List of Mycenaean deities
Many of the Greek deities are known from as early as Mycenaean (Late Bronze Age) civilization. This is an incomplete list of these deities[n 1] and of the way their names, epithets, or titles are spelled and attested in Mycenaean Greek, written in the Linear B[n 2] syllabary, along with some reconstructions and equivalent forms in later Greek.
Deities
[edit]Pantheon
[edit]| Name | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Linear B | Transliteration | Comments | Footnotes |
| Pantes Theoi | 𐀞𐀯𐀳𐀃𐀂 | pa-si-te-o-i | "To All the Gods"; a special invocation, irrespective of sex, etc.; recurrently attested at Knossos[1][2][3][4] | [n 3][n 4][n 5] |
Gods
[edit]| Name | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Linear B | Transliteration | Comments | Footnotes |
| Anemoi | 𐀀𐀚𐀗𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊 / 𐀀𐀚𐀗𐄀𐀂𐀋𐀩𐀊 | a-ne-mo-i-je-re-ja / a-ne-mo,i-je-re-ja | attested through *Anemohiereia or *Anemon Hiereia, "Priestess of the Winds"[9][1][10][11] | [n 6][n 7][n 8][n 9] |
| Apollo(?) | 𐀟𐁊 | pe-rjo-, reconstructed a-pe-rjo-ne | perhaps attested through the lacunose perio[13][14] | [n 10] |
| Ares | 𐀀𐀩 | a-re | [9][16][17][18][19] | |
| Despotas(?) | 𐀈𐀡𐀲 | do-po-ta | unclear, perhaps house deity, euphemism for Hades meaning master?[19][20][21] | [n 11][n 12][n 13] |
| Dionysus | 𐀇𐀺𐀝𐀰 | di-wo-nu-so | [19][26] | [n 14] |
| Dipsioi | 𐀇𐀠𐀯𐀍𐀂 | di-pi-si-jo-i | meaning obscure: perhaps "The Thirsty and hence the Dead Ones" possibly referring to ancestor worship or slain gods possibly the Titans; perhaps related to Thessalian month Dipsos[19][32][33][34][35] | [n 15] |
| Drimios | 𐀇𐀪𐀖𐀍 | di-ri-mi-jo | unknown, in later times, son of Zeus, perhaps a predecessor of Apollo[19][34][37] | [n 11][n 16][n 17] |
| Enesidaon | 𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀅𐀃𐀚 | e-ne-si-da-o-ne | possibly a theonym; possibly an epithet of Poseidon, assumed to mean "Earthshaker" or something similar[1][37][40] | [n 13][n 18][n 19] |
| Enyalius | 𐀁𐀝𐀷𐀪𐀍 | e-nu-wa-ri-jo | a later epithet of Ares, or his son with Enyo, maybe a title for his father Zeus.[1][19][28][34] | |
| Hephaestus | 𐀀𐀞𐀂𐀴𐀍 | a-pa-i-ti-jo | regarded as indirectly attested by the name *Haphaistios or *Haphaistion, presumed to be a theophoric name[27][29][43] | |
| Hermes | 𐀁𐀔𐁀 | e-ma-*25 or e-ma-ha | [19][2][44][45][46] | [n 20] |
| Areias | 𐀀𐀩𐀊 | a-re-ja | epithet (Hermes as war god)[2][48] | [n 11] |
| Hyperion(?) | 𐀟𐁊 | pe-rjo-, reconstructed u-pe-rjo-ne | perhaps attested through the lacunose perio[49] | [n 21] |
| Marineus(?) | 𐀔𐀪𐀚 / 𐀔𐀪𐀚𐀸 / 𐀔𐀪𐀚𐀺 | ma-ri-ne(-u?) / ma-ri-ne-we / ma-ri-ne-wo | unknown deity, perhaps "God of the Woolens", meaning obscure perhaps Pan.[19][27][29][50][51] | |
| Pade(?) | 𐀞𐀆 / 𐀞𐀆𐀂 | pa-de / pa-de-i | possibly unknown god, thought to be Cretan, Minoan in origin maybe Zagreus as the divine child.[9][1][19][52] | |
| Paean | 𐀞𐀊𐀺𐀚 | pa-ja-wo-ne | a precursor of Apollo[1][19][53][54] | [n 22] |
| Poseidon | 𐀡𐀮𐀅𐀃 / 𐀡𐀮𐀅𐀺𐀚 | po-se-da-o / po-se-da-wo-ne | chief deity[19][56][57] | [n 13] |
| Trisheros | 𐀴𐀪𐀮𐀫𐀁 | ti-ri-se-ro-e | theonym, "Thrice-Hero"; thought to attest, and pertain to, the veneration of the dead or the Tritopatores[19][34][63][64][65] | [n 23][n 24][n 25] |
| Wanax | 𐀷𐀙𐀏𐀳 | wa-na-ka-te | "The King"; in this case, it is considered to be a theonym in the dative case, perhaps as an epithet of Poseidon[19][34][73] | [n 26][n 27] |
| Zeus | 𐀇𐀸 / 𐀇𐀺 | di-we / di-wo | God of the sky[19][76][77] | |
| Diktaios | 𐀇𐀏𐀲𐀍 𐀇𐀸 | di-ka-ta-jo di-we | local epithet of Zeus on Crete[9][19][78][79] | [n 28][n 29] |
Goddesses
[edit]| Name | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Linear B | Transliteration | Comments | Footnotes |
| Artemis | 𐀀𐀳𐀖𐀵 / 𐀀𐀴𐀖𐀳 | a-te-mi-to / a-ti-mi-te | [19][81][82][83][84] | |
