List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates
- Top-left: Victoria Woodhull is considered the first female presidential candidate for her 1872 candidacy.
- Top-right: Hillary Clinton was the first woman nominated for president by a major political party and the first woman to win the national popular vote in 2016.
- Center: Kamala Harris became the first female vice president in 2020. She became the second woman nominated for president by a major political party, in 2024.
The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.
History
[edit]19th century
[edit]- Lydia Maria Child and Lucretia Mott received one vote apiece for president at the 1847 convention of the Liberty League, a caucus of the abolitionist Liberty Party.[1] Mott was a candidate for vice president at the rump Liberty Party's 1848 convention, where she finished fifth out of a field of nine candidates.[2]
- Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to formally run for president. She announced her candidacy in a letter to the New York Herald and was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party for the 1872 election.[3][4] Frederick Douglass was nominated for vice president by the convention, but took no part in Woodhull's campaign.[5] Only 33 at the time of the election, she was thus ineligible to serve as president due to the age requirement established by the United States Constitution. Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections records no votes for Woodhull in any state.[6]
- Belva Ann Lockwood was twice a candidate for president, in 1884 and 1888. In 1884, she was nominated by the national convention of the Equal Rights Party, with Marietta Stow for vice president. In a petition to the United States Congress, Lockwood claimed to have received 4,149 votes in six states; she further alleged that election officials in Pennsylvania had destroyed ballots bearing her name.[7] The members of the electoral college from Indiana, after voting for Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks as pledged, cast a second, "complimentary vote" for Lockwood and Stow.[8]
20th century
[edit]- Laura Clay and Cora Wilson Stewart received one vote apiece at the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 33rd and 36th ballots, respectively. They were the first women voted for as candidates for president at the national convention of a major American political party.[9]
- Former Wyoming Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross was a candidate for vice president at the 1928 Democratic National Convention. Her name was mentioned as a potential candidate as early as 1927, and the possibility of her nomination was the subject of serious speculation. Ross was formally nominated at the convention by Mrs. T. S. Oliver of Wyoming, who praised her "honesty, sincerity, and courage;" W. R. Chapman gave the seconding speech. She received 31 votes, finishing third out of a field of eleven candidates.[10]
- Charlotta Bass was the Progressive Party nominee for vice president in 1952. She was the first Black woman nominated for the office by an American political party.[11]
- Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith was a candidate for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first woman to seek the nomination of a major party for president. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries and finished second in the Illinois primary with 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at the national convention of a major political party.[12]
- Charlene Mitchell was the first Black woman to run for president and the first to receive valid votes in a general election.[13] She received 1,076 votes in four states (California, Minnesota, Ohio, and Washington) as the nominee of the Communist Party in the 1968 election.[14]
- New York Representative Shirley Chisholm was the first woman to run in the Democratic primary, the first Black candidate to contest the nomination of a major party, and the first such candidate to win a primary. She received the votes of 152 delegates at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, placing fourth in a field of 13 candidates. Her campaign drew support from prominent national feminist and civil rights leaders, including Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan, who attempted unsuccessfully to stand as Chisholm delegates in the New York presidential primary.[15]
- Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink was a candidate in the 1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She was the first Asian American woman to run for president.[16]
- Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice presidential candidate in 1972, was the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride.[17]
- New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro was the first woman nominated for vice president by a major political party. Several figures had suggested the nomination of a female candidate ahead of the 1984 presidential election, including Kathy Bonk, communications director for the National Organization for Women, and Thomas E. Donilon, the national campaign coordinator for the Walter Mondale campaign. Ferraro was selected from a field of potential running mates, including Dianne Feinstein, Barbara Mikulski, and Pat Schroeder.[18] Despite initial enthusiasm following her nomination, the Mondale–Ferarro ticket was defeated in the fall, carrying only Minnesota and Washington, D.C.
- Lenora Fulani became the first Black woman to achieve ballot access in fifty states as the nominee of the New Alliance Party in the 1988 presidential election. Fulani was again a candidate in the 1992 election.[19]
- Winona LaDuke was the vice presidential nominee of the Green Party in 1996 and 2000 elections.[20] In 2016, she received a faithless electoral vote for vice president from Washington, the first Indigenous American woman to do so.[21]
- Former U.S. Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew prior to the primaries.[22]
21st century
[edit]- Illinois Senator Carol Mosely Braun ran in the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries. She withdrew from the race on January 15, 2004, four days before the Iowa caucus.[23]
- Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was the second woman nominated for vice president by a major party and the first woman nominated by a Republican National Convention. She and her running mate, Arizona Senator John McCain, lost the 2008 United States presidential election to their Democratic challengers, Illinois Senator Barack Obama and Delaware Senator Joe Biden.
- New York Senator Hillary Clinton became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every state and territory in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[24] Despite narrowly losing the nomination, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any female primary candidate in American history. Clinton later became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and was formally nominated by the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016.[25][26] As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate and the first to carry a state in a general election. Clinton became the first woman to win the national popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million ballots to Donald Trump's 63 million, but lost the electoral college and thus the presidency.[27]
- The Green Party has run a female candidate for president four times: Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012, 2016, and 2024. Stein's 1.5 million votes in 2016 represent the third-largest total for a female presidential candidate in U.S. history as of 2024. Pat LaMarche in 2004, Rosa Clemente in 2008, Cheri Honkala in 2012, and Angela Nicole Walker in 2020 were Green Party candidates for vice president.
