Eelam War II

Eelam War II
	Part of the Sri Lankan Civil War
	; Improvised armored bulldozer of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam used in First Battle of Elephant Pass. Today, it is one of the Sri Lankan Civil War memorials.
Date	June 10, 1990 – January 1995 ; (5 years)
Location	Sri Lanka
Result	Indecisive
Belligerents
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Army;	Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Commanders and leaders
Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989–93); Dingiri Banda Wijetunge (1993–94); Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–1995); Lt Gen Denzil Kobbekaduwa (1989–92); Maj Gen Vijaya Wimalaratne (1989–92); Rea Adm H. R. Amaraweera (1989–92); Rea Adm Mohan Jayamaha (1989–92)	Velupillai Prabhakaran

Eelam War II is the name given to the second phase of armed conflict between Sri Lankan military and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The war started after the failure of peace talks between the Premadasa government and the LTTE. This phase of the war was initiated by the LTTE who massacred almost 600 Sinhalese and Muslim police personnel after they were ordered by the Premadasa government to surrender to the LTTE. The truce was broken on June 10, 1990, when the LTTE in October expelled all the 28,000 Muslims residing in Jaffna.

Military operations

The Eelam War II, saw the LTTE shifting to conventional warfare tactics with the deployment of large groups of soldiers to first attack isolated Sri Lanka Army detachments of platoon or company strength in the Northern Province such as Kokavil in June and July 1990 where it overran the detachment; Mullaitivu September 1990 which was relieved by Operation Sea Breeze the first amphibious operation launched by the Sri Lankan military; while it kept the army garrison at the Jaffna Fort besieged until it was broken by Operation Thrividha Balaya in September 1990. A major change in LTTE tactics came in the First Battle of Elephant Pass in which the LTTE besieged the army garrison of a full battalion strength at the strategic Elephant Pass from 10 July to 9 August 1991 until a relief force that had been led from the sea under Operation Balavegaya broke the siege. Casualties were high and the LTTE had deployed a large force of 5,000 cadres to lay siege to the army base and stop the relief force. LTTE continued to engage the army in small skirmishes and ambushes. The army also launched several limited operations with the aim of drawing out and killing LTTE carders. In August 1992, the military lost several of its senior leaders in a landmine explosion Araly point which killed Major General Denzil Kobbekaduwa and Brigadier Vijaya Wimalaratne, both charismatic field commanders, followed by the assassination of the head of the navy Vice Admiral Clancy Fernando in Colombo by a suicide bomber. In 1993, Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber on May Day and LTTE was able to launch two major attacks on army detachments in the Battle of Janakapura and the Battle of Pooneryn, which resulted in major loss of life and equipment for the army.^[1]^[2]

Civilian killings

Massacre of police officers

In June 1990, the LTTE eastern cadres, led by then-LTTE Eastern commander Karuna Amman, killed 774 police officers stationed in the Eastern province, after they had surrendered to the LTTE.

Palliyagodella massacre

The background to this attack was seen as a retaliation by the LTTE against Muslims believed to be working as an informers for the government forces in the Eastern region of Sri Lanka, and allegedly for their roles as Home Guards. The Palliyagodella villagers had asked the Sri Lankan military, fearing an attack by the LTTE, for protection. The Sri Lankan forces issued shotguns to the Muslims and Singhalese villagers, which some Muslims used to attack Tamil civilians and LTTE. Because of these incidents in October 1991 in which LTTE militants killed 109 Muslims in Palliyagodella.

1990 Batticaloa massacre

The 1990 Batticaloa massacre, also known as the Sathurukondan massacre, was a massacre of at least 184 Tamil refugees from three villages in the Batticaloa District by the Sri Lankan Army on September 9, 1990.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] According to the Special Presidential Commission of inquiry appointed by the People's Alliance government, 5 infants, 42 children under the age of ten, 85 women and 28 old persons were among the 184 villagers who were murdered. Three captains of the Sri Lankan Army were identified as the culprits.^[5]^[8]

1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre

On June 12, 1991, following a LTTE landmine attack on the Sri Lankan Army, 152 Tamil civilians were massacred by members of the Sri Lankan Army in the village Kokkadichcholai near the eastern province town of Batticaloa.^[9]^[10] Locals also reported that six Tamil women were raped, including two sisters.^[11]^[12]^[13]

References

^ Chandraprema, C. A. (2012). Gota's War. Colombo: Piyasiri Printing Systems. pp. 215–216.
^ "June '93 peace moves preceded stunning battlefield defeats".
^ "The massacre at Sathurukondan: 9th September 1990 – Report 8". UTHR. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ "Chapter 45: War continues with brutality". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Batticaloa massacre victims remembered". Tamilnet. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ "Towards reconciliation". Dailynews. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ "World Report 2000: Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ "Unanswered Questions About 1990 Operations in The East". UTHR-J. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
^ McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 21 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1080/09557570701828592. S2CID 154770852.
^ "SRI LANKA:When will justice be done?". Amnesty International. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
^ Amnesty International (1994). Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of 1990s, A manual for action. Amnesty International. pp. 16–22. ISBN 978-90-6463-095-8.
^ "2002 HRW report- Sri Lanka". HRW. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
^ Hoole, Rajan (2002-05-14). "Kokkadichcholai massacre and after". University Teachers for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-18.

[1] Chandraprema, C. A. (2012). Gota's War. Colombo: Piyasiri Printing Systems. pp. 215–216.

[2] "June '93 peace moves preceded stunning battlefield defeats".

[UTHR-3] "The massacre at Sathurukondan: 9th September 1990 – Report 8". UTHR. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[4] "Chapter 45: War continues with brutality". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[tamilnet2-5] "Batticaloa massacre victims remembered". Tamilnet. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[6] "Towards reconciliation". Dailynews. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[HRW-7] "World Report 2000: Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[8] "Unanswered Questions About 1990 Operations in The East". UTHR-J. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[McConnell2008-9] McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 21 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1080/09557570701828592. S2CID 154770852.

[AI2-10] "SRI LANKA:When will justice be done?". Amnesty International. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-19.

[AI-11] Amnesty International (1994). Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of 1990s, A manual for action. Amnesty International. pp. 16–22. ISBN 978-90-6463-095-8.

[hrw-12] "2002 HRW report- Sri Lanka". HRW. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-02.

[uthr-13] Hoole, Rajan (2002-05-14). "Kokkadichcholai massacre and after". University Teachers for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2007-07-18.

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