Mostly recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Bakhmut | 72,310 | Bakhmut | 23 May 2023 | See Battle of Artemivsk (2014), Battle of Bakhmut (2022-2023) Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Bakhmutske | 612 | Bakhmut | 27 Dec 2022 | Captured by | ||
| Berdychi | 267 | Pokrovsk | 28 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Berestove | 1,278 | Bakhmut | 28 Jul 2022 | Captured by | ||
| Blahodatne | 564 | Volnovakha | 24 Sep 2023 | Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Bohdanivka | 77 | Bakhmut | 8 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Bohoiavlenka | 1,490 | Volnovakha | 27 Oct 2024 | Contested by Likely captured by | ||
| Bohorodychne | 794 | Kramatorsk | 11 Sep 2022 | See Sloviansk offensive Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Chasiv Yar | 12,557 | Bakhmut | Contested[362] | 19 May 2024 | See Battle of Chasiv Yar Pressured by Contested by | |
| Dalne | 403 | Pokrovsk | 21 Nov 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Debaltseve | 24,316 | Horlivka | 20 Feb 2015 | See Battle of Debaltseve (2015) Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Dobropillia | 28,170 | Pokrovsk | 24 Feb 2022 | |||
| Donetsk | 905,364 | Donetsk | 22 Feb 2022 | See March 2022 Donetsk attack Captured by | ||
| Druzhba | 1,860 | Bakhmut | 5 Nov 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Druzhkivka | 55,088 | Kramatorsk | 4 May 2022 | |||
| Halytsynivka | 1,111 | Pokrovsk | 3 Sep 2024 | Contested by Likely captured by | ||
| Heorhiivka | 1,167 | Pokrovsk | 14 Jun 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Hirnyk | 10,357 | Pokrovsk | 27 Oct 2024 | Claimed contested by Confirmed contested by Captured by | ||
| Horlivka | 241,106 | Horlivka | 9 Mar 2022 | See Battle of Horlivka (2014) Captured by | ||
| Hostre | 557 | Pokrovsk | 4 Oct 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Hrodivka | 2,299 | Pokrovsk | 21 Oct 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Illinka | 440 | Pokrovsk | 13 Nov 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Ilovaisk | 17,620 | Donetsk | 20 Feb 2015 | See Battle of Ilovaisk (2014) Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Ivanivka | 669 | Pokrovsk | 13 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Ivanivske | 1,369 | Bakhmut | 4 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Ivano-Daryivka | 23 | Bakhmut | 19 Jul 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Izmailivka | 199 | Pokrovsk | 24 Oct 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Kalynivka | 542 | Bakhmut | Contested[402] | 17 Jun 2024 | Pressured by Contested by | |
| Kalynove | 219 | Pokrovsk | 27 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Karlivka | 414 | Pokrovsk | 30 Aug 2024 | Claimed contested by a Contested by Captured by | ||
| Katerynivka | 778 | Pokrovsk | 3 Nov 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Keramik | 339 | Pokrovsk | 4 May 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Fully recaptured by | ||
| Khromove | 833 | Bakhmut | 31 Dec 2023 | Recaptured by | ||
| Klishchiivka | 512 | Bakhmut | 17 Jun 2024 | Captured by Recaptured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Komyshivka | 365 | Pokrovsk | 22 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Kostiantynivka | 68,792 | Kramatorsk | 10 Mar 2022 | Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Kostiantynivka | 1,293 | Pokrovsk | 28 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Likely captured by | ||
| Kramatorsk | 150,084 | Kramatorsk | 4 May 2022 | See Battle of Kramatorsk (2014), Kramatorsk railway station attack Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Krasna Hora | 584 | Bakhmut | 11 Feb 2023 | Recaptured by | ||
| Krasnohorivka | 14,917 | Pokrovsk | 10 Sep 2024 | See Battle of Krasnohorivka Contested by Captured by | ||
| Krasnohorivka (village) | 526 | Pokrovsk | 17 Mar 2023 | |||
| Krutyi Yar | 107 | Pokrovsk | 29 Sep 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Kurakhove | 18,220 | Pokrovsk | Contested[429] | 30 Oct 2024 | See Battle of Kurakhove Pressured by Contested by | |
| Kurakhivka | 2,600 | Pokrovsk | 31 Oct 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Lastochkyne | 617 | Pokrovsk | 24 Feb 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Lyman | 20,469 | Kramatorsk | 1 Oct 2022 | See Battle of Krasnyi Lyman (2014), Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Lozuvatske | 17 | Pokrovsk | 26 Jul 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Lysivka | 799 | Pokrovsk | Contested[441] | 3 Oct 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Visually confirmed contested since 2 October 2024.[441] | |
| Makarivka | 258 | Volnovakha | 24 Sep 2023 | Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Makiivka | 340,337 | Donetsk | 9 Mar 2022 | Captured by | ||
| Maksymilianivka | 2,171 | Pokrovsk | 21 Oct 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Maksymivka | 793 | Volnovakha | 2 Nov 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Mezhove | 36 | Pokrovsk | 22 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Marinka | 10,722 | Pokrovsk | 25 Dec 2023 | See Battle of Marinka (2015), Battle of Marinka (2022–2023) Captured by Recaptured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Mariupol | 431,859 | Mariupol | 17 May 2022 | See Battle of Mariupol (2014), 2014 offensive, 2015 attack, Siege of Mariupol, Hospital airstrike, Theatre airstrike Partially captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Mykhailivka | 1,269 | Pokrovsk | 1 Sep 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Likely captured by | ||
| Mykolaivka | 101 | Pokrovsk | 16 Oct 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Mykolaivka | 805 | Pokrovsk | 24 Aug 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Myrnohrad | 46,098 | Pokrovsk | 29 Aug 2024 | Pressured by | ||
| Neskuchne | 644 | Volnovakha | 24 Sep 2023 | Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Nelipivka | 977 | Bakhmut | Contested[459] | 4 Nov 2024 | Claimed contested by Confirmed contested by Claimed captured by Captured by Contested by | |
| Netailove | 1,141 | Pokrovsk | 21 May 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Nevelske | 283 | Pokrovsk | 10 Aug 2024 | Recaptured by Recaptured by Pressured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| New York | 9,735 | Bakhmut | 7 Oct 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Novobakhmutivka | 191 | Pokrovsk | 25 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Novohrodivka | 14,037 | Pokrovsk | 27 Aug 2024 | Pressured by [460] Contested by Captured by | ||
| Novokalynove | 521 | Pokrovsk | 27 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Novoluhanske | 3,700 | Bakhmut | 26 May 2022 | Captured along with Vuhlehirske Power Plant by | ||
| Novomaiorske | 551 | Volnovakha | 10 Apr 2022 | |||
| Novomykhailivka | 1,439 | Pokrovsk | 23 Apr 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Novooleksandrivka | 693 | Pokrovsk | 11 Jun 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Novooleksiivka | 177 | Pokrovsk | 7 Nov 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Novopokrovske | 64 | Pokrovsk | 13 Jun 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Novosadove | 32 | Kramatorsk | 22 Oct 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Novoselivka | 541 | Pokrovsk | 14 May 2022 | |||
| Novoselivka Persha | 942 | Pokrovsk | 29 Jul 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Novosilka | 104 | Volnovakha | 4 May 2022 | |||
| Novotroitske | 6,445 | Volnovakha | 6 May 2022 | Captured by | ||
| Novoukrainka | 1,523 | Volnovakha | 29 Oct 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Novozhelanne | 274 | Pokrovsk | 18 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Ocheretyne | 3,378 | Pokrovsk | 4 May 2024 | See Battle of Ocheretyne Pressured by Contested by Fully recaptured by | ||
| Olenivka | 4,534 | Kalmiuske | 1 May 2022 | See Olenivka prison massacre Captured by | ||
| Orikhovo-Vasylivka | 227 | Bakhmut | 15 Dec 2023 | |||
| Orlivka | 297 | Pokrovsk | 14 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Orlivka | 874 | Pokrovsk | 25 Mar 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Ostrivske | 323 | Pokrovsk | 16 Oct 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Pavlivka | 2,505 | Volnovakha | 14 Nov 2022 | Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Paraskoviivka | 2,810 | Bakhmut | 18 Feb 2023 | See Battle of Artemivsk Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Paraskoviivka | 52 | Pokrovsk | 15 Jun 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Pervomaiske | 2,208 | Pokrovsk | 10 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Pisky | 6 | Pokrovsk | 31 Aug 2022 | See Battle of Pisky Population was 2,160 in 2001, but most residents left during the War in Donbas. | ||