- The Party for Socialism and Liberation has nominated a female presidential candidate in every election which the party has contested: Gloria La Riva in 2008, 2016, and 2020; Peta Lindsay in 2012, and Claudia De la Cruz in 2024. (La Riva in 2016 and 2020 and De la Cruz in 2024 were jointly nominated by the Peace and Freedom Party.)[28][29][30][31][32]
- Minnesota Representative Michele Bachmann was a candidate in the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries. On August 13, 2011, she won the Ames Straw Poll with 28.6% of the vote, the first woman to do so.[33] Despite this, she finished sixth in the Iowa caucus and suspended her campaign shortly thereafter, on January 4, 2012.[34]
- Roseanne Barr was a candidate in the 2012 Green Party presidential primaries.[35] She was defeated by Stein, and subsequently ran as the nominee of the Peace and Freedom Party, garnering 67,326 votes.[36]
- Carly Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries before suspending her campaign on February 10, 2016.[37] On April 27, Texas Senator Ted Cruz announced Fiorina would be his vice presidential running mate in the event he won the Republican nomination; however, Cruz withdrew from the race on May 3 after losing the Indiana primary.[38][39]
- Faith Spotted Eagle received a faithless electoral vote from Washington in 2016, becoming the first Indigenous American to receive an electoral vote for president.[40]
- Six women ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries: Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren, California Senator Kamala Harris, Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar, New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, Hawaii Representative Tulsi Gabbard, and author Marianne Williamson. All six women subsequently participated in at least one televised debate. Prior to 2020, only five women had ever appeared on a major party's primary debate stage (Chisholm in 1972, Braun in 2004, Bachman in 2012, Clinton in 2008 and 2016, and Fiorina in 2016).[41] The opening night of the first debate, which took place on June 26–27, 2019, was a major milestone, as it featured three women: Warren, Klobuchar, and Gabbard; Harris, Gillibrand, and Williamson participated on the second night.[42] This was the first major party presidential primary in which multiple women competed.[43]
- Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian nominee for president in 2020. She is the first woman to be nominated for president by that party. Jorgensen's 1.9 million votes represent the second-highest total for a female presidential candidate.
- Harris was subsequently the 2020 Democratic vice presidential candidate. She became the first female, Black, and Asian American vice president upon winning the 2020 election, defeating the Republican candidate, incumbent Vice President Mike Pence.[44] Following Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 election, Harris announced her candidacy for the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination.[45] On July 22, she received enough pledged delegate support to become the presumptive Democratic nominee for president.[46] She later went on be officially nominated by the Democratic National Convention by roll call on August 6, 2024, but subsequently lost to former president Donald Trump in the general election.[47][48]
- Williamson challenged Biden in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[49] Although she did not win pledged delegate support in any contest, her 473,761 votes represented the third-best showing for any candidate, behind Biden and Minnesota Representative Dean Phillips. (Uncommitted delegates received 706,591 votes.)[50] After twice suspending and resuming her campaign, Williamson ended her candidacy for the last time on June 29, 2024, after deciding not to challenge Harris at the 2024 Democratic National Convention.[51]
- Former South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley ran in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. She received 97 delegates and over 4 million popular votes, finishing second to the eventual nominee, former President Trump.[52][53] On March 3, 2024, she became the first woman to win a Republican primary.[54]
Presidential candidates
[edit]Candidates who received electoral college votes
[edit]| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Electoral votes |
Total electoral votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | Tim Kaine | 227 | 538 | Donald Trump |
| 2024 | Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Tim Walz | 226 (projected)[55] |
General election candidates by popular vote
[edit]This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.
† Popular vote winner
| Year | Picture | Name | Party | Votes | Elected president |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | >68,000,000 (preliminary)[55] | Donald Trump | |
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | 65,853,514† | Donald Trump | |
| 2020 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | 1,865,724[56] | Joe Biden | |
| 2016 | Jill Stein | Green Party | 1,457,218 | Donald Trump | |
| 2024 | >643,000 (preliminary)[55] | ||||
| 2012 | 468,907[57] | Barack Obama | |||
| 1988 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | 217,219[58] | George H. W. Bush | |
| 2008 | Cynthia McKinney | Green Party | 161,797[59] | Barack Obama | |
| 1972 | Linda Jenness | Socialist Workers Party | 83,380[a] | Richard Nixon | |
| 1992 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | 73,714[60] | Bill Clinton | |
| 1984 | Sonia Johnson | Citizens Party | 72,200[61] | Ronald Reagan | |
| 2012 | Roseanne Barr | Peace and Freedom Party | 67,326[62] | Barack Obama | |
| 1976 | Margaret Wright | People's Party | 49,024[63] | Jimmy Carter | |
| 1940 | Gracie Allen | Surprise Party | 42,000[64] | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
Primary election candidates by popular vote
[edit]This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes. Note that Kamala Harris, the 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidate, is not listed because she did not participate in the primaries.[b]
Party nominee
| Year | Picture | Name | Party | Votes | Contests won | Party nominee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | 17,857,501[68] | 23 | Barack Obama | |