| Diwia | 𐀇𐀄𐀊 / 𐀇𐀹𐀊 | di-u-ja / di-wi-ja | possibly the female counterpart of Zeus, possibly Dione in later Greek[1][19][21][34] | |
| Demeter | Damate in Linear A and B | |||
| Doqeia(?) | 𐀈𐀤𐀊 | do-qe-ja | possibly an unknown goddess but could be only a feminine adjective[85][86][87] | [n 30] |
| Eileithyia | 𐀁𐀩𐀄𐀴𐀊 | e-re-u-ti-ja | attested in the Cretan Eleuthia form; perhaps Minoan in origin[1][19][89][90][91] | |
| Eos | 𐀀𐀺𐀂𐀍 | a-wo-i-jo | perhaps attested through a personal name Ἀϝohιος related to the word for dawn, or dative form Āwōiōi[92][93][94][95][96][97] | [n 31][n 32] |
| Erinyes | 𐀁𐀪𐀝 / 𐀁𐀪𐀝𐀸 | e-ri-nu / e-ri-nu-we | both forms of the theonym are considered to be in the singular, Erinys[9][19][56][99][100] | [n 33] |
| Hera | 𐀁𐀨 | e-ra | [19][34][102] | |
| Iphemedeia | 𐀂𐀟𐀕𐀆𐀊 | i-pe-me-de-ja | theonym; probably variant form of Iphimedia, name of a mythological person found in Homer's Odyssey[19][21][34][103] | |
| Komawenteia(?) | 𐀒𐀔𐀸𐀳𐀊 | ko-ma-we-te-ja | possibly unknown deity, possibly meaning "long-haired goddess"[21][104] | [n 34] |
| Leto | 𐀨𐀴𐀍 / 𐀨𐀵 | ra-ti-jo / ra-to | perhaps attested through the forms Latios[107][108] and Lato[109] | [n 35] |
| Manasa | 𐀔𐀙𐀭 | ma-na-sa | unknown goddess[19][34][85][111][112] | [n 11][n 36] |
| Mater Theia | 𐀔𐀳𐀩𐄀𐀳𐀂𐀊 | ma-te-re,te-i-ja | possibly "Mother of the Gods" or mother goddess[19][113][114] | [n 37] |
| Pipituna | 𐀠𐀠𐀶𐀙 | pi-pi-tu-na | Reconstructed as *Πίπτυννα (Píptynna);[116] unknown deity, considered to be Pre-Greek or Minoan[9][1][19][35][37][117][118] | [n 38] |
| Posidaeia | 𐀡𐀯𐀅𐀁𐀊 | po-si-da-e-ja | probably the female counterpart to Poseidon[19][21] | [n 11] |
| Potnia | 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | po-ti-ni-ja | "Mistress" or "Lady"; may be used as an epithet for many deities, but also shows up as a single deity[19][120][121][122] | [n 13] |
| Potnia Athena | 𐀀𐀲𐀙𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja | or Potnia of At(h)ana (Athens(?)); reference of the latter is uncertain[1][19][114] | [n 39] |
| Potnia Hippeia | 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊𐄀𐀂𐀤𐀊 | po-ti-ni-ja,i-qe-ja | Mistress of the Horses; later epithet of Demeter and Athena[19][114] | [n 40][n 41] |
| Potnia of Sitos | 𐀯𐀵𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | si-to-po-ti-ni-ja | Mistress of Grain; Bronze Age predecessor or epithet of Demeter[19][85][114][124] | [n 42] |
| Potnia of the Labyrinth | 𐀅𐁆𐀪𐀵𐀍𐄀𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | da-pu2-ri-to-jo,po-ti-ni-ja | [1][19][34][114] | |
| Potnia, at Thebes | 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊𐄀𐀺𐀒𐀆 | po-ti-ni-ja,wo-ko-de | of no attested name or title, other than that offers are made to her house, her premises likely the Sphinx[19][27][34][126][127] | [n 43] |
| Potnia, of unidentified Pylos sanctuary | 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | po-ti-ni-ja | unknown local(?) goddess of pa-ki-ja-ne (*Sphagianes?) sanctuary at Pylos[114][129][130] | [n 11][n 44][n 45] |
| Potnia, of uncertain A place or epithet | 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊𐄀𐀀𐀯𐀹𐀊 | po-ti-ni-ja,a-si-wi-ja | Maybe Aphrodite as Astarte when she was introduced into Greece.[19][135] | [n 46][n 47] |
| Potnia, of unknown E place or epithet | 𐀁𐀩𐀹𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | e-re-wi-jo-po-ti-ni-ja | [85] | [n 48] |
| Potnia, of unknown N place or epithet | 𐀚𐀺𐀟𐀃𐄀𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | ne-wo-pe-o,po-ti-ni-ja | [19][85] | |
| Potnia, of unknown U place or epithet | 𐀄𐀡𐀍𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | u-po-jo-po-ti-ni-ja | [19][85] | [n 49] |
| Potnia, of unknown ? place or epithet | 𐀀𐀐𐀯𐄀𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 | (?)-a-ke-si,po-ti-ni-ja | [85] | [n 50] |
