Hausa–Gwandara languages
| Hausa–Gwandara | |
|---|---|
| A.1 West Chadic | |
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria and Niger |
| Linguistic classification | Afro-Asiatic |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | west2718 |
West Chadic per Newman (1977) | |
The Hausa–Gwandara languages (also known as the A.1 West Chadic languages) of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. They include Gwandara and Hausa, the most populous Chadic language and a major language of West Africa.
Languages
[edit]The two Hausa–Gwandara languages are:
Classification within West Chadic
[edit]Based on nominal morphology and other grammatical patterns, Blench (2021) considers the Hausa–Gwandara branch to have been the first West Chadic branch to have split off from Proto-West Chadic.[1]
Non-Chadic influences
[edit]The Hausa–Gwandara languages have many words that are not found in other Chadic languages[2] because they are loans from Adamawa, Plateau, Kainji, Nupoid, and other Benue-Congo languages acquired during its expansion across the Nigerian Middle Belt. While those languages became assimilated, many of their words had changed the lexicon of Hausa. Some likely influence from vanished Nilo-Saharan languages on Hausa has been proposed.[2]
List of Hausa words of likely Benue-Congo origin:[2]
| English | Hausa |
|---|---|
| nine | tárà |
| mother/woman | uwaa |
| to wash (body) | wankèè |
| bed | gado |
| red, bright red | jaa |
| year | shekara |
| porcupine | beguwa |
| agama lizard | ƙadangare |
| water | ruwaa |
| sun, day | rana |
| egg | ƙwǎy |
| lion | záákii |
| leopard | dààmísàà |
| month, moon | wátàà |
| hare | zóómóó |
| scorpion | kunāma |
| want/need/like/love/wish | soo |
| gourd (sphincter) | kondo, ƙunduu |
| doctor | bokaa |
| hunger | yúnwàà |
| shoe | tākalmi |
| spear grass | tofa |
| kind, sort | iri |
| dance | ráwáá |
| stream | rafi |
| ram | rago |
| baboon | goggo, gwaggo |
| war | yāƙi |
| axe | gātari |
| good, right | dede, daidai |
| bulrush millet | maiwa |
| iburu | iburu |
| half | raabi |
| village/settlement | tungaa |
| female breast | mààmáá |
| flat rock | fā, pā |
| shelter | bukka |
| chew | tauna, tamna |
| meat | náamàa |
| oil | mai |
| pumpkin | kàbééwàà |
References
[edit]- ^ Blench, Roger. 2021. The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench. WOCAL, Leiden.
- ^ a b c Blench, Roger. 2011. Benue-Congo (and some Nilo-Saharan) etymologies for Hausa words?