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | 16,914,722[69] | 34 | Hillary Clinton | |
| 2024 | Nikki Haley | Republican Party | 4,381,799 | 2 | Donald Trump | |
| 2020 | Elizabeth Warren | Democratic Party | 2,780,679[70] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 2020 | Amy Klobuchar | Democratic Party | 524,375[70] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 2024 | Marianne Williamson | Democratic Party | 443,784 | 0 | Kamala Harris[b] | |
| 1972 | Shirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 430,703[71] | 1[c] | George McGovern | |
| 2020 | Tulsi Gabbard | Democratic Party | 261,253[70] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 1964 | Margaret Chase Smith | Republican Party | 227,007[73] | 0 | Barry Goldwater | |
| 2004 | Carol Moseley Braun | Democratic Party | 103,189[74] | 0 | John Kerry | |
| 1996 | Elvena Lloyd-Duffie | Democratic Party | 91,929[75] | 0 | Bill Clinton | |
| 2012 | Michele Bachmann | Republican Party | 41,170[76] | 0 | Mitt Romney | |
| 2016 | Carly Fiorina | Republican Party | 40,666[76] | 0 | Donald Trump | |
| 1996 | Heather Anne Harder | Democratic Party | 29,156[77][78][79] | 0 | Bill Clinton | |
| 2020 | Marianne Williamson | Democratic Party | 22,334[70] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 2024 | Terrisa Bukovinac | Democratic Party | 18,931 | 0 | Kamala Harris[b] | |
| 2024 | Jill Stein | Green Party | 16,597 | 20 | Jill Stein | |
| 1972 | Patsy Mink | Democratic Party | 8,286[80] | 0 | George McGovern | |
| 1964 | Fay Carpenter Swain | Democratic Party | 7,140[81] | 0 | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| 2024 | Rachel Swift | Republican Party | 7,017 | 0 | Donald Trump | |
| 2020 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | 5,123[82] | 2 | Jo Jorgensen |
All candidates
[edit]Party nominees
[edit]| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes | Ballot access |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1872 | Victoria Woodhull | Equal Rights Party | Frederick Douglass | [d] | 0 states |
| 1884 | Belva Ann Lockwood | National Equal Rights Party | Marietta Stow[83] | 4,149 | 6 states [84] |
| 1888 | Belva Ann Lockwood | National Equal Rights Party | First: Alfred Love Second: Charles Stuart Wells[e] | [f] | |
| 1940 | Gracie Allen | Surprise Party | Not applicable | 42,000 | |
| 1952 | Ellen Linea W. Jensen | Washington Peace Party | |||
| Mary Kennery[85] | American Party | ||||
| Agnes Waters | National Woman's Party | ||||
| 1968 | Charlene Mitchell | Communist Party | Michael Zagarell | 1,075 | 2 states [86] |
| 1972 | Linda Jenness | Socialist Workers Party | Andrew Pulley | 83,380[a] | 25 states |
| Evelyn Reed | Socialist Workers Party | Andrew Pulley | 13,878 | ||
| 1976 | Margaret Wright | People's Party | Benjamin Spock | 49,024 | |
| 1980 | Ellen McCormack | Right to Life Party | Carroll Driscoll | 32,327 | |
| Maureen Smith | Peace and Freedom Party | Elizabeth Cervantes Barron | 18,116 | ||
| Deirdre Griswold | Workers World Party | Gavrielle Holmes[g] | 13,300 | ||
| 1984 | Sonia Johnson | Citizens Party | Richard Walton | 72,200 | 19 states [87] |
| Gavrielle Holmes[h] | Workers World Party | Gloria La Riva[i] | 2,656[j] | 2 states | |
| 1988 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | Joyce Dattner | 217,219 | 34 states |
| Wynonia Burke | 4 states | ||||
| Mamie Moore | 9 states | ||||
| Willa Kenoyer | Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party | Ron Ehrenreich | 3,928 | ||
| 1992 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | Maria Elizabeth Muñoz | 73,714 | |
| Helen Halyard | Socialist Equality Party | Fred Mazelis | 3,050 | ||
| Isabell Masters | Looking Back Party | Walter Masters | 327 | ||
| Gloria La Riva | Workers World Party | Larry Holmes | 181 | ||
| 1996 | Monica Moorehead | Workers World Party | Gloria La Riva | 29,083 | |
| Marsha Feinland | Peace and Freedom Party | Kate McClatchy | 25,332 | ||
| Mary Cal Hollis | Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party | Eric Chester | 4,766 | ||
| Diane Beall Templin | The American Party | Gary Van Horn | 1,847 | ||
| Isabell Masters | Looking Back Party | Shirley Jean Masters | 752 | ||
| 2000 | Monica Moorehead | Workers World Party | Gloria La Riva | 4,795 | |
| Cathy Gordon Brown | Independent | Sabrina R. Allen | 1,606 | ||
| 2004 | Diane Beall Templin | American Party | Albert B. "Al" Moore | (lost ballot status) | |
| 2008 | Cynthia McKinney | Green Party | Rosa Clemente | 161,797 | 32 states |
| Gloria La Riva | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Eugene Puryear[k] | 7,427 | ||
| Diane Beall Templin | The American Party | Linda Patterson | (lost ballot status) | ||
| 2012 | Jill Stein | Green Party | Cheri Honkala | 468,907 | 36 states |
| Roseanne Barr | Peace and Freedom Party | Cindy Sheehan | 67,326 | ||
| Peta Lindsay | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Yari Osorio | 9,388 | ||
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | Tim Kaine | 65,853,516 | 50 states + DC |
| Jill Stein | Green Party | Ajamu Baraka | 1,457,044 | 43 states + DC | |
| Gloria La Riva | Peace and Freedom Party[88] | Dennis Banks | 43,742 | 8 states[89] | |
| Alyson Kennedy | Socialist Workers Party | Osborne Hart | 10,348 | 7 states[90] | |
| Monica Moorehead | Workers World Party | Lamont Lilly | 3,722 | ||
| Lynn S. Kahn | Independent | Kathleen Monahan | 5,610 | ||
| Khadijah Jacob-Fambro | Revolutionary Party | Milton Fambro | 748 | ||
| 2020 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | Spike Cohen | 1,865,724[56] | 50 states + DC[91] |
| Barbara Bellar | Republican Party (write-in) | Kendra Bryant | 10 states | ||
| Shereen A. Elbaz | Democratic Party (write-in) | None | Washington | ||
| Betsy P. Elgar | Constitution Party (write-in) | None | Washington | ||
| Katherine Forbes | Independent | None | Minnesota, Utah | ||
| Alyson Kennedy | Socialist Workers Party | Malcolm Jarrett | 6,791 | 6 states | |
| Kathryn Gibson | Independent | None | 3 states | ||
| Lois Marie Gillaspie-Greenwood | Independent | None | West Virginia | ||
| Tara Renee Hunter | Independent | None | Michigan | ||
| Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro | Unaffiliated | Khadijah Jacob Sr. | Colorado | ||