| Pivdenne | 1,404 | Bakhmut | 6 Sep 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Pivnichne | 9,024 | Bakhmut | Contested[408] | 31 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by | |
| Pobieda | 144 | Pokrovsk | 21 Feb 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Pokrovsk | 61,161 | Pokrovsk | 25 May 2022 | See Pokrovsk offensive Subject to repeated rocket attacks since late May 2022. | ||
| Pokrovske | 1,333 | Bakhmut | 27 Jul 2022 | |||
| Prohres | 390 | Pokrovsk | 19 Jul 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Ptyche | 274 | Pokrovsk | 22 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Prechystivka | 898 | Volnovakha | 5 Sep 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Raihorodok | 3,342 | Kramatorsk | 9 Sep 2022 | |||
| Rivnopil | 98 | Volnovakha | 14 Nov 2024 | Captured by Recaptured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Rozdolivka | 740 | Bakhmut | 3 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Rozdolne | 1,120 | Volnovakha | 29 Nov 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Sakko i Vantsetti | 3 | Bakhmut | 6 Feb 2023 | Recaptured by | ||
| Selydove | 21,916 | Pokrovsk | 30 Oct 2024 | See Pokrovsk offensive § Battle for Selydove Contested by Likely recaptured by Contested by Claimed captured by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Semenivka | 182 | Pokrovsk | 28 Apr 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Serebrianka | 869 | Bakhmut | 4 Sep 2022 | Claimed captured by | ||
| Serhiivka | 159 | Pokrovsk | 15 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Shakhtarske | 1,154 | Volnovakha | 2 Nov 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Shandryholove | 1,035 | Kramatorsk | 27 Sep 2022 | |||
| Shcherbynivka | 3,266 | Bakhmut | Contested[463] | 19 Oct 2024 | Contested by | |
| Shchurove | 264 | Kramatorsk | 19 Sep 2022 | |||
| Shevchenko | 1,654 | Pokrovsk | 26 Sep 2022 | |||
| Shumy | 95 | Bakhmut | 23 Jun 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Sieverne | 40 | Pokrovsk | 27 Feb 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Siversk | 11,068 | Kramatorsk | 25 May 2022 | |||
| Sloviansk | 106,972 | Kramatorsk | 4 May 2022 | See Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk (2014), Siege of Sloviansk Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Sokil | 66 | Pokrovsk | 6 Jul 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Sontsivka | 795 | Pokrovsk | Contested[559] | 9 Nov 2024 | Contested by | |
| Skuchne | 14 | Pokrovsk | 22 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Soledar | 10,692 | Bakhmut | 16 Jan 2023 | See Battle of Soledar Captured by Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Solodke | 525 | Volnovakha | 5 Jul 2022 | Recaptured by Recaptured by | ||
| Soloviove | 223 | Pokrovsk | 27 Apr 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Spirne | 80 | Bakhmut | 3 Jul 2024 | Contested by Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Staromaiorske | 839 | Volnovakha | 10 Jun 2024 | Captured by Recaptured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Staromlynivka | 2,635 | Volnovakha | 13 Mar 2022 | Captured by | ||
| Stepove | 62 | Pokrovsk | 27 Feb 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Storozheve | 96 | Volnovakha | 24 Sep 2023 | Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Sviatohirsk | 4,309 | Kramatorsk | 11 Sep 2022 | See Battle of Sviatohirsk Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Svitlodarsk | 11,281 | Bakhmut | 24 May 2022 | Captured by | ||
| Terny | 764 | Kramatorsk | Contested[576] | 1 Nov 2024 | Captured by Recaptured by Pressured by Contested by | |
| Tonenke | 320 | Pokrovsk | 21 Mar 2024 | Contested by Mostly captured by Fully captured by | ||
| Toretsk | 30,914 | Bakhmut | Contested[482] | 23 Aug 2024 | See Battle of Toretsk Pressured by Contested by | |
| Torske | 1,652 | Kramatorsk | 28 Sep 2023 | Captured by | ||
| Tsukuryne | 1,745 | Pokrovsk | 6 Oct 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Ukrainsk | 10,655 | Pokrovsk | 17 Sep 2024 | Pressured by Claimed contested by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Umanske | 176 | Pokrovsk | 23 May 2024 | Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Urozhaine | 1,000 | Volnovakha | 13 Jul 2024 | Captured by Recaptured by Pressured by Contested by Recaptured by | ||
| Uspenivka | 507 | Pokrovsk | 24 Feb 2022 | |||
| Vasiukivka | 601 | Bakhmut | 15 Dec 2023 | |||
| Velyka Novosilka | 5,235 | Volnovakha | 29 Aug 2024 | |||
| Verkhniokamianske | 960 | Bakhmut | 9 Oct 2024 | Claimed pressured by a Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Vesele | 129 | Pokrovsk | 4 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Vesele | 102 | Bakhmut | 6 Feb 2024 | Recaptured by | ||
| Vodiane | 319 | Pokrovsk | 5 Apr 2024 | Fully recaptured by | ||
| Vodiane | 324 | Volnovakha | 8 Sep 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Volnovakha | 21,441 | Volnovakha | 11 Mar 2022 | See Volnovakha bus attack (2015), Battle of Volnovakha Captured by | ||
| Volodymyrivka | 6,325 | Volnovakha | 20 Aug 2022 | |||
| Voskhod | 52 | Pokrovsk | 11 Jul 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Vovche | 95 | Pokrovsk | 29 Jul 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Vozdvyzhenka | 381 | Pokrovsk | Contested[463] | 19 Oct 2024 | Pressured by Contested by | |
| Vuhledar | 14,144 | Volnovakha | 1 Oct 2024 | See Battle of Vuhledar Captured by | ||
| Yampil | 1,944 | Kramatorsk | 30 Sep 2022 | Captured by Contested between 28 September and 1 October 2022.[604][605] Recaptured by | ||
| Yasna Poliana | 434 | Volnovakha | 1 Nov 2024 | Contested by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Yasnobrodivka | 70 | Pokrovsk | 26 Jul 2024 | Contested by Claimed by Captured by | ||
| Yenakiieve | 77,053 | Horlivka | 24 Jun 2015 | Captured by | ||
| Yevhenivka | 106 | Pokrovsk | 29 Jul 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Zaitseve | 1,160 | Bakhmut | 16 Nov 2022 | Capture by Russia claimed 6 October 2022.[610] | ||
| Zalizne | 4,928 | Bakhmut | 6 Sep 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Claimed captured by Claimed captured by Confirmed captured by | ||
| Zarichne | 2,571 | Kramatorsk | 28 Sep 2023 | Captured by Recaptured by | ||
| Zavitne | 308 | Pokrovsk | 18 Aug 2024 | Captured by | ||
| Zelene Pole | 578 | Volnovakha | 1 May 2022 | |||
| Zhelanne | 1,274 | Pokrovsk | 15 Aug 2024 | Pressured by Contested by Captured by | ||
| Zhelanne Druhe | 240 | Pokrovsk | 19 Oct 2024 | Claimed captured by Captured by | ||
| Zhelanne Pershe | 192 | Pokrovsk | 7 Oct 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Zhovte | 103 | Pokrovsk | 29 Nov 2024 | Contested by Captured by | ||
| Zoriane | 939 | Pokrovsk | 30 Oct 2024 | Claimed contested by Confirmed contested by Claimed captured by Captured by |
See also
Notes
- ^ The group stated they:
1) do not recognise the Ukrainian government;
2) consider themselves the legitimate authority;
3) "dismiss" of all law enforcement officials appointed by the central government and Governor Serhiy Taruta;
4) "appoint" on the 11 May referendum about self-determinat Donetsk;
5) require the extradition of their leader Pavel Gubarev and other already detained separatists;
6) require Ukraine to withdrawal its troops and paramilitary forces;
7) start the process of finding mechanisms of cooperation with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (since 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union, also including Armenia and Kyrgyzstan) and other separatist groups (in Kharkiv and Luhansk).[56]
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the Russian Orthodox Army, one of a number of separatist units fighting for the "Orthodox faith," revival of the Tsarist Empire, and the Russkii Mir. Igor Girkin (Strelkov [Shooter]), who led the Russian capture of Slovyansk in April 2014, was an example of the Russian nationalists who have sympathies to pro-Tsarist and extremist Orthodox groups in Russia. ... the Russian Imperial Movement ... has recruited thousands of volunteers to fight with the separatists. ... such as the Russian Party of National Unity who uses a modified swastika as their party symbol and Dugin's Eurasianist movement. The paramilitaries of both of these ... are fighting alongside separatists.