| Preswa(?) | 𐀟𐀩𐁚 | pe-re-*82 or pe-re-swa | generally interpreted as a dove goddess or an early form of Persephone[19][21][111][139] | |
| Qerasia(?) | 𐀤𐀨𐀯𐀊 | qe-ra-si-ja | unknown goddess, perhaps Minoan in origin or possibly connected with thēr[9][1][19][34][85][140][141][142] | [n 51][n 52] |
| Qowia(?) | 𐀦𐀹𐀊 | qo-wi-ja | unknown deity, possibly meaning "She of the Cow(s)"[21][75][85] | [n 11][n 53][n 54] |
| Wanasso(?) | 𐀷𐀙𐀰𐀂 | wa-na-so-i | "The Two Queens", possibly Demeter and Persephone; *wanassojin(?) regarded as a dative dual form[19][34][129][147] | [n 26][n 27][n 55] |
| Possible goddesses | ||||
| (?) | (?) | (?) | A possible sun goddess, predecessor to Helios, and possibly related to Helen.[150] No unambiguous attestations of words for "sun" have yet been found, though the Mycenaean word for "sun" is reconstructed as *hāwélios. | [n 56] |
Heroes, mortals and other entities or concepts
[edit]| Name | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Linear B | Transliteration | Comments | Footnotes |
| Proteus | 𐀡𐀫𐀳𐀄 | po-ro-te-u | could be the theonym of the sea-god Proteus, but probably just the anthroponym of a nobleman[151][152][153] | |
See also
[edit]For a list of words relating to Mycenaean Greek and Linear B, see the Mycenaean Greek language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Aegean civilizations
- Cycladic culture
- Epigraphy
- History of Greece
- History of religions
- History of writing
- Leiden Conventions
- Linear A
- Linear B
- Mycenaean religion
- Palaeography
Notes
[edit]- ^ This list includes deities which in later Greek times and sources were thought of as semigods or mortal heroes. Scholars assign to attested words in Linear B a possibility or probability, sometimes controversially, of being a theonym or an anthroponym, a toponym, etc.; Mycenaean Linear B sources are often damaged inscriptions bearing lacunae, and in any case, they are too few to enable classifications with certainty.
Finally there is a list of attested words which seem to refer to mortals or whose reference is unclear, yet they may have a connection to religion or to a divine or heroic figure of later times. - ^ The names/words in Linear B and the transliteration thereof are not necessarily in the nominative case and also not necessarily of said gods per se, as e.g. in the case of Hephaestus.
- ^ This term is for example found, on the Kn Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[5][6]
- ^ It should be made clear that an absence of offerings, in parallel, to explicitly named deities or people (like priests or priestesses) on relevant attested inscriptions, does not necessarily follow from the presence of this special dedication; for example, the Kn Fp 1 inscription also includes, among others, offerings to Zeus Diktaios, Pade, Erinys and Anemon Hiereia.
- ^ The words are two - despite the lack of a separator symbol - and in the dative plural case; their reconstructed form is *pansi tʰeoihi; see the words πᾶς, θεός.[2][7][8]
- ^ See the noun ἱέρεια.[12]
- ^ Found on the KN Fp 1 and KN Fp 13 tablets.[5][6]
- ^ The inscriptions read that the offers are made to her, thus they could refer to a goddess; this is not though, what modern scholars seem to believe.
- ^ The first cited form could just be an instance of a scribe forgetting to write the word-separator sign 𐄀 between two words. In that case *Anemohiereia should be instead read as *Anemon Hiereia also.
- ^ Found on the lacunose KN E 842 tablet.[15]
- ^ a b c d e f g Found on the PY Tn 316 tablet.[22][23]
- ^ Cf. the nouns δεσπότης, δόμος, πόσις;[24] whence despot in English;[25] in an etymological sense, it literally means "master of the house" and is related to potnia.