| Ricki Sue King | Genealogy Know Your Family History | Dayna R. Chandler | Iowa | ||
| Gloria La Riva | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Sunil Freeman (12 states)[l]/Leonard Peltier (IL, MN, TX) | 85,464 | 15 states | |
| Susan B. Lochocki | Independent | None | 5 states | ||
| Valerie McCray | Independent | None | Indiana | ||
| Deborah Rouse | Independent | Sheila Cannon | 11 states | ||
| Jade Simmons[93] | Independent | Claudeliah Roze (LA, TX)/Melissa Nixon (FL) | 6,958 | 3 states | |
| Mary Ruth Caro Simmons | Write-in | Sherrie Dow | 9 states | ||
| Silvia Stagg | Republican Party (write-in) | None | 10 states | ||
| Sheila "Samm" Tittle | Constitution Party | David Carl Sandige | 1,806 | New Mexico | |
| Sharon Wallace | Democratic Party (write-in) | Karen M. Short | Maryland | ||
| Angela Marie Walls-Windhauser | Independent | Charles Tolbert | Florida | ||
| Karynn Weinstein | Independent | David Weinstein | Connecticut | ||
| Demetra Wysinger | WXYZ New Day | Cedric D. Jefferson | Alaska, Minnesota | ||
| 2024 | Kamala Harris[b] | Democratic Party | Tim Walz | 50 states + DC | |
| Claudia De la Cruz | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Karina Garcia | 16 states[94] | ||
| Laura Ebke | Libertarian Party of New Mexico | Trisha Butler | New Mexico | ||
| Rachele Fruit | Socialist Workers Party | Dennis Richter[m] | 5 states | ||
| Mattie Preston | Godliness, Truth, Justice Party | Shannel Conner | Louisiana | ||
| Jasmine Sherman | Green Party of Alaska | Tanda BluBear | (not on the ballot) | ||
| Jill Stein | Green Party | Butch Ware | 33 states | ||
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes | Ballot access |
Not nominated by party
[edit]Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Party nominee |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1884 | Abigail Scott Duniway | Equal Rights | Rejected nomination. | Belva Ann Lockwood |
| 1920 | Laura Clay | Democratic | James M. Cox | |
| Cora Wilson Stewart | ||||
| 1924 | Cora Wilson Stewart | Democratic | 1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots | John W. Davis |
| 1940 | Anna Milburn[95] | National Greenback | Declined nomination | John Zahnd |
| 1964 | Margaret Chase Smith[96] | Republican | Received 227,007 votes in Republican primary and won 27 delegates at the Republican convention | Barry Goldwater |
| Fay T. Carpenter Swain | Democratic | 7,140 votes in Indiana primary[81] | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| 1972 | Shirley Chisholm[96] | Democratic | 152 votes at convention | George McGovern |
| Patsy Mink[96] | ||||
| Bella Abzug[96] | ||||
| 1976 | Barbara Jordan | Democratic | 1 vote at convention | Jimmy Carter |
| Ellen McCormack[96] | 22 votes at national convention | |||
| 1980 | Koryne Kaneski Horbal | Democratic | 5 votes at convention | Jimmy Carter |
| Alice Tripp | 2 votes at convention | |||
| 1984 | Martha Kirkland | Democratic | 1 vote at convention | Walter Mondale |
| Mary Ruwart | Libertarian | 77 votes at convention (1st ballot); 99 votes at convention (2nd ballot; 3rd place overall) | David Bergland | |
| Tonie Nathan | 53 votes at convention (1st ballot; 4th place) | |||
| 1988 | Pat Schroeder | Democratic | Michael Dukakis | |
| 1992 | Tennie Rogers | Republican | 754 votes in Texas primary[77] | George H. W. Bush |
| Georgiana Doerschuck | 58 votes in New Hampshire primary[97] | |||
| Caroline Killeen | Democratic | 96 votes in New Hampshire primary[98] | Bill Clinton | |
| 1996 | Elvena E. Lloyd-Duffie | Democratic | 13,025 votes in AR primary;[79] 10,876 votes (6th place) in TX primary;[77] 40,758 in OK primary (3rd place);[99] 11,620 votes (3rd place) in LA primary;[100] 15,650 votes (2nd place) in IL primary[100] | Bill Clinton |
| Heather Anne Harder | 28,772 votes (3rd place) in TX primary;[77] 376 votes in NH primary[78] and two Republican write-in votes; 6 votes in IL primary[79] | |||
| Caroline Killeen | 118 votes in New Hampshire primary[98] | |||
| Susan Gail Ducey | Republican | 539 votes (9th place) in AZ primary;[79] 152 votes (12th place) in NH primary;[101] 1,092 votes (8th place) in TX primary[77] | Bob Dole | |
| Isabell Masters | 1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary[102] | |||
| Mary "France" LeTulle | 650 votes (9th place) in Texas primary;[77] 290 votes in Nevada primary[100] | |||
| Georgiana Doerschuck | 140 votes in New Hampshire primary[97] | |||
| Tennie Rogers | 35 votes at Mississippi primary; 12 votes in New Hampshire primary[79] | |||
| 2000 | Heather Anne Harder | Democratic | 1,358 votes in AZ primary; 192 votes (8th place) in NH primary, 1 Republican write-in vote[103][104] | Al Gore |
| Elizabeth Dole | Republican | 231 write-in votes in NH primary[103] | George W. Bush | |
| Dorian Yeager | 98 votes (10th place) in NH primary[105] | |||
| Angel Joy Chavis Rocker[106] | 6 votes in Alabama straw poll[107] | |||
| 2004 | Lorna Salzman | Green | 40 votes at convention (5th place) | David Cobb |
| JoAnne Bier Beeman | 14 votes at national convention | |||
| Carol A. Miller | 10 votes at national convention | |||
| Sheila Bilyeu | 2 votes at national convention | |||
| Florence Walker | Democratic | 246 votes (6th place) in Washington, D.C., primary[108] | John Kerry | |
| Katherine Bateman | 68 votes (14th place) in New Hampshire primary[108] | |||
| Jeanne Chebib | 43 votes (12th place) in the Washington, D.C., primary[108] | |||
| Caroline Killeen | 31 votes (19th place) in New Hampshire primary[108] | |||
| Mildred T. Glover | 11 votes (22nd place) in New Hampshire primary; 4,039 votes (8th place) in Maryland primary[108] | |||
| Carol Moseley Braun | Withdrew in January 2004; 103,189 votes[74] | |||
| Millie Howard | Republican | 239 votes (13th place) in New Hampshire primary | George W. Bush | |
| 2008 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic | Second place in the Democratic primaries, winning 1,726½ delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history. | Barack Obama |
| Caroline Killeen | 11 votes in New Hampshire primary | |||
| Mary Ruwart | Libertarian | 152 votes at convention (2nd place; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot) | Bob Barr | |
| Christine Smith | 6 votes at national convention (8th place) | |||
| Kat Swift | Green | 38 votes at national convention (3rd place) | Cynthia McKinney | |
