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List of amphibians of Sri Lanka

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Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. It is situated in the middle of Indian Ocean. Because of being an island, Sri Lanka has rich endemic terrestrial and freshwater fauna, including vertebrates and several invertebrates.

Amphibian

[edit]

Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. They have soft glandular skin and live in all habitats of the world except for the ice caps. They complete an amphibious lifestyle where larval stages live in water and adults live on or closer to land. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators.

Sri Lanka is host to over 120 species of amphibians, of which over 90 species are endemic to the country.[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.[2] During the past decade many more new amphibians have been found in Sri Lanka.[3]

The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species.[4] In 1996 the number of amphibian species rose to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Rohan Pethiyagoda and Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Madhava Meegaskumbura et al. revised the number to around 140 species,[5] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.[6] As at 2019, 122 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 113 endemics.[7][8] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.

Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes.[3] Most of the new species are of the genus Philautus which was assigned to genus Pseudophilautus recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus Philautus (sensu stricto) in Sri Lanka. Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are extinct.[9] In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe et al. described another endemic Pseudophilautus species P. dilmah. In January 2019, the new species, P. conniffae was discovered in southern Sri Lanka.[10]

Sri Lanka has the highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species in Asia.[2] In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of the remaining species are on the verge of extinction. Of the world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 are from Sri Lanka.[3] Habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others.

Amphibian diversity of Sri Lanka

[edit]
Low vulnerability Threatened Extinct Insufficient data
Least concern
Near threatened
Vulnerable
Endangered
Critically endangered
Extinct in the wild
Extinct
Data deficient
Not evaluated

Order Anura: frogs

[edit]
Common name Species

(authority)

Endemicity Status
Family Bufonidae: true toads
Kandyan dwarf toad Adenomus kandianus
(Günther, 1872) 		Endemic
[11]
Kelaart's dwarf toad

Adenomus kelaartii
(Günther, 1858) 		Endemic
[12]
Kotagama's dwarf toad

Duttaphrynus kotagamai
Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994 		Endemic
[13]
Common Indian toad

Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Schneider, 1799
[14]
Noellert's toad Duttaphrynus noellerti
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998 		Endemic
[15]
Ferguson's toad

Duttaphrynus scaber
Schneider, 1799
[16]
Marbled toad

Duttaphrynus stomaticus
Lütken, 1862
[16]
Family Dicroglossidae: fork-tongued frogs
Indian skipper frog Euphlyctis mudigere
(Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida, and Kuramoto,

2009)

[17]
Green pond frog

Euphlyctis hexadactylus
(Lesson, 1834)
[18]
Jerdon's bullfrog

Hoplobatrachus crassus
(Jerdon, 1853)
[19]
Sri Lanka rock frog

Nannophrys ceylonensis
(Günther, 1868) 		Endemic
[20]
Gunther's streamlined frog Nannophrys guentheri
Boulenger, 1882 		Endemic
[21]
Kirtisinghe's rock frog

Nannophrys marmorata
Kirtisinghe, 1946 		Endemic
[22]
Nayak rock frog Nannophrys naeyakai
Fernando, Wickramasingha & Rodrigo, 2007 		Endemic
[23]
Indian burrowing frog

Sphaerotheca breviceps
(Schneider, 1799)
[24]
Sri Lanka burrowing frog Sphaerotheca rolandae
(Dubois, 1983) 		Endemic
[25]
Common Indian cricket frog

Minervarya agricola
(Jerdon, 1853)
[26]
Montane frog

Minervarya greenii
(Boulenger, 1904) 		Endemic
[27]
Kirtisinghe's frog

Minervarya kirtisinghei
Manamendra-Arachchi & Gabadage, 1994 		Endemic
[28]
Family Microhylidae: narrow-mouthed frogs
Karunaratne's narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla karunaratnei
Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996 		Endemic
[29]
Mihintale red narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla mihintalei
Wijayathilaka, Garg, Senevirathne, Karunarathna, Biju & Meegaskumbura, 2016 		Endemic
Ornate narrow-mouthed frog