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- ^ "Гиркин признался в убийстве трех украинцев". gordonua.com. 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ a b Sullivan, Helen (3 August 2023). "Russia 'systematically' forcing Ukrainians to accept citizenship, US report finds". the Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "Forced Passportization in Russia-Occupied Areas of Ukraine". Conflict Observatory Publication Portal Redirection. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Losh, Jack (16 August 2015). "Rebel-held Ukraine overhauls education system as it aligns itself with Russia". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
- ^ "Self-proclaimed Donetsk republic introduces 'statehood lessons' at schools". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d Barros, George; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Zehrung, Haley; Gasparyan, Davit; Ganzeveld, Annika (16 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on September 16 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to northwestern Andriivka (further southeast of Chasiv Yar), confirming Russian claims from May 23 that Russian forces seized the settlement [...] Russian sources began reporting at least by September 6 that Ukrainian forces successfully counterattacked in Selydove and pushed Russian forces out of the eastern part of the town, and Russian and Ukrainian sources have both reported that the frontline in the Selydove area is now located at the railway line between Mykhailivka and Selydove — consistent with available geolocated evidence [...] Geolocated footage published on September 16 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to Buriaka Street in northern Zhelanne Pershe (southeast of Pokrovsk).
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Mappes, Grace; Philipson, Layne; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. (28 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 28". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
Geolocated imagery shows that Russian forces likely captured Ozarianivka (a village about 15km southwest of Bakhmut) around November 27 and 28. Multiple Russian sources claimed that Russian forces also captured Kurdiumivka (13km southwest of Bakhmut), Klishchiivka (7km southwest of Bakhmut), Andriivka (10km southwest of Bakhmut), Zelenopillia
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Williams, Madison; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 December 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 1". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
Social media sources and a Russian milblogger posted photos on December 1 showing Russian forces south of Bakhmut in Kurdyumivka and Ozarianivka. The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces completely control Andriivka
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George; Williams, Madison; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (22 December 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 22". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
A Russian journalist posted footage on December 22 from Andriivka (10km south of Bakhmut) indicating that Russian forces are in the settlement.
- ^ Balmforth, Tom; Pruchnicka, Anna (15 September 2023). "Ukraine troops retake village south of Bakhmut, military says". Reuters. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces [...] are conducting reconnaissance-in-force operations near Ivanivka's southern outskirts. [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces seized Andriivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 22 [...] likely indicates that Russian forces recently seized Umanske
- ^ a b c d e f Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ a b Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (1 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces [...] been operating within southern Arkhanhelske (northeast of Ocheretyne and north of Avdiivka) for the past two days. [...] Geolocated footage published on May 1 indicates that Russian forces advanced in southern Urozhaine
- ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians". New York Times. 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ Ilyushina, Mary (23 May 2023). "Russia controls Bakhmut, for now, but holding it will be difficult". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Putin congratulates Russia troops, Wagner for 'capturing Bakhmut'". Al Jazeera. 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 21, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 27". The Institute for the Study of War. 27 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (28 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
- ^ a b Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (29 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
Russian milbloggers largely claimed on February 29 that Russian forces captured Berdychi (northwest of Avdiivka) and Tonenke (west of Avdiivka) on February 28 and most or all of Orlivka (west of Avdiivka) amid continued heavy fighting on February 29
- ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina (1 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on March 1 indicates that elements of the Russian 15th Motorized Rifle Brigade (2nd Combined Arms Army [CAA], Central Military District [CMD]) recently advanced into eastern Berdychi (northwest of Avdiivka).
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (12 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on April 12 shows that Russian forces recently marginally advanced north of Berdychi
- ^ Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina (21 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces seized Berdychi
- ^ a b c d e f Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 26". ISW. 27 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George; Clark, Mason. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 11, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George (8 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on April 8 shows that Russian forces recently advanced into southwestern Bohdanivka
- ^ a b Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (18 January 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
Russian sources, including the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD), claimed that Russian forces captured Vesele (northeast of Bakhmut) on January 18 [...] Geolocated footage published on January 17 shows that Russian forces recently made a marginal gain in the residential area in northern Bohdanivka (northwest of Bakhmut).
- ^ a b Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Wolkov, Nicole; Trotter, Nate; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (27 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
Geolocated footage posted on October 27 indicates that Russian forces seized Bohoyavlenka
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "DeepStateMAP | Map of the war in Ukraine".
- ^ "LPR Interior Ministry confirms preparations for advance on Slavyansk". TASS. 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian forces regained Bohorodychne and likely moved forward in Donetsk Oblast". Euromaidan Press. 12 September 2022.
- ^ a b Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Hendrix, Steve; Lamothe, Dan; Rauhala, Emily; Stern, David L. (12 September 2022). "Ukraine extends battlefield gains as Kremlin reels from setback". The Washington Post. Kyiv, Ukraine.
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
A Russian milblogger claimed on May 18 that Russian forces entered Myasozharivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 18 indicates that Russian forces advanced during mechanized assaults on May 17 and 18 within and southeast of the Kanal Microraion [...] Geolocated footage published on May 19 indicates that Russian forces advanced [...] in eastern Paraskoviivka
- ^ a b c Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina (4 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
Russian forces conducted a roughly reinforced company-sized mechanized assault towards Chasiv Yar (west of Bakhmut) on April 4 and advanced up to the eastern outskirts of the settlement. [...] Geolocated footage published on April 3 indicates that Russian forces [...] also seized a large portion of southern Ivanivske
- ^ Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Runkel, William; Wolkov, Nicole; Gibson, Olivia; Barros, George; Trotter, Nate (12 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on November 11 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced in northern Dalne
- ^ "Hope and fear on Donetsk streets after Putin move". Reuters. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ a b Runkel, William; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Trotter, Nate (5 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
Geolocated footage published on November 5 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Druzhba
- ^ a b c d e f Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (18 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (19 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
A prominent Russian milblogger reported on June 17 and 18 that Ukrainian forces seized Tykhe [...] suggesting that Ukrainian forces likely seized the settlement [...] Geolocated footage published on June 10 and 18 shows that Ukrainian forces also recently recaptured areas in southern and central Starytsya [...] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced to eastern Pivnichne [...], to the administrative borders of Zalizne [...], and on the outskirts of Niu York
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole (3 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
Geolocated footage published on July 3 confirms that Russian forces have advanced over one kilometer from the previously confirmed Russian front line of own troops towards the eastern outskirts of Druzhba (east of Toretsk) and gained new positions along Sadova Street. Additional geolocated footage published on July 2 and July 3 shows that Russian forces advanced about 1.8 kilometers west along Kalynova Street towards the eastern outskirts of the Pivnichne-Druzhba area (also east of Toretsk) and into southeastern Pivnichne
- ^ "Russian Armed Forces liberate Kirovo settlement in Donetsk People's Republic". TASS. 31 August 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ a b c Grynszpan, Emmanuel (4 May 2022). "War in Ukraine: Le Monde's reporter covering the Donbas answers readers' questions". Le Monde. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ a b Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Mappes, Grace (3 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
Geolocated footage published on September 3 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into southwestern Halytsynivka (southeast of Pokrovsk), and ISW assesses that Russian forces have likely seized the settlement.
- ^ a b c d Barros, George; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace (31 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 31, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
Geolocated footage published on August 30 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced south of Karlivka (southeast of Pokrovsk) and seized the Chervonoarmiiska Filtration Station, and geolocated footage published on August 31 indicates that Russian forces recently seized northern Halytsynivka (southeast of Pokrovsk).