| Elaine Brown | Withdrew in December 2007; 9 pledged delegates (6th place) | |||
| Nan Garrett | Withdrew in February 2007[109] | |||
| Susan Gail Ducey | Republican | 2 votes (3-way tie for 8th place) in Tulsa, Oklahoma straw poll | John McCain | |
| 2012 | Susan Gail Ducey | Constitution | 15 votes at national convention | Virgil Goode |
| Roseanne Barr | Green | 72 votes at national convention (2nd place) | Jill Stein | |
| Michele Bachmann | Republican | Withdrew in January 2012. | Mitt Romney | |
| 2016 | Carly Fiorina | Republican | Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa (10th place with 40,666 votes)[110][111] | Donald Trump |
| Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry | Green | 13 votes at national convention (3rd place) | Jill Stein | |
| 2020 | Souraya Faas | Alliance | Withdrew before convention. | Rocky De La Fuente |
| Elizabeth Warren | Democratic | Withdrew in March 2020 with 83 pledged delegates.[112] | Joe Biden | |
| Amy Klobuchar | Withdrew in March 2020 with 7 pledged delegates.[112] | |||
| Tulsi Gabbard | Withdrew in March 2020 with 2 pledged delegates. | |||
| Kamala Harris | Withdrew in December 2019. Became the 2020 Democratic nominee for vice president, and is the current vice president. | |||
| Kirsten Gillibrand | Withdrew in August 2019. | |||
| Marianne Williamson | Withdrew in January 2020. | |||
| Cherie DeVille | Withdrew in January 2019.[113] | |||
| Sorinne Ardeleanu | Libertarian | 2 write-in votes at convention (1st ballot); 1 write-in vote at convention (4th ballot) | Jo Jorgensen | |
| Laura Ebke | 1 write-in vote at convention (3rd ballot) | |||
| Souraya Faas | Withdrew in May 2020 after failing to qualify in the nomination round. | |||
| Kim Ruff | 11 votes in the nomination round. | |||
| Susan Buchser Lochocki | Green | 1 vote at national convention | Howie Hawkins | |
| Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry | ||||
| 2024 | Jacqueline Abernathy | American Solidarity | 207 votes in online primary | Peter Sonski |
| Susan Buchser-Lochocki | Green (Alaska) | Unregistered candidate | Jasmine Sherman | |
| Nikki Haley | Republican | Withdrew in March 2024 with 97 pledged delegates | Donald Trump | |
| Brittany Jones | Green (Alaska) | Unaffiliated candidate | Jasmine Sherman | |
| Mary Maxwell | Republican | 287 votes (9th place) in New Hampshire primary | Donald Trump | |
| Jasmine Sherman[n] | Green | 72 votes with 10 pledged delegates; 13 delegates at convention | Jill Stein | |
| Rachel Swift | Republican | 7,019 votes | Donald Trump | |
| Suzzanna Tanner | Green (Alaska) | Independent candidate | Jasmine Sherman | |
| Samm Tittle | Constitution | 2 votes at national convention | Randall Terry | |
| Marianne Williamson | Democratic | Withdrew in July 2024.[114] | Kamala Harris[b] | |
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Nomination winner |
Vice presidential candidates
[edit]Candidates who received electoral college votes
[edit]Elected vice president
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Electoral votes |
Total electoral votes |
Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 306 | 538 | Kamala Harris |
| 2008 | Sarah Palin | Republican Party | John McCain | 173 | 538 | Joe Biden |
| 1984 | Geraldine Ferraro | Democratic Party | Walter Mondale | 13 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 2016 | Elizabeth Warren | Not applicable[o] | Not applicable | 2 | Mike Pence | |
| Maria Cantwell | Not applicable[p] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| Susan Collins | Not applicable[q] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| Carly Fiorina | Not applicable[r] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| Winona LaDuke | Not applicable[s] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| 1972 | Tonie Nathan | Libertarian Party[t] | John Hospers | 1 | Spiro Agnew |
General election candidates by popular vote
[edit]This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees.[115]
Elected vice president
| No. | Year | Picture | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes | Elected vice president |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2020 | Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 81,268,924[56] | Kamala Harris | |
| 2 | 2008 | Sarah Palin | Republican Party | John McCain | 59,948,323 | Joe Biden | |
| 3 | 1984 | Geraldine Ferraro | Democratic Party | Walter Mondale | 37,577,352 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 4 | 2000 | Winona LaDuke | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 2,883,105 | Dick Cheney | |
| 5 | 1996 | 596,780 | Al Gore | ||||
| 6 | 2016 | Mindy Finn | Independent | Evan McMullin | 731,991 | Mike Pence | |
| 7 | 1996 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | Harry Browne | 485,798 | Al Gore | |
| 8 | 2012 | Cheri Honkala | Green Party | Jill Stein | 469,628 | Joe Biden | |
| 9 | 2000 | Ezola Foster | Reform Party | Pat Buchanan | 449,225 | Dick Cheney | |
| 10 | 2020 | Angela Walker | Green Party | Howie Hawkins | 404,021 | Kamala Harris | |
| 11 | 1992 | Nancy Lord | Libertarian Party | Andre Marrou | 290,087 | Al Gore | |
| 12 | 1980 | LaDonna Harris | Citizens Party | Barry Commoner | 233,052 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 13 | 2008 | Rosa Clemente | Green Party | Cynthia McKinney | 161,797 | Joe Biden | |
| 14 | 1988 | Joyce Dattner | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 143,858 | Dan Quayle | |
| 15 | 1952 | Charlotta Bass | Progressive Party | Vincent Hallinan | 140,023 | Richard Nixon | |
| 16 | 2004 | Pat LaMarche | Green Party | David Cobb | 119,859 | Dick Cheney |
All candidates
[edit]Party nominees
[edit]| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1884 | Marietta Stow[83] | National Equal Rights Party | Belva Ann Lockwood | 4,149 |
| 1924 | Marie Brehm | Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | 56,289 |
| 1932 | Florence Garvin | National Party | John Zahnd | 1,645 |
| 1936 | Florence Garvin | Greenback Party | John Zahnd | |
| 1948 | Grace Carlson | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 13,614 |
| 1952 | Charlotta Bass | Progressive Party | Vincent Hallinan | 140,023 |
| Myra Tanner Weiss | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 10,312 | |
