Estevan Point lighthouse
 | |
| Location | Vancouver Island, Hesquiat Peninsula, Estevan Point, Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, Canada |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 49°22′59″N 126°32′39″W / 49.382972°N 126.544028°W |
| Tower | |
| Construction | concrete (tower) |
| Height | 30 m (98 ft) |
| Shape | octagonal tower with buttresses |
| Markings | white (tower), red (lantern) |
| Operator | Sooke Region Museum |
| Heritage | classified federal heritage building of Canada, heritage lighthouse |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1909 |
| Focal height | 37 m (121 ft) |
| Lens | First order Fresnel by Chance Brothers (original), modern optic (current) |
| Range | 17 nmi (31 km; 20 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl(2) W 15s |
Estevan Point Lighthouse is located on the headland of the same name in the Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada.[1]
During the Second World War, in 1942, the Estevan Point lighthouse was fired upon by the Japanese submarine I-26, marking the first enemy attack on Canadian soil since the Fenian raids of 1866 and 1871.[2]
Currently the Canadian Coast Guard still maintains Estevan Point, with the light still active as of 2022. The light emits a signal of a double flash every 15 seconds with the focal plane located at 37.5 m (123 ft) above sea level.[3]
History
[edit]The Spanish explorer Juan José Pérez Hernández, originating from Mallorca, traded with the natives of the region (the Nuu-chah-nulth) when he explored the area in 1774 and named the headland "Punta San Esteban". Four years later, James Cook's expedition arrived in the Nootka Sound and made contact with the local population.[4]
The lighthouse was established in 1909 as one in a series of buttressed lighthouses designed by engineer William P. Anderson. The lighthouse was constructed in concrete as a 30.5 m (100 ft) tall octagonal tower supported by buttresses. Originally, a first order Fresnel lens made by Chance Brothers of England had been used but together with the lantern it was dismantled during the 1980s and was then donated to a regional museum in 2004.
Estevan Point lighthouse attack
[edit]During the Second World War, the Estevan Point lighthouse was attacked by the Japanese submarine I-26. On June 20, 1942, I-26, under the command of Yokota Minoru, surfaced and shelled the lighthouse,[5] at the same time as the Japanese submarine I-25 made a similar attack at the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon, shelling Fort Stevens.[6]
I-26 fired 25–30 rounds of 5.5 in (140 mm) shells at the Estevan Point lighthouse and radio-direction-finding station, but failed to hit its target and the lighthouse station remained undamaged.[7] Five Royal Canadian Navy patrol vessels and a Supermarine Stranraer, a flying boat of the Royal Canadian Air Force, were dispatched to search for the submarine but failed to locate I-26 which fled north and then returned to Japan. One of the 5.5-inch shells was recovered by a naval shore patrol after the attack while additional shell fragments were found in 1973.[5] An explosive demolition team from CFB Comox destroyed one explosive fragment while an inert fragment was presented to the Maritime Museum of British Columbia. Although the attack resulted in no damage or casualties, the subsequent decision to turn off the lights of outer stations caused difficulties for coastal shipping.[8]
A 1995 episode of the CBC Television newsmagazine program The Fifth Estate reported contradictions in eyewitness descriptions of the attacking vessel and speculated that the attack may have been a false flag conducted by Allied surface vessels with the intent of increasing domestic support for Prime Minister Mackenzie King and his wartime policies related to conscription.[9]
Climate
[edit]Estevan Point has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). The average annual temperature in Estevan Point is 9.9 °C (49.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 3,097.0 mm (121.93 in) with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 14.9 °C (58.8 °F), and lowest in December / January, at around 5.9 °C (42.6 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Estevan Point was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) on June 28, 2021, during the Western North America heat wave;[10] the coldest temperature ever recorded was −13.9 °C (7.0 °F) on January 14, 1950.[11]
| Climate data for Estevan Point WMO ID: 71894; coordinates 49°23′00″N 126°32′35″W / 49.38333°N 126.54306°W; elevation: 5.8 m (19 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 14.2 | 16.1 | 18.8 | 22.5 | 24.2 | 29.6 | 31.0 | 28.1 | 32.4 | 24.1 | 18.1 | 14.9 | 32.4 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