- ^ a b c d The word Poseidon (Ποσειδῶν; variant forms include Ποσειδάων, the former's final syllable being a synaeresis of the latter's final two) itself, could be connected in an etymological sense - cf. πόσις - to Despotas (if indeed this is the correct reading-interpretation of do-po-ta) and Potnia;[34] likewise compare the same word in connection to Ge-Gaia (hence possibly to Ma Ga) and the possible Enesidaon and other undoubted later-times epithets of him, in consideration of the word-endings, etc.. Moreover some scholars have connected - in a similar manner to the one of Poseidon - Demeter to "Earth" via the De (Da; considered in this case as Pre-Greek and as meaning "Earth") syllable, the goddess thus viewed as representing Da-Mater, "Mother Earth" or similar; others on the other hand have interpreted Demeter's Da syllable as related to domos (i.e. to be Indo-European), interpreting her name as "Mother of the House", creating thus an etymological connection to Despotas and Potnia. À propos, some scholars have considered the attested, on the PY En 609 tablet,[58] Mycenaean word 𐀅𐀔𐀳, da-ma-te, as reading Demeter, but the view is not widely held anymore; the former is indeed thought to be connected to domos, etc, but it is believed to probably be a form of, or something similar to, δάμαρ.[59][60][61][62]
- ^ According to Chadwick,[27] "Dionysos surprisingly appears twice at Pylos, in the form Diwonusos, both times irritatingly enough on fragments, so that we have no means of verifying his divinity". This old view can be found reflected in other scholars[28] but this has changed after the 1989-90 Greek-Swedish excavations at Kastelli Hill, Chania, unearthed the KH Gq 5 tablet.[19][29][30][31]
- ^ Cf. the verb διψάω-ῶ.[36]
- ^ The inscription reads (line 10): di-ri-mi-jo⌞ ⌟di-wo,i-je-we, i.e. *Drimiōi Diwos hiēwei, "to Drimios, the son of Zeus".[22][2][38]
- ^ Drimios likely formed a cult group with Zeus and Hera, perhaps the son of this couple, who was forgotten by archaic times.[39]
- ^ Found on the KN M 719 tablet.[41]
- ^ Cf. Ἐνοσίχθων, Ἐννοσίγαιος, Poseidon's later epithets.[42]
- ^ 𐀁𐀔𐁀, when in the nominative, is thought to be read as Ἑρμάἁς (Ἑρμάhας).[47]
- ^ Found on the lacunose KN E 842 tablet.[15]
- ^ Hiller's[1] or Schofield's[28] pa-ja-wo is not actually attested per se; the word actually attested on the damaged KN V 52 tablet and the fragments thereof, reads pa-ja-wo-ne; the latter would be the dative case form of the former.[54][55]
- ^ Found on the PY Tn 316 and PY Fr 1204 tablets.[22][66]
- ^ See the words τρίς, ἥρως.[67][68][69]
- ^ It is generally thought to be connected to τριπάτορες, i.e. the "collective, anonymous family ancestors",[64][70][71] but it could perhaps instead refer to Triptolemus, himself possibly "a 'hypostasis' of Poseidon".[70][72]
- ^ a b The King and the Two Queens are sometimes attested on tablets together, in the offerings or the libations to them; forms of both "the King" and "the Two Queens" are in the dative case. An example of said concurrent attested worship is the PY Fr 1227 tablet.[74]
- ^ a b On the other hand, there are scholars who have argued that "the King" and "the Two Queens" are not theonyms, that they simply refer to mortal royalty.[75]
- ^ Pertaining to the Dikti.[80]
- ^ Found on the KN Fp 1 tablet.[5]
- ^ Found on the PY An 607 tablet.[88]
- ^ Found in a tablet from Pylos, also found on the KN Dv 1462 tablet.
- ^ Foreign scholars interpret this name as "matinal", "matutino", "mañanero", meaning "of the early morning", "of the dawn".[98]
- ^ Found on the KN Fp 1, KN V 52, and KN Fh 390 tablets.[55][101]
- ^ Cf. ko-ma-we, κομήεις, κόμη.[105][106]
- ^ Found on the KN Xd 58 tablet. Some doubts have been cast over its connection to Leto due to the non-matching geography.[110]
- ^ Cf. the Hindu goddess of the same name.
- ^ See the nouns μήτηρ, θεός, θεά and the adjective θεῖος-α-ον.[115][7]
- ^ Cf. Diktynna about word formation, considered to be characteristically Pre-Greek.[35][119]
- ^ Found on the KN V 52 tablet.[55]
- ^ See the words ἵππειος-α-ον, ἵππος.[123]
- ^ Could also be precursor of Leto.[citation needed]
- ^ See the noun σῖτος and the epithet Σιτώ.[125]
- ^ Said Potnia or Potnia in general is found on only one table at Thebes: TH Of 36.[128] Her premises, her house is thought to have been her shrine.[27][126]
- ^ The word, on the same tablet, 𐀡𐀩𐀙, po-re-na, *phorenas, understood to mean "those brought or those bringing" (it actually reads 𐀡𐀩𐀙𐀤, po-re-na-qe, but a postfixed 𐀤, qe, is usually a conjunction; cf. καί, τε, and Latin et, qve),[131][132] has been interpreted by some scholars as evidence of human sacrifice at said sanctuary:[133] "According to this interpretation, the text of Tn 316 was written as one of many extreme emergency measures just before the destruction of the palace. Tn 316 would then reflect a desperate, and abnormal, attempt to placate divine powers through the sacrifice of male victims to male gods and female victims to female gods".[134]
- ^ The nominative case form of the place (i.e. of the sanctuary) is 𐀞𐀑𐀊𐀚, pa-ki-ja-ne; it is also found in other forms, including derivative words; the specific form found on the PY Tn 316 tablet is 𐀞𐀑𐀊𐀯, pa-ki-ja-si, i.e. possibly its locative plural form.[130]
- ^ Possibly an ethnic or geographic adjective of Asia understood in this context as referring to Lydia or the Assuwa league; i.e. in the sense of, or similar to, Anatolia.[135]
- ^ Perhaps an epithet of Artemis.