- ^ a b c Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George (14 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
Geolocated footage published on June 14 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Heorhiivka and advanced within eastern Maksymilyanivka
- ^ Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (15 January 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 15, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
Geolocated footage published on January 15 shows that Russian forces advanced on the eastern outskirts of Heorhiivka (west of Donetsk City)
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (5 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces also advanced up to 1 kilometer within Paraskoviivka [...] Milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces advanced in a windbreak near Kostyantynivka [...] Some milbloggers also claimed [...] that there are some unconfirmed reports that Russian troops seized all of Heorhiivka.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (6 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
Russian milbloggers continued to claim that Russian forces seized Heorhiivka
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Gasparyan, Davit; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Zehrung, Haley; Kagan, Frederick W. (18 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ a b Kagan, Frederick W.; Zehrung, Haley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica (26 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
Geolocated footage published on September 24, 25, and 26 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into eastern Mykolaivka (east of Pokrovsk and just west of Hrodivka), north and northeast of Mykolaivka, and into northern Hirnyk (southeast of Pokrovsk and Selydove) [...] The spokesperson for a Ukrainian brigade defending near Kostyantynivka reported that Ukrainian forces also maintain defensive positions near the settlement and are defending against ongoing Russian mechanized assaults in the area.
- ^ a b "Russia invades Ukraine". Reuters. 9 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bergeron, Thomas. "Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Wells, Katherine; Evans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley; Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley (12 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
Geolocated footage published on September 11 of Russian soldiers freely operating in southern Ukrainsk (southeast of Pokrovsk) and interacting with Ukrainian civilian volunteers indicates that Russian forces have recently advanced in the southern part of the town [...] Geolocated footage published on September 12 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into Hostre
- ^ a b Kagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica (22 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
A Kremlin-affiliated Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces seized Nelipivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Hostre
- ^ a b c d Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Trotter, Nate (21 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
Geolocated footage published on August 4 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced further within Vesele (east of Pokrovsk) and have seized most of the settlement [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced up to a kilometer in depth and 2.35 kilometers in width west of Novoselivka Persha towards Mezhove (southeast of Pokrovsk) and advanced further within Ivanivka (east of Pokrovsk).
- ^ "The enemy occupied Lysychne, Ivanivka, Svyrydonivka and advanced in Hrodivka, Kostiantynivka, Nevelske, near Serhiyivka, Pishchane and Novotoretske. The enemy was pushed back near Stelmakhivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 13 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Wolkov, Nicole (15 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 15, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that elements of the Russian 109th Motorized Rifle Regiment (1st "Slovyansk" Motorized Rifle Brigade, 1st Donetsk People's Republic [DNR] Army Corps [AC]) seized Zalizne (southeast of Toretsk) [...] Geolocated footage published on August 14 and 15 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced within Hrodivka (east of Pokrovsk), Mykolaivka, Zhelanne, and Orlivka (all southeast of Pokrovsk) and likely seized Zhelanne and Orlivka [...] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces also advanced towards Novohrodivka [...] Russian forces conducted offensive operations northeast of Pokrovsk near [...] Novohrodivka [...] on August 14 and 15.
- ^ a b c d Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (7 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
A Ukrainian military observer stated that Russian forces seized Myasozharivka (west of Svatove) [...] Ukrainian military observers stated on October 6 that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces from the poultry farm in eastern Tsukuryne and seized the remainder of the settlement [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces seized Hrodivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Zhelanne Druhe [...] Russian sources reported that the operational tempo in the southern frontline near Kamyanske, Zaporizhia Oblast, is increasing [...] Geolocated footage published on October 6 indicates that Russian forces marginally advanced near Kamyanske and Plavni on the eastern shore of the Kakhovka Reservoir
- ^ Runkel, William; Gasparyan, Davit; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Trotter, Nate (7 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
Geolocated footage published on November 7 shows that Russian forces advanced in northern Novoselydivka (north of Kurakhove) and in northern Illinka
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna (13 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 13, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
Mashovets and a Russian milblogger stated that Russian forces advanced in Ivanivka (east of Pokrovsk) on August 13, indicating that Russian forces likely seized the settlement.
- ^ a b c Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit; Parry, Andie (25 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
Geolocated footage published on July 24 indicates that Russian forces advanced up to the southeastern outskirts of Kostyantynivka (southwest of Donetsk City) during a reinforced battalion-size mechanized assault.
- ^ a b "The enemy advanced near Prohres, Lysychne, Vesele, Zhelanne and Panteleimonivka. Fighting continues in Zaliznychne and near Ivano-Daryivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 25 July 2024.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (2 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 2, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces operating northwest of Avdiivka advanced in fields southwest of Tymofiivka and Prohres and entered southeastern Ivanivka.
- ^ Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina (9 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Geolocated footage published on August 9 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced west of Novooleksandrivka and within Ivanivka (both east of Pokrovsk).
- ^ ""Russian Army Claims Seized Ukrainian Village Near Bakhmut"". The Moscow Times. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
Some Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced to Sadova Street in eastern Ivanivske
- ^ Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (4 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
Geolocated footage published on March 3 shows that Russian forces advanced into central Ivanivske (west of Bakhmut).
- ^ Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Carter, Brian; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on March 23 that Russian forces captured Ivanivske
- ^ Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (3 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on April 2 shows that Russian forces recently advanced into southwestern Ivanivske
- ^ a b c d e f Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ a b Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Trotter, Nate; Runkel, William; Wells, Katherine; Kagan, Frederick (23 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 23, 2024". Retrieved 25 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 23 also shows that elements of the Russian 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade [...] seized Izmailivka (southeast of Selydove), and additional geolocated footage published on October 23 indicates that Russian forces also advanced on the northeastern outskirts of Novoselydivka
- ^ a b c d Stepanenko, Kateryna; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (17 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 17, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (14 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 14, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George (30 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced into central Kalynivka
- ^ Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on May 31 shows a Russian MT-LB cross the Siverskyi Donets Donbas Canal near Kalynivka
- ^ a b Barros, George; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit (27 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on August 27 indicates that Russian forces have marginally advanced in southeastern Hrodivka (east of Pokrovsk and northeast of Novohrodivka) and have seized Kalynove
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (15 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 15, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed on June 15 that Russian forces entered Karlivka [...] A Russian milblogger claimed on June 14 that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces from Paraskoviivka
- ^ a b c d e f g Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (23 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
- ^ Hlushchenko, Olha (31 August 2024). "Russians reportedly occupy Karlivka in Donetsk Oblast". Ukrainska Pravda.
- ^ a b c d Runkel, William; Gasparyan, Davit; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace (3 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
Geolocated footage published on November 2 showed that elements of the Russian 33rd Motorized Rifle Regiment [...] advanced in eastern Antonivka (northeast of Vuhledar), and that elements of the 36th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade (29th CAA, Eastern Military District [EMD]) seized Maksymivka (northwest of Vuhledar).[51] Geolocated footage published on November 3 also shows that Russian forces seized Katerynivka
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George (5 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
Geolocated footage [...] indicates that Russian forces recently advanced north of Kostyantynivka and up to the southern outskirts of Katerynivka during a company-sized mechanized assault.
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Runkel, William; Trotter, Nate (29 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
The Russian MoD claimed that elements of the 57th Motorized Rifle Regiment (6th Motorized Rifle Division, 3rd Army Corps) seized Katerynivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Yasna Polyana and Shakhtarske
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (29 November 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 29, 2023". Critical Threats. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces captured Khromove (on the western outskirts of Bakhmut).
- ^ Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (30 December 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 30, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ Karolina Hird; Riley Bailey; Angelica Evans; Kateryna Stepanenko; Frederick W. Kagan (17 September 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
A Russian milblogger claimed that artillery and occasional combat engagements occur near Strilecha (25km northeast of Kharkiv City) on the international border.
- ^ Christina Harward; Nicole Wolkov; Angelica Evans; Kateryna Stepanenko; Frederick W. Kagan (22 September 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 22, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (20 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 20, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ a b c Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (22 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces also advanced up to 280 meters along Sadova Street within Starytsya [...] A Russian milblogger claimed that elements of the 6th Motorized Rifle Division (3rd Army Corps [AC]) seized Klishchiivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 20 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced up to the eastern outskirts of Novooleksandrivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 21 and 22 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced within southern Staromayorske
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George (22 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
Geolocated footage published on August 22 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Ptyche (southeast of Pokrovsk) and advanced further south of the settlement, and ISW assesses that this confirms Russian claims that Russian forces had previously seized the remainder of the east bank of the Karlivske Reservoir in the area.
- ^ "The enemy captured Komyshivka, Zavitne and Novozhelanne and advanced near Mykolaivka. The advance of the Ukrainian Defense Forces in the Kursk region has been updated". DeepStateMap.Live. 21 August 2024.