| Vivien Kellems[116][117] | Constitution Party*[u] | Douglas MacArthur | 943*[v][118][119] | |
| 1956 | Georgia Cozzini | Socialist Labor Party | Eric Hass | 44,300 |
| Myra Tanner Weiss | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 7,797 | |
| Ann Marie Yezo | American Third Party | Henry B. Krajewski | 1,829 | |
| 1960 | Myra Tanner Weiss | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 60,166 |
| Georgia Cozzini | Socialist Labor Party | Eric Hass | 47,521 | |
| 1968 | Peggy Terry[w] | Peace and Freedom Party | Eldridge Cleaver | |
| 1972 | Genevieve Gundersen | Socialist Labor Party | Louis Fisher | 53,814 |
| Tonie Nathan | Libertarian Party | John Hospers | 3,674 | |
| 1976 | Willie Mae Reid | Socialist Workers Party | Peter Camejo | 90,986 |
| Constance Blomen | Socialist Labor Party | Jules Levin | 9,616 | |
| 1980 | La Donna Harris | Citizens Party | Barry Commoner | 233,052 |
| Wretha Hanson[x] | Citizens Party | Barry Commoner | 8,564[y] | |
| Angela Davis | Communist Party | Gus Hall | 43,871 | |
| Eileen Shearer | American Independent Party | John Rarick | 41,268 | |
| Matilde Zimmermann | Socialist Workers Party | Andrew Pulley[z] | 40,105 | |
| Elizabeth Cervantes Barron | Peace and Freedom Party | Maureen Smith | 18,106 | |
| Gavrielle Holmes | Workers World Party | Deirdre Griswold | 13,213 | |
| Naomi Cohen | Workers World Party | Deirdre Griswold | 3,790[aa] | |
| Diane Drufenbrock | Socialist Party | David McReynolds | 6,898 | |
| 1984 | Geraldine Ferraro | Democratic Party | Walter Mondale | 37,577,352 |
| Maureen Kennedy Salaman | Populist Party | Bob Richards | 66,168 | |
| Nancy Ross | New Alliance Party | Dennis L. Serrette | 46,852 | |
| Angela Davis | Communist Party | Gus Hall | 36,386 | |
| Andrea Gonzales[ab] | Socialist Workers Party | Melvin T. Mason | 24,672 | |
| Matilde Zimmermann | Socialist Workers Party | Melvin T. Mason | ||
| Gloria La Riva[i] | Workers World Party | Larry Holmes/Gavrielle Holmes | 15,329 | |
| Helen Halyard[ac] | Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | 10,801 | |
| Jean T. Brust[123] | Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | ||
| Emma Wong Mar | Peace and Freedom Party | Sonia Johnson | ||
| 1988 | Joyce Dattner[ad] | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 143,858 |
| Mamie Moore[ae] | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 26,487 | |
| Florence M. Rice | Consumer Party | Eugene McCarthy | 25,109 | |
| Joan Andrews | Right to Life Party | William A. Marra | 20,504 | |
| Helen Halyard | Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | 18,693 | |
| Kathleen Mickells | Socialist Workers Party | James "Mac" Warren | 15,604 | |
| Wynonia Burke[af] | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 11,888 | |
| Vikki Murdock | Peace and Freedom Party | Herbert G. Lewin | 10,370 | |
| Gloria La Riva | Workers World Party | Larry Holmes | 7,846 | |
| Alpha Sunde Smaby[ag] | Minnesota Progressive Party | Eugene McCarthy | 5,403 | |
| Maureen Smith[ah] | Peace and Freedom Party | Eugene McCarthy | 243 | |
| Emma Wong Mar | Peace and Freedom Party/Ind. Socialist | Herbert G. Lewin | 219 | |
| Debra Freeman | National Economic Recovery Party | Lyndon LaRouche | ||
| Susan Gardner | Independent | Eugene McCarthy | ||
| 1992 | Nancy Lord | Libertarian Party | Andre Marrou | 290,087 |
| Maria Elizabeth Muñoz | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 73,714 | |
| Asiba Tupahache | Peace and Freedom Party | Ronald Daniels | 27,961 | |
| Barbara Garson | Socialist Party | J. Quinn Brisben | 3,057 | |
| Willie Mae Reid | Socialist Workers Party | James "Mac" Warren | ||
| Estelle DeBates | Socialist Workers Party | James "Mac" Warren | ||
| Doris Feimer | The American Party | Robert J. Smith | 292 | |
| Joann Roland | Third Party | Eugene Arthur Hem | ||
| 1996 | Winona LaDuke | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 596,780[ai] |
| Muriel Tillinghast[aj] | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 75,956[ak] | |
| Anne Goeke[al] | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 12,135[am] | |
| Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | Harry Browne | 485,798 | |
| Kate McClatchy | Peace and Freedom Party | Marsha Feinland | 25,332 | |
| Rosemary Giumarra | Independent | Charles E. Collins | 8,952 | |
| Laura Garza | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 8,476 | |
| Rachel Bubar Kelly | Prohibition Party | Earl Dodge | 1,298 | |
| Connie Chandler | Independent Party of Utah | A. Peter Crane | 1,101 | |
| Shirley Jean Masters | Looking Back Party | Isabell Masters | 752 | |
| Anne Northrop | AIDS Cure Party | Steve Michael | 408 | |
| 2000 | Winona LaDuke | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 2,883,105 |
| Ezola B. Foster | Reform Party | Pat Buchanan | 449,225 | |
| Margaret Trowe | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 7,378 | |
| Mary Cal Hollis | Socialist Party | David McReynolds | 5,602 | |
| Gloria La Riva | Workers World Party | Monica Moorehead | 4,795 | |
| Sabrina R. Allen | Independent | Cathy Gordon Brown | 1,606 | |
| 2004 | Pat LaMarche | Green Party | David Cobb | 119,859 |
| Janice Jordan | Peace and Freedom Party | Leonard Peltier | 27,607 | |
| Mary Alice Herbert | Socialist Party | Walt Brown | 10,837 | |
| Margaret Trowe[an] | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 7,102 | |
| Arrin Hawkins | Socialist Workers Party | Róger Calero | 3,689 | |
| Karen Sanchirico[ao] | Independent | Ralph Nader | 6,168[ap] | |
| Jennifer A. Ryan | Christian Freedom Party | Thomas J. Harens | 2,387 | |
| Teresa Gutierrez | Workers World Party | John Parker | 1,646 | |
| Marilyn Chambers | Personal Choice Party | Charles Jay | 946 | |
| Irene M. Deasy | Independent | Stanford Andress | 804 | |
| 2008 | Sarah Palin | Republican Party | John McCain | 59,948,323 |
| Rosa Clemente | Green Party | Cynthia McKinney | 161,797 | |
| Alyson Kennedy | Socialist Workers Party | Róger Calero | 7,197 | |
| Andrea Marie Psoras[124] | Vote Here Party | Jeffrey H. Boss | 604 | |
| Patricia Rubacky | New American Independent Party | Frank McEnulty | [aq] | |
| 2012 | Cheri Honkala | Green Party | Jill Stein | 469,628 |
| Cindy Sheehan | Peace and Freedom Party | Roseanne Barr | 67,326 | |