- ^ Perhaps an epithet of Hera.[citation needed]
- ^ Could be some kind of "under" or "to weave" epithet;[85] cf. the preposition ὑπό and the verb ὑφαίνω.[136][137]
- ^ Found on the PY An 1281 tablet.[138]
- ^ Possibly an epithet of Artemis; cf. Πότνια θηρῶν, θήρ.[142][143][144]
- ^ Could be instead, form of Tiresias.[citation needed]
- ^ Cf. the noun βοῦς.[145]
- ^ Perhaps connected to proposed PIE *Gʷouu̯indā; cf. Govinda and Old Irish Boand.[146]
- ^ Also attested once on the PY 1219 table as 𐀷𐀜𐀰𐀂, wa-no-so-i.[148][149]
- ^ See Etymology of Ἑλένη.
Sources
[edit]Books
[edit]- Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Three Hundred Selected Tablets from Knossos, Pylos, and Mycenae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521085588.
- Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29037-6.
- Burkert, Walter (1985). Greek Religion. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674362810.
- Castleden, Rodney (2003) [1990]. The Knossos Labyrinth. A New View of the 'Palace of Minos' at Knossos. Routledge. ISBN 9780415033152.
- Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in translation. Edited and translated by Stephen M. Trzaskoma, R. Scott Smith, Stephen Brunet; with an Appendix on Linear B Sources by Thomas G. Palaima. Hackett Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0-87220-721-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - Larson, Jennifer (2016). Understanding Greek Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-68845-1.
- Budin, Stephanie Lynn (2004). The Ancient Greeks. New Perspectives. Understanding Ancient Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576078140.
- Schofield, Louise (2007). The Mycenaeans. The British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-89236-867-9.
- Fischer-Hansen, Tobias; Poulsen, Birte, eds. (2009). From Artemis to Diana. The Goddess of Man and Beast. 12 Acta Hyperborea. Collegium Hyperboreum and Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788763507882.
- Duhoux, Yves; Morpurgo Davies, Anna, eds. (2011). A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World. Vol. 2. Peeters. ISBN 9782758401162.
Articles in journals, periodicals and of conferences
[edit]- Suppléments au Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. La Crète mycénienne: Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale organisée par l'École française d'Athènes. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Vol. 30. Athens: Collections de l'Ecole française d'Athènes en ligne. 1997 [Date of Conference: 26–28 March 1991].
- Hägg, Robin (1997). "Religious syncretism at Knossos and in post-palatial Crete?": 163–168.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Hiller, Stefan (1997). "Cretan sanctuaries and mycenaean palatial administration at Knossos": 205–212.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- Hägg, Robin (1997). "Religious syncretism at Knossos and in post-palatial Crete?": 163–168.
- Proceedings from the International Conference Antiquitas Viva. Antiquitas Viva. Živa Antika. Vol. 50. 2000 [Date of Conference: 5–7 December 2000].
- Gulizio, Joann (2000). Hermes and e-ma-a2: The continuity of his cult from the Bronze age to the historical period (PDF). pp. 105–116.
- Deger-Jalkotzy, Sigrid; Lemos, Irene S., eds. (2006) [Date of Conference: 22–25 January 2003]. Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748618899.
- Palaima, Thomas G. (2006), Wanaks and related power terms in Mycenaean and later Greek (PDF), pp. 53–72
- Sacconi, A., ed. (2008) [Date of Conference: 20–25 February 2006]. "Colloquium romanum: The Shepherds in the Cn Series at Pylos; M. Lindgren, Use of the Cypriot Syllabary in a Multicultural Surrounding; S. Lupack, the Northeast Building of Pylos and an 1281; M. Marazzi, Il "sistema" Argolide: l'Organizzazione territoriale del golfo argolideo; M. Meier-Brügger, Une lecture en langue mycénienne des textes de la série Ta de Pylos; T. Meissner, Notes on Mycenaean Spelling; A. Michailidou, Late Bronze Age Economy: Copper". Colloquium Romanum: atti del XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia (in two volumes). XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia. Rome. Pasiphae. et al. Eds. Pisa and Rome. ISBN 9788862270564.