Microhyla ornata
(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
[30]
Sri Lanka rice frog Microhyla zeylanica
Parker & Hill, 1949 		Endemic
[31]
Sri Lankan painted frog

Uperodon taprobanicus
(Parker, 1934)
[32]
Nagao's pug-snouted frog Uperodon nagaoi
(Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001) 		Endemic
[33]
Sri Lanka dot frog

Uperodon obscurus
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[34]
Half-webbed pug-snouted frog Uperodon palmatus
(Parker, 1934) 		Endemic
[35]
Rohan's globular frog
 Uperodon rohani

(Garg S, Senevirathne G, Wijayathilaka N, Phuge S, Deuti K, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Meegaskumbura M, Biju SD. 2018)

Endemic
[36]
Marbled balloon frog

Uperodon systoma
(Schneider, 1799)
[37]
Family Ranidae: true frogs
Sri Lankan golden-backed frog Indosylvirana serendipi
Biju et al., 2014 		Endemic
[38]
Gravenhorst's frog Hydrophylax gracilis
Gravenhorst, 1829 		Endemic
[39]
Bronzed frog Indosylvirana temporalis
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[40]
Family Nyctibatrachidae: robust frogs
Corrugated water frog

Lankanectes corrugatus
(Peters, 1863) 		Endemic
[41]

Lankanectes pera
Senevirathne et al., 2018 		Endemic
Family Rhacophoridae: shrub frogs
Pseudophilautus abundus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[42]

Pseudophilautus adspersus
(Günther, 1872) 		Endemic
[43]

Pseudophilautus alto
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[44]

Pseudophilautus asankai
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[45]

Pseudophilautus auratus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[46]
Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai
Wickramasinghe et al., 2013 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus caeruleus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus cavirostris
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[49]

Pseudophilautus conniffae
Batuwita, De Silva & Udugampala, 2019 		Endemic

Pseudophilautus cuspis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[50]
Pseudophilautus dayawansai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus decoris
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[51]
Pseudophilautus dilmah
(Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon & Wickramasinghe, 2015) 		Endemic
[52]
Pseudophilautus dimbullae
(Shreve, 1940) 		Endemic
[52]
Pseudophilautus eximius
(Shreve, 1940) 		Endemic
[53]
Pseudophilautus extirpo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[54]

Pseudophilautus femoralis
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[55]

Pseudophilautus fergusonianus
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[56]
Pseudophilautus folicola
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[57]

Pseudophilautus frankenbergi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[58]
Pseudophilautus fulvus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[59]
Pseudophilautus hallidayi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[60]
Pseudophilautus halyi
(Boulenger, 1904) 		Endemic
[61]
Pseudophilautus hankeni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Archchi, 2011 		Endemic
[60]
Pseudophilautus hoipolloi
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[62]

Pseudophilautus hypomelas
(Günther, 1876) 		Endemic
[63]
Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus karunarathnai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus leucorhinus
(Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856) 		Endemic
[64]
Pseudophilautus limbus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[65]
Pseudophilautus lunatus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[66]

Pseudophilautus macropus
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[67]
Pseudophilautus maia
(Meegaskumbara et al., 2007) 		Endemic
[67]
Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[68]

Pseudophilautus microtympanum
(Günther, 1859) 		Endemic
[69]
Pseudophilautus mittermeieri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[70]

Pseudophilautus mooreorum
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[71]

Pseudophilautus nanus
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[72]

Pseudophilautus nasutus
(Günther, 1869) 		Endemic
[73]
Pseudophilautus nemus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[74]
Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[47]

Pseudophilautus ocularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[75]

Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus
(Günther, 1872) 		Endemic
[76]
Pseudophilautus papillosus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[77]
Pseudophilautus pardus
(Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider and Pethiyagoda, 2007) 		Endemic
[67]
Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia
(Boulenger, 1904) 		Endemic
[78]

Pseudophilautus poppiae
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[79]
Pseudophilautus popularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[80]
Pseudophilautus procax
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[81]

Pseudophilautus puranappu
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus regius
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[82]

Pseudophilautus reticulatus
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[83]
Pseudophilautus rugatus
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[84]