- ^ Balachuk, Iryna (10 March 2022). "За добу російські війська на Донбасі вбили 11 людей, серед них – дитина" [During the day, Russian troops in the Donbas killed 11 people – among them, a child]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ "Five civilians injured in Russia's shelling of Kostiantynivka". www.ukrinform.net. 17 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Barros, George; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina (28 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
Russian and some Ukrainian sources reported that Russian forces have reached the eastern outskirts of Selydove (further southeast of Pokrovsk) and are advancing into the town following Ukrainian withdrawals from some positions in eastern Selydove. [...] Mashovets reported on August 28 that elements of the 90th Tank Division (41st CAA, CMD), with support of elements of the 27th Motorized Rifle Division managed to break through towards Selydove from the north along the E50 Selydove-Karlivka route, which is consistent with recent Russian claims of Russian advances into Selydove via Mykhailivka (just east of Selydove) [...] The Ukrainian General Staff [...] noted that over half of the Russian ground attacks in the Pokrovsk direction on August 28 were concentrated near Selydove and Novohrodivka [...] Geolocated footage published on August 27 shows Russian forces, reportedly of the Republic of Tatarstan volunteer-based 1st "Timer" Battalion of the 57th Motorized Rifle Regiment (6th Motorized Rifle Division, 3rd AC), planting a flag in western Kostyantynivka (northeast of Vuhledar) at a position along Shakhtarska Street, indicating that Russian forces have likely seized the whole settlement.
- ^ "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka.
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (9 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Russian forces recently advanced west of Avdiivka and likely captured Pervomaiske (southwest of Avdiivka) as of April 9. [...] Geolocated footage published on April 8 shows that Russian forces made gains along Vatutin Street in southeastern Krasnohorivka
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 17 March 2023.
- ^ a b Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica (29 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on September 29 indicates that Russian forces marginally advanced near the railway line south of Selydove (southeast of Pokrovsk) and advanced into southern Krasnyi Yar and likely seized the remainder of Krutyi Yar (both southeast of Pokrovsk and north of Novohrodivka).
- ^ a b c d e Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Runkel, William; Trotter, Nate (30 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 30, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 30 indicates that Russian forces advanced in northern Terny [...] Geolocated footage posted on October 30 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced southwest of Hirnyk (northeast of Kurakhove) and in the area of the Kurakhivka Central Processing Plant west of Kurakhivka (northeast of Kurakhove).[48] Additional geolocated footage published on October 29 [...] indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to eastern Kurakhove
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Trotter, Nate; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Runkel, William (31 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 30, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on October 31 indicates that elements of the Russian 2nd Motorized Rifle Division [...] recently advanced in northern Kruhlyakivka (southeast of Kupyansk) and have likely seized the settlement [...] Additional geolocated footage published on October 31 indicates that elements of the Russian 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade (51st CAA) advanced to the southwestern administrative boundaries of Kurakhivka (northeast of Kurkahove) and have likely seized the settlement.
- ^ a b c d Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (24 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 24, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ a b Harding, Luke (1 October 2022). "Ukrainian forces perform victory dance after liberating eastern city of Lyman". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response". Reuters. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Clark, Mason; Barros, George (26 May 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 26". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ "Russia squeezes Ukrainian strongholds in eastern Donbas region". AP NEWS. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ "Russia claims seizure of key Ukrainian transport hub in boost for Putin". The Daily Telegraph. 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 12". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
- ^ Grove, Thomas (2 October 2022). "Ukraine Gains Full Control of Lyman, Days After Putin Claimed Russia Rules There". The Wall Street Journal. Kyiv, Ukraine.
- ^ a b c d Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (26 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
- ^ Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George; Bailey, Riley (16 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
- ^ a b Mappes, Grace; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W.; Trotter, Nate (3 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 2 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced south of Novotoretske (east of Pokrovsk) and into the eastern outskirts of Lysivka (southeast of Pokrovsk and west of Novohrodivka).
- ^ "The enemy occupied Lisivka and advanced near Lisivka, Klishchiyivka, Nevelske, Ukrainske and the outskirts. The area of Kalynivka was clarified". DeepStateMap.Live. 11 September 2024.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Clark, Mason. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced in eastern Maksymilyanivka [...] Elements of the Russian 238th Artillery Brigade reportedly continue operating near Maksymilyanivka
- ^ "Russian forces liberate Maksimilyanovka community in Donbass region over past day". TASS. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
- ^ a b "Defense forces advanced near Martynivka. The enemy occupied Mezhove, Skuchne and Zhuravka, and advanced near Hrodivka and Zavetne. Heavy fighting for New York continues". DeepStateMap.Live. 19 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Ukraine war: Russia captures key town near Donetsk". BBC. 26 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 24". ISW. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina (23 April 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 23". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine Hits Major Russian Warship, but Loses Ground in the East". The New York Times. 26 December 2023.
- ^ a b Stashevskyi, Ciaran McQuillan and Oleksandr (17 May 2022). "Longest battle ends as Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steel mill". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ a b Barros, George; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace (1 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
Geolocated footage published on September 1 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced west of Mykhailivka and within central Dolynivka (both southeast of Pokrovsk), and ISW assesses that Russian forces likely seized the settlements.
- ^ a b Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit (18 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ^ Himtak, Olga (26 August 2024). "ЗС РФ просунулися у трьох населених пунктах поблизу Покровська, — DeepState (карта)" [Russian Armed Forces advanced in three settlements near Pokrovsk, — DeepState (map)]. Focus (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 28 August 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Barros, George; Angelica, Evans; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace (29 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces are fighting on the northeastern outskirts of Ukrainsk [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced up to the southeastern outskirts of Myrnohrad (immediately east of Pokrovsk) and have begun small arms battles with Ukrainian forces in the town, although a Ukrainian military observer described the Russian forces operating in the town as sabotage and reconnaissance groups [...] The reported Russian advance from Novohrodivka to Myrnohrad's outskirts [...] Reported Russian advances into Selydove [...] Geolocated footage posted on August 29 indicates that Russian forces advanced to central Mykhailivka.
- ^ a b Barros, George; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Gasparyan, Davit (24 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 24, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W.; Stepanenko, Kateryna (16 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed on August 16 that Russian forces operating southeast of Pokrovsk advanced southeast of Zhelanne and seized Mykolaivka.
- ^ "The enemy occupied Mykolaivka and advanced near Vodiane, Novozhelanne and Zhelanne. The enemy was pushed back near Otruba". DeepStateMap.Live.
- ^ a b c Runkel, William; Gasparyan, Davit; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W.; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Trotter, Nate (4 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on November 4 indicates that Ukrainian forces have regained lost positions in central Nelipivka [...] Geolocated footage published on November 4 shows Russian forces conducting a roughly platoon-sized mechanized assault and advancing to the eastern outskirts of Novooleksiivka
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George (19 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on August 19 that elements of the Russian Central Grouping of Forces seized Zalizne [...] Several Russian milbloggers additionally claimed that Russian forces seized all of Niu York [...] Geolocated footage published on August 18 showing a Russian flag in southern Zavitne (southeast of Pokrovsk) indicates that Russian forces recently seized Zavitne and Novozhelanne [...] Some Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces have reached the outskirts of [...] Novohrodivka
- ^ a b c d e Barros, George; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Ganzeveld, Annika (6 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
Geolocated footage published on September 5 further clarified the visually-confirmed maximum extent of the Russian forward line of own troops in northern and eastern Niu York, north of Niu York, and into eastern Nelipivka (all south of Toretsk).
- ^ "Russian troops liberate Nelepovka community in Donbass region over past day". TASS. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 19 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced along Luhova Street in southwestern Kruhlyakivka (southeast of Kupyansk) during a reinforced company-sized mechanized assault [...] Additional geolocated footage published on October 18 shows Ukrainian forces striking a Russian platoon-sized mechanized assault consisting of four infantry fighting vehicles in southern Shcherbynivka (west of Toretsk), indicating that Russian forces recently advanced in the area and likely seized Nelipivka [...] Geolocated footage published on October 19 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced on the southern outskirts of Vozdvyzhenka [...] geolocated footage published on October 19 shows Ukrainian forces striking Russian forces in northern Zoryane, southeast of Zoryane, and in the satellite community northeast of Zoryane, indicating that Russian forces recently advanced in the area and likely seized Zhelanna Druhe [...] The Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces seized Zoryane
- ^ a b Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (21 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
Another Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces are attacking Prylipka [...] Russian sources claimed that elements of the Russian 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st DNR Army Corps) and other unspecified units forced Ukrainian forces to withdraw from Netaylove.
- ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (17 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 17, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced to the southeastern outskirts of Ocheretyne and entered the northern outskirts of Netaylove
- ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (29 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on April 28 and 29 indicates that Russian forces advanced in [...], and in Netaylove
- ^ a b Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (10 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 10, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
Russian forces likely recently seized Nevelske (southeast of Pokrovsk). Geolocated footage published on August 9 shows Russian forces raising a Russian flag in northwestern Nevelske on the settlement's westernmost administrative border, and Russian sources credited elements of the Russian 110th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st DNR AC) with the seizure of the settlement [...] Russian sources also claimed that Russian forces [...] seized Ivanivka (east of Pokrovsk).
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (12 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
Geolocated footage published on March 11 indicated that Russian forces recently advanced east of Nevelske (southwest of Avdiivka), while the Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces seized the entire settlement on March 12.
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George (16 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
Russian forces likely captured Tonenke (west of Avdiivka) and Nevelske (southwest of Avdiivka) no later than March 16.
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (5 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
Russian forces recently seized Kotlyarivka (southeast of Kupyansk) no later than May 4 [...] Geolocated footage published on May 4 indicates that Ukrainian forces may have regained positions in Nevelske (southwest of Avdiivka) on an unspecified date. [...] A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces made marginal gains [...] in eastern Paraskoviivka
- ^ a b Rybar (14 May 2024). "Кризисные регионы мира: итоги 13-14 мая" [Crisis regions of the world: results of May 13-14]. RUTUBE (in Russian). Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (12 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 12, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ a b Marson, James (7 October 2024). "Intense Urban Battles Pitch Russia's Numbers Against Ukraine's Agility". The Wall Street Journal.
The tactics Russia's army used to seize the eastern town of Niu-York [...] A further counterattack in the town by another Ukrainian unit temporarily pushed the Russians back, but by the end of September, they had taken control.
- ^ Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole (4 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
Ukrainian Kharkiv Group of Forces Spokesperson Colonel Yuriy Povkh stated on July 4 that a Russian sabotage and reconnaissance group entered the village of Sotnytskyi Kozachok [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces have almost "completely" seized the settlement [...] Russian milbloggers claimed on July 3 and 4 that Russian forces broke through Ukrainian defenses and advanced into the southwestern outskirts of Niu York
- ^ a b c Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on April 25 indicates that Russian forces advanced into central Solovyove (northwest of Avdiivka) from Novobakhmutivka after likely seizing all of Novobakhmutivka on the night of April 24 to 25. Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized all of Solovyove on April 25
- ^ a b c Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Ganzeveld, Annika; Kagan, Frederick W. (23 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces also advanced up to and within Novobakhmutivka [...] Geolocated footage published on April 22 shows elements of the Russian 155th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet) planting a flag in western Novomykhailivka
- ^ "As Ukraine waits for US military aid, Russia makes further advances in the east". CNN. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (24 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 24, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Novobakhmutivka
- ^ a b Korshak, Stefan (28 August 2024). "Russia's Donbas Offensive Rolls On Against Outgunned Ukrainian Troops". Kyiv Post.
Russian tanks and infantry backed by powerful artillery and air strikes captured a key settlement and gained new ground in the eastern Donbas sector on Tuesday [...] Ukrainian troops fighting at a 4-to-1 firepower disadvantage were widely reported to have abandoned Novohrodivka [...] Ukrainian mainstream and social media on Wednesday said Kyiv's troops had been pushed out of Novohrodivka
- ^ a b "Russia advances in eastern Ukraine: Control of Novohrodivka and the strategic push towards Pokrovsk". India Today. 29 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "The enemy occupied Zhelanne and Orlivka, and advanced in New York, Mykolaivka, Zhuravka and Krasnohorivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 14 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Riley, Bailey; Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Barros, George (23 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 23, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ "Ukrainian Defense Forces achieved success near Novovodyane. The enemy advanced near Novohrodivka, Zavitne, Toretsk and Ptyche". DeepStateMap.Live. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ "Even as it humiliates Russia, Ukraine's line is crumbling in the Donbas". The Economist. 29 August 2024.
By the end of General Syrsky's press conference [on 27 August], Russian forces had moved fully into the mining town of Novohrodivka, less than 9km from Pokrovsk.
- ^ Kononuchenko, Vitalii (29 August 2024). "Battle for Pokrovsk. Will Donbas Become Ukrainian Verdun?". Dzerkalo Tyzhnia.
As of the evening of August 27, Russian troops completely occupied Novohrodivka
- ^ Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Chistina; Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
Russian sources claimed that Russian forces advanced to the T-0511 highway in Novokalynove
- ^ Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (18 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on April 18 shows that Russian forces entered southeastern Novokalynove
- ^ "В Светлодарске появится "администрация ДНР"" ["DPR administration" will appear in Svitlodarsk]. Kochegarka (in Russian). Chasiv Yar. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ Zinets, Natalia (27 July 2022). "Russian forces capture Ukraine's second biggest power plant, Ukraine says". Reuters. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainians say they have hit an ammunitions site used by the Russians". Sky News. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Kagan, Fredrick W. (6 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
Geolocated footage published on February 3 confirms that Russian forces captured Vesele (northwest of Bakhmut). [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced up to the eastern outskirts of Novomykhailivka - claims consistent with available geolocated evidence.
- ^ "Russia Says Seized Village in East Ukraine's Donetsk Region". 22 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (22 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
Geolocated footage posted on April 22 shows Russian forces raising a Russian flag over the Ocheretyne Military-Civilian Administration building in central Ocheretyne [...] Russian milbloggers also claimed that Russian forces have pushed Ukrainian forces out of Semenivka [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on April 22 that Russian forces seized Novomykhailivka
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (11 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 11, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Karr, Liam; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
Russian milbloggers subsequently claimed that the capture of Kotlyarivka allowed elements of the Russian 1st Guards Tank Army (Moscow Military District [MMD]) to completely seize Kyslivka [...] Russian milbloggers also claimed [...] that Russian forces reached the outskirts of Novooleksandrivka
- ^ a b c Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (8 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
Geolocated footage published on May 8 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced [...] towards the eastern outskirts of Novooleksandrivka [...] Geolocated footage published on May 8 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced [...] in southern Urozhaine [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces entered Staromayorske [...] and seized up to half of the settlement
- ^ a b Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (8 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (13 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 13, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
Geolocated footage published on June 13 shows that Russian forces advanced to the eastern outskirts of Rozdolivka [...]. Russian milbloggers claimed that elements of the Russian 106th Airborne (VDV) Division have been operating on the eastern outskirts Rozdolivka since June 12 [...] Geolocated footage published on June 13 shows Russian forces raising a flag in western Novopokrovske, and Russian milbloggers widely claimed on June 13 that Russian forces seized the village
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (7 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces also advanced westward in fields east of Novopokrovske [...] and up to the settlement's southern outskirts.
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (10 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 10, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
Russian forces conducted a limited cross-border incursion into Sumy Oblast on June 9 but likely have not established a significant or enduring presence in this area. [...] Mysynk stated [...] that Ryzhivka is a contested "gray zone" because of its proximity to the international border. [...] Another milblogger claimed that elements of the Russian 228th Motorized Rifle Regiment [...] entered Novopokrovske [...] Geolocated footage published on June 10 shows that Russian forces advanced to northern Staromayorske [...] and have likely seized the whole settlement.
- ^ a b c d e Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit (29 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 29, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
Geolocated footage published on July 29 shows that Russian forces hold positions in western Novoselivka Persha (northwest of Avdiivka), confirming that Russian forces recently seized the entire settlement [...] Elements of the Russian 433rd Motorized Rifle Regiment (27th Motorized Rifle Division, 2nd Combined Arms Army [CAA], Central Military District [CMD]) reportedly recently seized Yevhenivka (northwest of Avdiivka).