- Gulizio, Joann (2008). "Mycenaean Religion at Knossos". Academia.edu.
Online databases and dictionaries
[edit]Mycenaean Greek and Linear B
[edit]- Palaeolexicon. Word study tool of ancient languages. c. 2008 and forwards.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - Aurora, Federico; Haug, Dag Trygve Truslew. DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo. Et alii. C. 2010 and forwards. University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas.
- Raymoure, K.A. "Linear B Transliterations". Dead Languages of the Mediterranean. C. 2012–2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
Ancient Greek, Latin and of English etymology
[edit]- A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1879.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) At the Perseus Project, a digital library project of Tufts University. - Francisco, Aura Jorro; Francisco, Rodríguez Adrados (1999). Diccionario Griego-Español, volumen II. Madrid. ISBN 84-00-06129-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. At the Perseus Project.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. At the Perseus Project.
- Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary. C. 2000 and forwards.
Further reading
[edit]- Duev, Ratko. "di-wi-ja and e-ra in the Linear B texts". In: Pierre Carlier, Additional editors: Charles De Lamberterie, Markus Egetmeyer, Nicole Guilleux, Françoise Rougemont and Julien Zurbach (editors). Études mycéniennes 2010. Actes du XIIIe colloque international sur les textes égéens, Sèvres, Paris, Nanterre, 20-23 septembre 2010. Biblioteca di Pasiphae. 10. Pisa; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, 2012. pp. 195–205. ISBN 9788862274722
- Flouda, Georgia. "The Goddess Eileithyia in the Knossian Linear B Tablets". In: Honors to Eileithyia at Ancient Inatos: The Sacred Cave of Eileithyia at Tsoutsouros. Crete: Highlights of the Collection. Edited by Athanasia Kanta et al., INSTAP Academic Press, 2022. pp. 33–36, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2f4v5x3.12. Accessed 10 Apr. 2022.
- Killen, John (2024). "Mycenaean Religion". In John Killen (ed.). The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 307–314. doi:10.1017/9781139029049.013. ISBN 978-1-139-02904-9.
- Killen, John (2024). "Religion, Cults And Ritual". In John Killen (ed.). The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 838–891. doi:10.1017/9781139046152.012. ISBN 978-1-139-04615-2.
- LEUVEN, JON C. (1979). "Mycenaean Goddesses Called Potnia". Kadmos. 18 (2): 112–129. doi:10.1515/kadm.1979.18.2.112.
- Morris, S.P. (2001) [Date of Conference: 12–15 April 2000]. Laffineur, R.; Hägg, R. (eds.). "Potnia Aswiya: Anatolian Contributions to Greek Religion". Aegaeum. 22: Potnia. Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 8th International Aegean Conference, Göteborg, Göteborg University. Belgium: 423–434.
- Parker, Robert (2024). "Mycenaean And Classical Greek Religion". In John Killen (ed.). The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–20. doi:10.1017/9781139029049.014. ISBN 978-1-139-02904-9.
- Sergent, Bernard (1990). "Héortologie du mois Plowistos de Pylo". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne (in French). 16 (1): 175–217. doi:10.3406/dha.1990.1464.
- Wachter, Rudolf. "Homeric – Mycenaean Word Index (MYC)". In: Prolegomena. Edited by Joachim Latacz, Anton Bierl and Stuart Douglas Olson [English Edition]. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. pp. 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501501746-015
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hiller (1997), page 206.
- ^ a b c d e García-Ramón, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 230.
- ^ Gulizio (2008), page 3ff.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: pa-si-te-o-i.
- ^ a b c Dāmos: KN Fp 1 + 31.
- ^ a b Dāmos: KN 13 Fp(1) (138)
- ^ a b θεῖος-α-ον, θεός, θεά in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ πᾶς in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gulizio (2008), page 4.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: a-ne-mo.
- ^ Billigmeier, Jon-Christian; Turner, Judy A. (2004) [1981]. "The socio-economic roles of women in Mycenaean Greece: A brief survey from evidence of the Linear B tablets". In Foley, Helene P. (ed.). Reflections of Women in Antiquity. Rootledge. p. 15. ISBN 0-677-16370-3.
- ^ ἱέρεια. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 118.
- ^ Herda, Alexander (2008). "Apollon Delphinios – Apollon Didymeus: Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit". Internationale Archäologie (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress. Band 11: Kult(ur)kontakte. Apollon in Milet/Didyma, Histria, Myus, Naukratis und auf Zypern. Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11.–12. März 2004: 16. ISBN 978-3-89646-441-5.
- ^ a b "KN 842 E", DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo, University of Oslo. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, archived from the original on 2016-12-15, retrieved 2014-03-26
- ^ Gulizio, Joann. "A-re in the Linear B Tablets and the Continuity of the Cult of Ares in the Historical Period" (PDF). Journal of Prehistoric Religion. 15: 32–38.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: a-re.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word a-re.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Hägg (1997), page 165.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: do-po-ta.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chadwick (1976), page 95.