26.0 (78.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
21.1 (70.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
30.5 (86.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.2 (50.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
14.6 (58.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
12.1 (53.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
3.4 (38.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.9 (7.0) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
| Record low wind chill | −16.3 | −11.5 | −12.2 | −5.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −5.3 | −14.4 | −18.4 | −18.4 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 445.3 (17.53) |
288.4 (11.35) |
299.1 (11.78) |
256.8 (10.11) |
133.7 (5.26) |
119.0 (4.69) |
74.3 (2.93) |
112.2 (4.42) |
161.6 (6.36) |
335.1 (13.19) |
454.4 (17.89) |
430.7 (16.96) |
3,110.5 (122.46) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 443.0 (17.44) |
284.2 (11.19) |
295.4 (11.63) |
255.9 (10.07) |
133.7 (5.26) |
119.0 (4.69) |
74.3 (2.93) |
112.2 (4.42) |
161.6 (6.36) |
335.1 (13.19) |
453.3 (17.85) |
429.2 (16.90) |
3,097 (121.93) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 2.3 (0.9) |
4.2 (1.7) |
3.7 (1.5) |
0.8 (0.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.0 (0.4) |
1.5 (0.6) |
13.5 (5.3) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 23.5 | 19.8 | 22.2 | 20.5 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 10.9 | 12.4 | 14.4 | 21.3 | 23.5 | 24.2 | 222.9 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 23.1 | 19.4 | 22.0 | 20.4 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 10.9 | 12.4 | 14.4 | 21.3 | 23.4 | 24.0 | 221.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 0.93 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.39 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.36 | 0.62 | 4.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST) | 87.8 | 80.6 | 80.0 | 79.3 | 77.8 | 80.3 | 81.9 | 84.1 | 84.6 | 86.0 | 85.9 | 88.2 | 83.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61.9 | 83.1 | 115.7 | 158.3 | 206.2 | 205.6 | 232.9 | 200.5 | 170.5 | 114.8 | 62.1 | 57.6 | 1,669.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 23.0 | 29.1 | 31.5 | 38.5 | 43.4 | 42.3 | 47.6 | 44.9 | 45.0 | 34.2 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 35.4 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[11] (June maximum)[10] (sun 1981–2010)[12] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ List of Lights, Pub. 111: The West Coasts of North and South America (Excluding Continental U.S.A. and Hawaii), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Islands of the North and South Pacific Oceans (PDF). List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. p. 2017.
- ^ Come Quick, Danger A History of Marine Radio in Canada
- ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Canada: Southern British Columbia". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ "Early Exploration". Nootka Sound Service. Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- ^ a b SENSUIKAN! — IJN Submarine I-26: Tabular Record of Movement, combinedfleet.com, retrieved December 9, 2007
- ^ SENSUIKAN! — IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement, combinedfleet.com, retrieved December 9, 2007
- ^ Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) [1964], "The Continental Defense Commands After Pearl Harbor", Guarding the United States and its Outposts, Center of Military History, United States Army, CMH Pub 4-2, archived from the original on December 25, 2007, retrieved December 9, 2007
- ^ Japanese Submarines on the West Coast of Canada, pinetreeline.org, archived from the original on July 8, 2008, retrieved December 9, 2007
- ^ the fifth estate (August 18, 2017), Estevan Point Bombing : A Shot in the Dark (1995) - The Fifth Estate, archived from the original on December 21, 2021, retrieved August 18, 2017
- ^ a b "Estevan Point CS". Daily Data Report for June 2021. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 27, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
- ^ a b "Estevan Point". Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 27, 2024. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 27, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
External links
[edit]- Estevan Point lighthouse at Parks Canada
- Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard
| Authority control databases: Geographic |
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