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (11 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 11, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
Geolocated footage published on July 11 indicates that Russian forces recently seized Voskhod [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Voskhod as early as July 4 [...] Geolocated footage published on July 11 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced westward in the fields east of Novoselivka Persha [...] A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced up to Novoselivka Persha's eastern outskirts on July 11, and another Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces crossed the Vovcha River and entered Novoselivka Persha.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Clark, Mason (4 May 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ WION Video Team (13 March 2022). "Russia releases village of Novotroitske, 'Z' painted on military convoy vehicles". WION. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ Redattore Sociale (6 May 2022). "Festa della mamma, due madri ucraine: grazie Italia, i nostri figli sono salvi". Redattore Sociale (in Italian). Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 1". Institute for the Study of War. 1 May 2022.
- ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 25, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
Geolocated footage published on March 24 and 25 shows that Russian forces recently advanced further into western Orlivka
- ^ a b Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna (2 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 2, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
Geolocated footage published on March 1 and 2 indicates that Russian forces advanced in central and eastern Orlivka (west of Avdiivka). Geolocated footage published on March 2 indicates that Russian forces also advanced in Tonenke (west of Avdiivka). A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces out of Tonenke, but other Russian milbloggers denied claims that Russian forces controlled the settlement.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
The Russian MoD claimed on March 19 that elements of the Central Grouping of Forces seized Orlivka
- ^ Mappes, Grace; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 3 and 4 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced along 1 Travnia Street in southeastern Maksymilyanivka, east of Ostrivske, and west of Hostre — likely seizing the settlement.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Trotter, Nate (11 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 11, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 7 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into western Ostrivske (east of Kurakhove) during a company-sized mechanized assault.[64] Russian sources, including the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD), claimed on October 11 that Russian forces completely seized Ostrivske and are roughly a kilometer from Kurakhove
- ^ a b Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Philipson, Layne; Howard, Angela; Klepanchuk, Yekaterina; Williams, Madison; Kagan, Frederick W. (14 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 14". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
Geolocated footage posted on November 12 showed that Russian forces advanced into northwestern outskirts of Opytne [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) and Russian news outlets claimed that Russian troops captured Pavlivka (45km southwest of Donetsk City) on November 14 after Ukrainian forces conducted unsuccessful counterattacks near Pavlivka and Nikolske on November 13.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (11 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 11". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
A Russian source claimed that Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) forces captured Opytne. [...] Russian sources claimed that Russian forces seized Pavlivka in western Donetsk Oblast on November 11 amid reports of continued fighting. Geolocated footage shows Russian forces raising a flag in the southeast corner of the village.
- ^ "In Artemivsk, DPR supporters captured city council and obstructed journalists". imi.org.ua. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine says forces retake two more rebel-held cities". BBC News. 6 July 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ "Latest Developments in Ukraine: Feb. 17". VOA. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "The War in Ukraine".
- ^ "Рыбарь".
- ^ "Russian pro-war channels allege capture of Pervomaiske village, publish videos". Kyiv Independent. 9 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 31". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (30 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 30, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
The Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces seized Pivdenne (southeast of Toretsk)
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces [...] entered the outskirts of Pivnichne
- ^ a b Stepanenko, Kateryna; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Soltani, Amin; Braverman, Alexandra; Carter, Brian; Fitzpatrick, Kitaneh; Kagan, Frederick W. (21 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Hunder, Max (25 May 2022). "Russian assault targets key towns in eastern Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (26 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
Russian sources also claimed that Russian forces entered eastern Stelmakhivka
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ a b Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley (5 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on September 5 shows reported elements of the Russian 40th Naval Infantry Brigade (Pacific Fleet, Eastern Military District [EMD]) raising a Russian flag in northwestern Prechystivka, indicating that Russian forces have likely seized the settlement.
- ^ "Південь Донеччини: армія РФ наближається до Вугледару" [South Donetsk: Russian army is approaching Vuhledar]. Radio Svaboda (in Ukrainian). 4 September 2024.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 26, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
- ^ "Map of the war in Ukraine". DeepStateMap. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Wolkov, Nicole; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (3 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
Geolocated footage published on August 2 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced north of Rozdolivka (south of Siversk), confirming that Russian forces previously seized the settlement [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced into southeastern Serhiivka and western Zhelanne
- ^ a b Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (28 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
- ^ "The enemy advanced in Prohres and occupied Rozdolivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 19 July 2024.
- ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (28 August 2024). "Russian forces approaching town of Selydove in Donetsk Oblast, media reports". Kyiv Independent.
- ^ Kagan, Frederick W.; Gasparyan, Davit; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica (28 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
Russian forces recently advanced into Selydove (southeast of Pokrovsk) [...] Geolocated footage published on September 27 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced into southern Selydove along Shevchenka Street and south of the settlement.
- ^ Faulconbridge, Guy; Kelly, Lidia (27 October 2024). "Putin says Moscow will respond if West helps Ukraine to strike deep into Russia". Reuters.
- ^ Faulconbridge, Guy (29 October 2024). "Russia takes two Ukrainian towns as it advances at fastest pace in a year". Reuters.
- ^ Novikov, Illia (29 February 2024). "Russian offensive targets more Ukrainian towns and villages as Ukraine says it shot down 3 warplanes". PBS. Associated Press. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ Walsh, Nick Paton (1 April 2024). "Russian assault piles pressure on fragile Ukrainian defensive line in the east". CNN. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (20 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 20, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
another Russian source later claimed that elements of the Russian 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st DNR AC) seized Semenivka.
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Kagan, Frederick W. (26 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on April 26 indicates that Russian forces recently made marginal advances within central Solovyove (northwest of Avdiivka) and in central Semenivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized the remainder of Semenivka
- ^ "Russian troops liberate Serebryanka, Nikolayevka communities in Donetsk area over past day". TASS. 23 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces advanced to the eastern outskirts of Vesele (northwest of Avdiivka), entered the settlement, and seized up to roughly a third of Vesele, although ISW has not observed confirmation of these claims [...] Russian forces continued offensive operations north of Avdiivka near Kalynove; northwest of Avdiivka near Vozdvyzhenka, Novooleksandrivka, Vesele, Serhiivka, Tymofiivka, Novoselivka Persha, Vovche, Zhelanne, Mezhove, and Lysychne;
- ^ "The enemy advanced near Vodiane, Umanske, Novoselivka Persha, Zhelanne, Vesele and Krasnohorivka. Fighting continues near Urozhayne and in New York". DeepStateMap.Live. 27 July 2024.
- ^ "The enemy captured Serhiivka and advanced near Pereyizne, Vodyane, Novoselivka Persha, Tymofiyivka, Lysychne, Hrodivka, Novozhelanne, in Zhelanne and Ivanivka. The Ukrainian Defense Forces pushed back the enemy in New York". DeepStateMap.Live. 7 August 2024.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 8, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Russian milbloggers also continued to claim that Russian forces seized Serhiivka (southeast of Pokrovsk).
- ^ "The enemy captured Serhiivka and advanced near Pereyizne, Vodyane, Novoselivka Persha, Tymofiyivka, Lysychne, Hrodivka, Novozhelanne, in Zhelanne and Ivanivka. The Ukrainian Defense Forces pushed back the enemy in New York". DeepStateMap.Live. 7 August 2024.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (26 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 26". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "For Russia's Putin, military and diplomatic pressures mount". AP. 19 September 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Barros, George (25 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 25". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George (22 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 22, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
A Ukrainian source claimed on June 21 that Russian forces seized Shumy
- ^ a b c Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (26 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 26, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
Geolocated footage published on February 26 shows that Russian forces entered the southeastern part of Sieverne (west of Avdiivka). Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces completely captured Sieverne and Tonenke
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W.; Barros, George (25 May 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 25". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ a b Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace (6 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 6, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
Russian forces recently marginally advanced east of Pishchane [...] Russian forces likely recently seized Sokil [...] Geolocated footage published on July 6 shows elements of the Russian "Black Hussars" detachment raising a flag in western Sokil, and the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces seized the settlement.