Pseudophilautus rus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[85]
Pseudophilautus samarakoon
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus sarasinorum
(Müller, 1887) 		Endemic
[86]

Pseudophilautus schmarda
(Kelaart, 1854) 		Endemic
[87]
Pseudophilautus schneideri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011 		Endemic
[88]

Pseudophilautus semiruber
(Annandale, 1913) 		Endemic
[88]

Pseudophilautus silus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[89]
Pseudophilautus silvaticus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[90]
Pseudophilautus simba
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[91]
Pseudophilautus singu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 		Endemic
[88]
Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013 		Endemic
[88]
Pseudophilautus sordidus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[92]
Pseudophilautus stellatus
(Kelaart, 1853) 		Endemic
[93]
Pseudophilautus steineri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[94]

Pseudophilautus stictomerus
(Günther, 1876) 		Endemic
[95]

Pseudophilautus stuarti
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005 		Endemic
[96]

Pseudophilautus tanu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009 		Endemic
[88]

Pseudophilautus temporalis
(Günther, 1864) 		Endemic
[97]

Pseudophilautus variabilis
(Günther, 1859) 		Endemic
[98]

Pseudophilautus viridis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[99]
Pseudophilautus zal
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[100]
Pseudophilautus zimmeri
(Ahl, 1927) 		Endemic
[101]

Pseudophilautus zorro
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005 		Endemic
[102]
Common hour-glass tree frog

Polypedates cruciger
Blyth, 1852 		Endemic
[103]
Indian tree frog

Polypedates maculatus
(Gray, 1834)
[104]
Ranwella's spined tree frog Polypedates ranwellai
Wickramasinghe, Munindrasasa & Fernando, 2012 		Endemic
[103]
Montane hour-glass tree frog

Taruga eques
Günther, 1858 		Endemic
[105]
Morningside hour-glass tree frog Taruga fastigo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001 		Endemic
[106]
Long-snouted tree frog Taruga longinasus
(Ahl, 1931) 		Endemic
[107]

Order Gymnophiona: caecilians

[edit]
Common name Species

(authority)

Endemicity Status
Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians
Ceylon caecilian