| Maura DeLuca | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 4,117 | |
| Virginia Abernethy | American Third Position Party | Merlin Miller | 2,701 | |
| Phyllis Scherrer | Socialist Equality Party | Jerry White | 1,279 | |
| 2016 | Mindy Finn | Independent | Evan McMullin | 449,640 |
| Angela Nicole Walker | Socialist Party USA | Mimi Soltysik | 2,540 | |
| Hannah Walsh | United States Pacifist Party | Bradford Lyttle | 334 | |
| Kathleen Monahan | Independent | Lynn S. Kahn | 5,610 | |
| 2020 | Dawn Neptune Adams | Oregon Progressive Party | Dario Hunter | 5,403 |
| Karla Ballard | Independent | Brock Pierce | 49,700 | |
| Margaret Bayliss | Dirigo | M. D. Mitchell | ||
| Anne Beckett | Independent | Robert Morrow | ||
| Kendra Bryant | Republican Party (write-in) | Barbara Bellar | ||
| Sheila Cannon | Independent | Deborah Rouse | ||
| Dayna Chandler | Genealogy Know Your Family History | Ricki Sue King | ||
| Sherrie Dow | None (write-in) | Mary Ruth Caro Simmons | ||
| Veronica Ehrenreich | Independent | Ryan Ehrenreich | ||
| Susan C. Fletcher | Independent | Timothy A. Stevens | ||
| Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 81,281,888 | |
| Alyssa Howard | Independent | Shawn Howard | ||
| Taja Yvonne Iwanow | Independent American | Kyle Kopitke | ||
| Khadijah Jacob Sr. | Unaffiliated | Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro | ||
| Jennifer Jairala | Independent | Abram Loeb | ||
| Tiara Lusk | Life and Liberty Party | J. R. Myers | 1,372[ar] | |
| Cynthia McKinney | Green Party of Alaska | Jesse Ventura | 3,291 | |
| Melissa Nixon | Independent | Jade Simmons | 181[as] | |
| Liz Parrish | Transhumanist Party | Charlie Kam | ||
| Raechelle Pope | Independent | Michael Laboch | ||
| Darlene Raley | Republican Party (write-in) | Albert Raley | ||
| Claudeliah Roze | Independent | Jade Simmons | 6,777 | |
| Norissa Santa Cruz | Socialist Equality Party | Joseph Kishore | ||
| Karen M. Short | Democratic Party (write-in) | Sharon Wallace | ||
| Elizabeth Storm | Independent | Joe McHugh | 2,843 | |
| Jennifer Tepool | Unaffiliated | Jordan "Cancer" Scott | ||
| Michelle Tidball | Birthday Party | Kanye West | 70,294 | |
| Angela Nicole Walker | Green Party/Socialist Party USA | Howie Hawkins | 404,021 | |
| Rachel Wells | Independent | Kasey Wells | ||
| 2024 | Melina Abdullah | Independent | Cornel West | |
| Tanda BluBear | Green Party of Alaska | Jasmine Sherman | N/A | |
| Trisha Butler | Libertarian Party of New Mexico | Laura Ebke | ||
| Stephanie Cholensky | Socialist Party USA | Bill Stodden | ||
| Shannel Conner | Godliness, Truth, Justice Party | Mattie Preston | ||
| Andrea Denault | Approval Voting Party | Blake Huber | ||
| Crystal Ellis | Independent | Shiva Ayyadurai | ||
| Karina Garcia | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Claudia De la Cruz | ||
| Lauren Onak | American Solidarity Party | Peter Sonski | ||
| Nicole Shanahan[at] | Independent | Robert F. Kennedy Jr. | ||
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes |
Not nominated by party
[edit]| Year | Name | Party | Details | Nomination winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1848 | Lucretia Mott[126] | Liberty Party | 5 of 84 votes | Charles C. Foote |
| 1884 | Clemence S. Lozier | Equal Rights Party | Declined nomination. | Marietta Stow |
| 1924 | Lena Springs | Democratic Party | several to 50 votes in national convention | Charles W. Bryan |
| 1928 | Nellie Tayloe Ross | Democratic Party | 31 votes in national convention | Joseph T. Robinson |
| 1952 | India Edwards | Democratic Party | John Sparkman | |
| Sarah T. Hughes | ||||
| 1972 | Shirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 20 votes in national convention | Thomas Eagleton |
| Frances Farenthold | 405 votes in national convention | |||
| Martha Griffiths | 1 vote in national convention | |||
| Patricia Harris | 1 vote in national convention | |||
| Eleanor McGovern | 1 vote in national convention | |||
| Martha Mitchell | 1 vote in national convention | |||
| Maggie Kuhn | People's Party | declined nomination | Benjamin Spock | |
| 1976 | Anne Armstrong | Republican Party | subject of draft campaign; 6 votes in national convention | Bob Dole |
| Barbara Jordan | Democratic Party | 17 votes in national convention | Walter Mondale | |
| Nancy Palm | Republican Party | 1 vote in national convention | Bob Dole | |
| 1984 | Shirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 3 votes in national convention | Geraldine Ferraro |
| Jeane J. Kirkpatrick | Republican Party | 1 vote in primary | George H. W. Bush | |
| 1992 | Susan K.Y. Shargal | Democratic Party | 1,097 votes (2nd place) in New Hampshire primary | Al Gore |
| Mary Ruwart | Libertarian Party | 129 votes at convention (1st ballot); 64 votes at convention (2nd ballot) | Nancy Lord | |
| 2000 | Gail Lightfoot[127] | Libertarian Party | 7 votes at convention (1st ballot; 6th place) | Art Olivier |
| 2004 | Tamara Millay[128] | Libertarian Party | 220 votes at convention (2nd place) | Richard Campagna |
| 2008 | Mary Alice Herbert | Socialist Party | Stewart Alexander | |
| 2012 | Susan Gayle Ducey | Constitution Party | 8 votes at convention (5th place) | Darrell Castle |
| 2016 | Alicia Dearn | Libertarian Party | 29 votes at convention (5th place) | William Weld |
| Carly Fiorina | Republican Party | Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz; suspended campaign six days later | Mike Pence | |
| 2020 | Sorinne Ardeleanu | Libertarian Party | 3 write-in votes at convention in 3 ballots (1 per ballot) | Spike Cohen |
| Laura Ebke | 1 write-in vote at convention (1st ballot) | |||
| 2024 | Elise Stefanik | Republican Party | Shortlisted for selection | JD Vance |
See also
[edit]- List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
- List of female governors in the United States
- Edith Wilson (sometimes nicknamed "the first female president of the United States")
- Female president of the United States in popular culture
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b In 1972 in Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party. A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both. As a consequence, Jenness received 16% and 8% of the vote in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties. Some sources don't count these votes for Jenness.