- ^ Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
Geolocated footage published on May [...] 27 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced [...] northeast of Sokil
- ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Karr, Liam; Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
some milbloggers claimed that Russian forces managed to advance as far as central Sokil
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George (7 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
Geolocated footage published on June 7 shows Ukrainian forces operating in southwestern Hlyboke [...], suggesting that Ukrainian forces conducted a local counterattack. [...] Geolocated footage published on June 7 indicates that Russian forces advanced [...] in central Sokil
- ^ a b Paludi, Christopher; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Trotter, Nate (9 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
Geolocated footage published on November 9 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced to central Sontsivka
- ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar". MSN. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 19". Institute for the Study of War. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 17". Institute for the Study of War. 17 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
Russian troops also reportedly conducted a ground attack near Spirne, about 20km southeast of Siversk.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Lawlor, Katherine; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (15 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 15". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
Both Ukrainian and Russian official sources confirmed fighting in Spirne (east of Siversk)
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
Geolocated combat footage posted on June 20 shows Ukrainian forces repelling a Russian armored assault east of Spirne [...] ISW geolocated footage published on June 21 that shows continued Ukrainian control of Pyatykhatky.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 December 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 27, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
Geolocated footage published on December 27 indicates that Russian forces advanced closer to the eastern outskirts of Spirne (northeast of Bakhmut). [...] Geolocated footage published on December 26 shows that Russian forces advanced in the western part of Krynky on the east bank and north of Bilohrudove (9.5km southwest of Kherson City).
- ^ Karolina Hird; Riley Bailey; Grace Mappes; Angelica Evans; Christina Harward; Frederick W. Kagan (27 July 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 27, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky posted footage on July 27 showing that Ukrainian forces liberated Staromayorske (9km south of Velyka Novosilka) in western Donetsk Oblast following heavy fighting in the area.
- ^ DeepState (8 May 2024). "Мапу оновлено!" [The map has been updated!]. Telegram (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Moscow Says Captured Village in Southeastern Ukraine". The Moscow Times. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (13 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 13". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (11 November 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 11, 2023". Critical Threats. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Hird, Karolina; Clark, Mason; Barros, George (8 June 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 8". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Ochman, Oleksandra; Kesaiev, Yulia; Krever, Mick; Smith, Karen (14 June 2022). "Mayor of captured Ukrainian town switches sides". CNN. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine's National Guard confirms recapture of Sviatohirsk". Ukrinform. 12 September 2022.
- ^ a b Novikov, Sergey (24 May 2022). "Російські війська увійшли до Світлодарська, - місцева ВГА" [Russian troops entered Svitlodarsk - local CMA]. РБК-Україна (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Російські загарбники зайняли Світлодарськ, що у Бахмутському районі, — очільник ВЦА" [Russian invaders occupied Svitlodarsk in the Bakhmut area — the head of the CMA]. Вільне Радіо (in Ukrainian). 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 November 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Batashvili, David (3 October 2022). "The Battle of Ukraine, Special Issue 76, from 30 September, 13:00 to 3 October, 15:00 Kyiv Time". Rondeli Foundation. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (27 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 27, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
The Ukrainian General Staff reported that Ukrainian forces repelled a Russian assault near Sotnytskyi Kozachok [...] on the evening of June 26 [...] Another milblogger claimed that Ukrainian forces likely advanced east of Terny but that the information is unconfirmed.
- ^ a b Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (21 March 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 21, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
The Russian MoD claimed that Russian forces captured Tonenke (west of Avdiivka) amid continued positional fighting west of Avdiivka on March 21.
- ^ Kagan, Frederick W.; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Mappes, Grace (5 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 5, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
Russian forces recently advanced near Toretsk amid continued fighting in the area on July 5. Geolocated footage published on July 4 and 5 indicates that Russian forces recently advanced in southern Pivnichne [...] Russian forces continued offensive operations near Toretsk; northeast of Toretsk near Druzhba; east of Toretsk near Pivnichne; and southeast of Toretsk near Niu York, Yurivka, and Zalizne on July 4 and 5
- ^ "Ukrainian Defense Forces achieved success near Novovodyane. The enemy advanced near Novohrodivka, Zavitne, Toretsk and Ptyche". DeepStateMap.Live. 22 August 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ "Institute for the Study of War".
- ^ a b c Harward, Christina; Gasparyan, Davit; Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- ^ a b Barros, George; Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Zehrung, Haley; Evans, Angelica (17 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 17, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
Additional geolocated footage published on September 17 shows elements of the Russian 144th Motorized Rifle Brigade (51st Combined Arms Army [CAA], formerly 1st Donetsk People's Republic [DNR] Army Corps [AC]) raising several flags within Ukrainsk (southeast of Pokrovsk), indicating that Russian forces recently seized the settlement.
- ^ "Russian occupiers advance in Ukrainka and near Krasnohorivka — DeepState". The New Voice of Ukraine. 7 September 2024.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (9 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
Geolocated footage published on May 9 shows that elements of the Russian 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade [...] advanced into central Umanske
- ^ a b c Wolkov, Nicole; Evans, Angelica; Bailey, Riley; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. (13 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 13, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ a b "The enemy occupied Urozhayne and advanced near Oleksandropol, Novoselivka Persha and in Makiivka. Fighting continues in Zalizne and Klishchiyivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 13 July 2024.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Clark, Mason (16 August 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 16, 2023". Institute for the Study of War.
- ^ a b c Mappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (9 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 9, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
Geolocated footage published on October 7 indicates that Russian forces seized Verkhnokamyanske [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on October 8 that Russian forces seized Zoryane Pershe
- ^ Mappes, Grace; Gasparyan, Davit; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Barros, George; Trotter, Nate (2 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 2, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ a b "The enemy occupied Vesele and advanced near Lysychne, Ivanivka, Serhiyivka and Zhelanne". DeepStateMap.Live. 1 August 2024.
- ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (1 August 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
Geolocated footage published on August 1 shows that Russian forces have advanced further within Vesele towards the T0511 road, placing the current furthest confirmed Russian advance about 3.5 kilometers from the outskirts of Hrodivka.
- ^ a b Mappes, Grace; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (1 April 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
Geolocated footage published on March 31 shows that elements of the 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade (1st Donetsk People's Republic Army Corps [DNR AC]) have advanced along Haharin Street in Vodyane (southwest of Avdiivka) and have reached the western outskirts of the settlement.
- ^ "Russia claims to have captured village in Ukraine's Donetsk region". France24. 5 April 2024.
- ^ a b Hodunova, Kateryna (9 September 2024). "Russia ramps up offensive on Vuhledar, Ukrainian stronghold in the east". Kyiv Independent.
managed to occupy the village of Prechystivka, approaching Vuhledar from the southwest, and took over Vodiane
- ^ Hlushchenko, Olha (9 September 2024). "Russian forces occupy Vodiane in Donetsk Oblast". Ukrainska Pravda.
- ^ Varenikova, Maria; Bigg, Matthew Mpoke (9 September 2024). "Russian Forces Capture 2 Villages in Eastern Ukraine, Analysis Shows". The New York Times.
- ^ "Russia-backed forces capture Volnovakha, reports say". BBC. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 1, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ a b "Война в Украине: ВСУ вошли в Лиман, в Харьковской области нашли расстрелянную автоколонну - Новости на русском языке". BBC News Русская Служба. 7 October 2022.
- ^ Veljco Palamar (5 May 2022). "Ucraina, si allungano i tempi del conflitto?". Rivista Italiana Difesa. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- ^ a b "В "ДНР" решили, что управлять селами Лиманского района будут в... Енакиево" [In the "DPR", they decided that villages of the Lyman Raion will be governed in... Yenakiieve]. Kochegarka (in Russian). Chasiv Yar. 22 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ Brugen, Isabel van (28 September 2022). "Ukraine troops encircling Russian forces as Putin faces major defeat". Newsweek. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Пушилин заявил об отсутствии полного контроля над поселком Ямполь". РБК (in Russian). 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Russia Says Captured Another Village In Eastern Ukraine". Barron's. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
- ^ "A year after fighting stops, depressed Yenakiyeve waits for recovery under Russian occupation". Kyiv Post. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "The enemy occupied Yevhenivka and advanced near Yurivka". DeepStateMap.Live. 10 July 2024.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 6". Institute for the Study of War. 6 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 6". Institute for the Study of War. 6 October 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Clark, Mason; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Barros, George (27 April 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 27". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine: Russia continues offensive in east of country as of May 1 /update 86". Crisis24. GardaWorld. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "The enemy occupied Vesele and advanced near Lysychne, Ivanivka, Serhiyivka and Zhelanne". DeepStateMap.Live. 1 August 2024.
External links
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| International | |
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| National | |
- Donetsk People's Republic
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