Ichthyophis glutinosus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Endemic
[108]
Pattipola caecilian Ichthyophis orthoplicatus
Taylor, 1965 		Endemic
[109]
Lesser yellow-banded caecilian Ichthyophis pseudangularis
Taylor, 1965 		Endemic
[110]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka" (PDF). The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-955-8177-63-1.
  2. ^ a b "The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka". iucn.org. IUCN. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B., ed. (2006). The fauna of Sri Lanka: status of taxonomy, research and conservation (PDF). IUCN Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. pp. 125–131. ISBN 978-955-8177-51-8.
  4. ^ "Diversification of Shrub Frogs (Rhacophoridae, Pseudophilautus) in Sri Lanka – Timing and Geographic Context". Novataxa. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  5. ^ Meegaskumbura, M.; Bossuyt, F.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Bahir, M.; Milinkovitch, M. C.; Schneider, C. J. (2002). "Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot" (PDF). Science. 298 (5592): 379. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.477.4345. doi:10.1126/science.298.5592.379. PMID 12376694.
  6. ^ Chaitra, M. S.; Vasudevan, Karthikeyan; Shanker, Kartik (10 April 2004). "The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it" (PDF). Current Science. 86 (7): 897.
  7. ^ "Biodiversity of Sri Lanka: Amphibians of Sri Lanka".
  8. ^ "A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka—Lankanectes pera". Zootaxa 4461(4):519-538. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  9. ^ Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum; Schneider, Christopher J.; Pethiyagoda, Rohan (25 January 2007). "New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1397: 1–15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1397.1.1. ISSN 1175-5326.
  10. ^ Udugampala, Sampath; De Silva, Madura; Batuwita, Sudesh (2019). "Description of a new species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from southern Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 11: 13120–13131. doi:10.11609/jott.3903.11.1.13120-13131. S2CID 92521317. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  11. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Adenomus kandianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T80161781A80161555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T80161781A80161555.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  12. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Adenomus kelaartii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54459A156577899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54459A156577899.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  13. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Duttaphrynus kotagamai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54683A156578105. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54683A156578105.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  14. ^ Peter Paul van Dijk; Djoko Iskandar; Michael Wai Neng Lau; Gu Huiqing; Geng Baorong; Lue Kuangyang; Chou Wenhao; Yuan Zhigang; Bosco Chan; Sushil Dutta; et al. (2004). "Duttaphrynus melanostictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  15. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Duttaphrynus noellerti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54716A156578206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54716A156578206.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  16. ^ a b Sushil Dutta, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Duttaphrynus scaber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T54753A11199889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54753A11199889.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  17. ^ Muhammad Sharif Khan; Theodore Papenfuss; Steven Anderson; Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani; Sergius Kuzmin; Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Mozafar Sharifi (2008). "Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  18. ^ Sushil Dutta, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Euphlyctis hexadactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58263A11758707. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58263A11758707.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  19. ^ Anand Padhye, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva, Sushil Dutta, Tej Kumar Shrestha, Sabitry Bordoloi (2004). "Hoplobatrachus crassus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58298A11754703. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58298A11754703.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Nannophrys ceylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58389A156580160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58389A156580160.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  21. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Nannophrys guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58390A156580255. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58390A156580255.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  22. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Nannophrys marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58391A156580316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58391A156580316.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  23. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Nannophrys naeyakai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T135839A156588497. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T135839A156588497.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  24. ^ Annemarie Ohler; Muhammad Sharif Khan; Peter Paul van Dijk; Guinevere Wogan; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Tej Kumar Shrestha; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Sphaerotheca breviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  25. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Sushil Dutta (2004). "Sphaerotheca rolandae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58759A11838218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58759A11838218.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  26. ^ Nelsoon Annandale (1919). "Fejervarya syhadrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1919. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  27. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Minervarya greenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58271A156579645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58271A156579645.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  28. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Minervarya kirtisinghei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58274A156579783. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58274A156579783.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  29. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Microhyla karunaratnei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57883A156578570. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57883A156578570.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  30. ^ Dutta, S.; Kumar Shrestha, T.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Khan, M.S.; Roy, D. (2008). "Microhyla ornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T57886A11686884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T57886A11686884.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  31. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Microhyla zeylanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57895A156578682. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57895A156578682.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  32. ^ Inger, R.F.; Gour-Broome, V.A.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; de Silva, A.; Dutta, S. (2016). "Uperodon taprobanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T57858A91639191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57858A91639191.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  33. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Uperodon nagaoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57988A156578796. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57988A156578796.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  34. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Uperodon obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57989A156578879. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57989A156578879.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  35. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Uperodon palmatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57990A156578985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57990A156578985.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  36. ^ Dutta, S.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (2016). "Uperodon variegatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T57992A91636474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57992A91636474.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  37. ^ Das, I.; Dutta, S.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; de Silva, A.; Sharif Khan, M. (2004). "Uperodon systoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  38. ^ S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Hylarana aurantiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  39. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Hydrophylax gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58604A156580612. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58604A156580612.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  40. ^ S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Hylarana temporalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  41. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Lankanectes corrugatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58324A156580051. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58324A156580051.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  42. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Pseudophilautus abundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58808A11842427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58808A11842427.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  43. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus adspersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58811A156580927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58811A156580927.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  44. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus alto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58813A156580985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58813A156580985.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  45. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Pseudophilautus asankai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58817A11844490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58817A11844490.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  46. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus auratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58819A156581200. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58819A156581200.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g "Species New to Science: [Herpetology • 2013] Eight new species of Pseudophilautus (Anura, Rhacophoridae) from Sripada World Heritage Site (Peak Wilderness), a local amphibian hotspot in Sri Lanka". 13 March 2013.
  48. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus caeruleus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58825A156581378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58825A156581378.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  49. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus cavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58828A156581504. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58828A156581504.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  50. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus cuspis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58833A156581648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58833A156581648.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  51. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2016). "Pseudophilautus decoris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T58834A89262191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T58834A89262191.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  52. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus dimbullae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58835A156581915. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58835A156581915.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  53. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus eximius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58839A156581975. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58839A156581975.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  54. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus extirpo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58840A156582033. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58840A156582033.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  55. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58841A3074747. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58841A3074747.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  56. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus fergusonianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58842A156582091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58842A156582091.