- ^ a b c Dāmos: PY 316 Tn (44).
- ^ Balcer, Jack Martin; Stockhausen, John Matthew, Mycenaean society and its collapse (PDF), pp. 66–67[permanent dead link].
- ^ δεσπότης, δόμος, πόσις in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "despot". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word di-wo-nu-so.
- ^ a b c d e Chadwick (1976), page 99.
- ^ a b c Schofield (2007), page 160.
- ^ a b c Trzaskoma et al (2004), page 443–446.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: Khania Linear B Transliterations.
- ^ Dāmos: KH 5 Gq (1).
- ^ Marinatos, Spyridon (1966). "Πολυδίψιον Ἄργος". In Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John (eds.). Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–274.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: di-pi-si-jo
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Budin (2004), pages 235–236.
- ^ a b c García-Ramón, J.L., in Duhoux and Morpurgo Davies (2011), page 236.
- ^ διψάω in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ a b c Ventris and Chadwick (1973).
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word i-je-we.
- ^ Larson, p. 33
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: e-ne-si-da-o-ne.
- ^ Dāmos: KN 719 M (140).
- ^ Ἐνοσίχθων, Ἐννοσίγαιος in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: a-pa-i-ti-jo.
- ^ Gulizio (2000).
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: e-ma-a2.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ma-ha.
- ^ Gulizio (2000), page 106.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: a-re-ja.
- ^ Logozzo and Poccetti, p. 644
- ^ Castleden (2003), page 122.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: ma-ri-ne, ma-ri-ne-we.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: pa-de.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: KN V 52+.
- ^ a b Chadwick (1976), page 89.
- ^ a b c Dāmos: KN 52 V + 52 bis + 8285 (unknown).
- ^ a b Palaima, Thomas G. (2009). "Continuity from the Mycenaean Period in a historical Boeotian Cult of Poseidon (and Erinys)" (PDF). In Danielidou, Despoina (ed.). Δώρον. Τιμητικός Τόμος για τον καθηγητή Σπύρο Ιακωβίδη [Festschrift for Spyros Iakovides]. Σειρά Μονογραφιών. 6. Athens: Academy of Athens. pp. 527–536.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: po-se-da-o.
- ^ Dāmos: PY 609 En.
- ^ Ποσειδών in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Beekes, Robert (2010) [2009]. "E.g., s.v. γαῖα, δάμαρ, πόσις, Δημήτηρ". Etymological Dictionary of Greek. With the assistance of Lucien van Beek. In two volumes. Leiden, Boston. ISBN 9789004174184.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Linear B Transliterations: da-ma-te.
- ^ δάμαρ in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word ti-ri-se-ro-e.
- ^ a b Linear B Transliterations: ti-ri-se-ro-e.
- ^ Trckova-Flamee, Alena. "Thrice-Hero". The Book of Threes. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- ^ Dāmos: PY 1204 Fr (4).
- ^ τρίς in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ ἥρως in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "hero". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ a b Herda, Alexander (2011). "Burying a Sage: The Heroon of Thales in the Agora of Miletos" (PDF). Rencontres d'Archéologie de l'IFEA. Istanbul: Institut français d'études anatoliennes: 105.
- ^ τριπάτωρ in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Peters, Martin (2002), "Aus der Vergangenheit von Heroen und Ehegöttinnen", in Fritz, Matthias; Zeifelder, Susanne (eds.), Novalis Indogermanica: Festschrift für Günter Neumann zum 80. Geburstag, Grazer vergleichende Arbeiten (in German), Graz: Leykam, pp. 357–380, ISBN 3701100322.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: wa-na-ka.
- ^ Dāmos: PY 1227 Fr (2).
- ^ a b Palaima (2006), page 66.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: di-we.
- ^ Palaeolexicon:The Linear B word di-we; The Linear B word di-wo.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: di-ka-ta.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word di-ka-ta-jo.
- ^ Δικταῖος in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Chadwick, John; Baumbach, Lydia (1963). "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". Glotta. 41.3&4: 157–271, p. 176f, s.v. Ἄρτεμις.
a-te-mi-to- (genitive)
- ^ Souvinous, C. (1970). "A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE". Kadmos. 9: 42–47. doi:10.1515/kadm.1970.9.1.42. S2CID 162990140.
- ^ Christidis, T. (1972). "Further remarks on A-TE-MI-TO and A-TI-MI-TE". Kadmos. 11.2: 125–28.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word a-ti-mi-te.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nosch, Marie-Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page 22.
- ^ Palaima, Thomas G. (2008) [Date of Conference: 25–29 March 2008]. "The Significance of Mycenaean Words Relating to Meals, Meal Rituals and Food" (PDF). In Hitchcock, Louise A.; Laffineur, Robert; Crowley, Janice (eds.). DAIS The Aegean Feast. Proceedings of the 12th International Aegean Conference. 12th International Aegean Conference. University of Melbourne. Aegaeum. Liège, Austin. pp. 383–389.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: do-qe-ja.