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  57. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus folicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58844A156582199. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58844A156582199.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  58. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus frankenbergi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61879A156587559. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61879A156587559.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  59. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus fulvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58845A156582328. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58845A156582328.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  60. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus hallidayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61881A168621767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61881A168621767.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  61. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus halyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58852A156582452. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58852A156582452.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  62. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Pseudophilautus hoipolloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58853A11849871. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58853A11849871.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  63. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus hypomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58855A156582620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58855A156582620.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  64. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus leucorhinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58862A156582678. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58862A156582678.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  65. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus limbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58863A156582739. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58863A156582739.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  66. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus lunatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58866A156582876. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58866A156582876.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  67. ^ a b c Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva (2004). "Pseudophilautus macropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58868A11850902. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58868A11850902.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  68. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58869A156583167. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58869A156583167.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  69. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus microtympanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58874A156583227. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58874A156583227.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  70. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus mittermeieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61883A156587986. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61883A156587986.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  71. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus mooreorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61884A156588104. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61884A156588104.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  72. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus nanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58877A156583351. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58877A156583351.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  73. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58878A156583411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58878A156583411.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  74. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus nemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58879A156583469. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58879A156583469.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  75. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus ocularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58881A156583593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58881A156583593.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  76. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58883A156583754. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58883A156583754.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  77. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Pseudophilautus papillosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T58885A60794336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58885A60794336.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  78. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Sushil Dutta, Anslem de Silva (2004). "Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58888A11844130. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58888A11844130.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus poppiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61887A156588228. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61887A156588228.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  80. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus popularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58889A156584101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58889A156584101.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  81. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Pseudophilautus procax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T58890A60795712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58890A60795712.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  82. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus regius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58892A156584384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58892A156584384.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  83. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva, Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Pseudophilautus reticulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58893A11845497. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58893A11845497.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus rugatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58895A156584657. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58895A156584657.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  85. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus rus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58896A156584717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58896A156584717.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  86. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus sarasinorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58898A156584820. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58898A156584820.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  87. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Anslem de Silva, Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Pseudophilautus schmarda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58900A11852110. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58900A11852110.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ a b c d e IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus semiruber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58901A156585096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58901A156585096.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  89. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus silus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58904A156585162. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58904A156585162.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  90. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus silvaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58933A156585895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58933A156585895.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  91. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus simba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58905A156585290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58905A156585290.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  92. ^ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Pseudophilautus sordidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58908A11854118. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58908A11854118.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  93. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus stellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58919A156585610. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58919A156585610.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  94. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus steineri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61888A156588404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61888A156588404.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  95. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus stictomerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58920A156585668. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58920A156585668.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  96. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus stuarti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T61889A3108421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61889A3108421.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  97. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus temporalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58924A156585775. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58924A156585775.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  98. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus variabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58931A156585835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58931A156585835.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  99. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58934A156586080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58934A156586080.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  100. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus zal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58938A156586194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58938A156586194.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  101. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus zimmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58939A156586253. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58939A156586253.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  102. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pseudophilautus zorro". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58940A156586313. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58940A156586313.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  103. ^ a b IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Polypedates cruciger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58943A156586422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58943A156586422.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  104. ^ Sushil Dutta, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar, Debjani Roy, Saibal Sengupta, Annemarie Ohler, Ghazi S.M. Asmat (2004). "Polypedates maculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58956A11861964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58956A11861964.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Taruga eques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58946A156586528. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58946A156586528.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  106. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Taruga fastigo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58947A156586680. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58947A156586680.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  107. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Taruga longinasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58954A156586866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58954A156586866.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  108. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Ichthyophis glutinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59618A156587157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T59618A156587157.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  109. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Ichthyophis orthoplicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59628A156587273. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T59628A156587273.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  110. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Ichthyophis pseudangularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59631A156587421. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T59631A156587421.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
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