- ^ Dāmos: PY 607 An (1).
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: KN Gg 705, KN Od 714+.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: e-re-u-ti-ja.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-re-u-ti-ja.
- ^ Luján, Eugénio R. "Los temas en -s en micénico". In: Donum Mycenologicum: Mycenaean Studies in Honour of Francisco Aura Jorro. Edited by Alberto Bernabé and Eugenio R. Luján. Bibliothèque des cahiers de L'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain Vol. 131. Louvain-la-Neuve; Walpole, MA: Peeters. 2014. p. 68.
- ^ Lejeune, Michel. "Une présentation du Mycénien". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 69, 1967, n° 3–4. p. 281. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1967.3800]; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1967_num_69_3_3800
- ^ Nakassis, Dimitri. "Labor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylos". In: Labor in the Ancient World. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Dresden: ISLET-Verlag. 2015 [2005]. p. 605. ISBN 978-3-9814842-3-6.
- ^ Davies, Anna Morpurgo (1972). "Greek and Indo-European semiconsonants: Mycenaean u and w". In: Acta Mycenaea, vol. 2 (M.S. Ruipérez, ed.). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. p. 93.
- ^ Jorro, Francisco Aura. "Reflexiones sobre el léxico micénico" In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 307. ISBN 978-84-697-8214-9.
- ^ Chadwick, John, and Lydia Baumbach. "The Mycenaean Greek Vocabulary". In: Glotta 41, no. 3/4 (1963): 198. Accessed March 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40265918.
- ^ Bernabé, Alberto; Luján, Eugenio R. Introducción al Griego Micénico: Gramática, selección de textos y glosario. Monografías de Filología Grega Vol. 30. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 2020. p. 234.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: e-ri-nu.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ri-nu-we.
- ^ Dāmos: KN 1 Fp(1) + 31 (138), KN 390 Fh (141).
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word e-ra.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word i-pe-me-de-ja.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: ko-ma-we-te-ja.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: ko-ma-we.
- ^ κόμη in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Beekes 2009, pp 858-859.
- ^ "ra-ti-jo". www.palaeolexicon.com. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
- ^ "ra-to". www.palaeolexicon.com. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
- ^ West, David R. (1995). Some Cults of Greek Goddesses and Female Daemons of Oriental Origin. Butzon & Bercker. p. 99. ISBN 9783766698438.
- ^ a b Castleden (2003), page 112.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: ma-na-sa.
- ^ "Mother Goddesses". Timeless Myths: Classical Mythology.
- ^ a b c d e f Burkert (1985), page 44.
- ^ μήτηρ in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Francisco & Francisco 1999, p. 121.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: KN Fp 13.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word pi-pi-tu-na.
- ^ Hägg (1997), page 166.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: Po-ti-ni-ja.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word po-ti-ni-ja.
- ^ πότνια in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ ἵππειος-α-ον, ἵππος in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: si-to-po-ti-ni-ja.
- ^ σῖτος, Σιτώ in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ a b Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), page 31.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: wo-ko-de.
- ^ Dāmos: TH Of 36 (303).
- ^ a b "Lesson 26: Narrative. Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture". Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology. Dartmouth College.
- ^ a b Linear B Transliterations: pa-ki-ja-ne.
- ^ καί, τε in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ et, qve. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
- ^ Gulizio (2000), pages 107–108.
- ^ Trzaskoma et al (2004), page 450.
- ^ a b Linear B Transliterations: a-si-wi-ja, a-*64-ja.
- ^ ὑπό in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ ὑφαίνω in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Dāmos: PY 1281 An + frr.: 10 + fr. (12).
- ^ Burkert (1985), pages 45, 364.
- ^ Chadwick, John (1966). "The Olive Oil tablets of Knossos". In Palmer, L.R.; Chadwick, John (eds.). Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: qe-ra-si-ja.
- ^ a b Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word qe-ra-si-ja.
- ^ θήρ in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Nosch, Marie Louise, in Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen (2009), pages 22–23.
- ^ βοῦς in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Campanile, Enrico (1985). "Old Irish Boand". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 13.3&4: 477–479.
- ^ Bartoněk, Antonín (2002). "2. Substantiva und Adjektiva der I., II. und III. Deklination: I. Deklination (Substantiva)". Handbuch des mykenischen Griechisch. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. WINTER. pp. 165–6. ISBN 3825314359.
- ^ Ventris and Chadwick (1973), Mycenaean Vocabulary wa-no-so-i.
- ^ Dāmos: PY 1219.
- ^ Kristiansen, Kristian; Larsson, Thomas B. (2005). The Rise of Bronze Age Society: Travels, Transmissions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Linear B Transliterations: po-ro-te-u.
- ^ Bartoněk, Antonin (2002). "Mycenaean words in Homer". In Clairis, Christos (ed.). Recherches en linquistique grecque. L'Harmattan. p. 94. ISBN 2-7475-2742-5.
- ^ Palaeolexicon: The Linear B word po-ro-te-u.