- ^ a b c d e Incumbent president Joe Biden competed in the 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries and became presumptive nominee on March 12 after securing enough delegates in the Georgia, Mississippi, Northern Mariana Islands, and Washington primaries.[65] However, Biden withdrew from the presidential race on July 21 following age and health concerns.[66] Biden would subsequently endorse Harris and she launched her campaign the same day. She became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee on July 22 and became the official nominee on August 5 after a formal roll call vote by the Democratic National Convention.[67]
- ^ Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn. At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana, neither of which held primaries.[72]
- ^ Victoria Woodhull's votes don't appear to have been counted. See, e.g. Victoria Woodhull, the Spirit to Run the White House for more information.
- ^ Lockwood first ran with Love, but when she dropped out of the race, she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate.
- ^ Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149. See Frances A. Cook, Belva Ann Lockwood: For Peace, Justice, and President.
- ^ Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold's running mate Gavrielle Holmes
- ^ Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes.
- ^ a b Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states, including Iowa and Ohio.
- ^ The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only.
- ^ Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states.
- ^ Freeman replaced the original vice presidential nominee, Leonard Peltier of Peace and Freedom, who withdrew for health reasons.[92]
- ^ Margaret Trowe was originally named the party's vice presidential nominee but withdrew due to health issues.
- ^ Sherman is the Green Party of Alaska nominee but not on the ballot in Alaska.
- ^ Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote each from faithless electors in Hawaii and Washington.
- ^ Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
- ^ Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
- ^ Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Texas faithless elector.
- ^ Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
- ^ Tonie Nathan and John Hospers received one electoral vote from a Virginia faithless elector.
- ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice presidential candidate.
- ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur-Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur-Byrd ticket. The MacArthur-Kellems ticket's total might have been higher than 943.
- ^ Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd was Cleaver's running mate in some states, and Jerry Rubin had also been nominated.[120]
- ^ Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner's official running mate La Donna Harris.
- ^ The vote total is for the Commoner-Hanson ticket in Ohio only.[121]
- ^ Richard H. Congress or Clifton DeBerry were the Socialist Workers Party's presidential candidate in some states, but Zimmerman was on all three tickets as the vice presidential candidate.
- ^ The vote total is for the Griswold-Cohen ticket in Ohio only.[122]
- ^ Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states, including Ohio.
- ^ Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
- ^ Three male candidates were alternates for Dattner in three states, including California and Oregon.
- ^ Mamie Moore was an alternate candidate for Dattner in nine states, including Hawaii.
- ^ Burke was an alternate candidate for Dattner in four states, including Alaska.
- ^ Smaby was on the ballot only in Minnesota.
- ^ Smith was on the ballot as a write-in only in California.
- ^ Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa, New York, and Vermont.
- ^ Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
- ^ Vote total for the Nader-Tillinghast ticket in New York only.
- ^ Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
- ^ Vote total for the Nader-Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only.
- ^ Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins.
- ^ Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Peter Camejo.
- ^ The vote total is for the Nader-Sanchirico ticket in Montana only.
- ^ Rubacky was McEnulty's running mate in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine, though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado. McEnulty had nine other running mates.[125]
- ^ Vote total is for the Myers-Lusk ticket in Arkansas only.
- ^ Vote total is for the Simmons-Nixon ticket in Florida only.
- ^ Kennedy and Shanahan withdrew in August 2024 but remained on the ballot in 30 states and as write-in candidates in Pennsylvania.
References
[edit]- ^ "Liberty League". Niles' National Register. 22 (19): 296. July 10, 1847.
- ^ Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention. Utica, NY: S.W. Green. 1848. p. 5.
- ^ Woodhull, Victoria (April 2, 1870). "The Coming Woman". New York Herald. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
- ^ Katz, Elizabeth D. (2022). "Sex, Suffrage, and State Constitutional Law: Women's Legal Right to Hold Public Office". Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. 33 (2): 134. SSRN 3896499.
- ^ Brody, Miriam (2003). Victoria Woodhull: Free Spirit for Women's Rights. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 107.
- ^ Congressional Quartlerly's Guide to U.S. Elections. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quartlerly. 1985. pp. 338, 367.
- ^ Lockwood, Belva A. (March 1903). "How I Ran for the Presidency". National Magazine. 7 (6): 729, 733.
- ^ "Meeting of the Electoral College". Indianapolis News. December 3, 1844.
- ^ "First Woman to Get Vote for President -- Laura Clay". Chicago Tribune. July 6, 1920. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ^ Scheer, Teva J. (2005). Governor Lady: The Life and Times of Nellie Tayloe Ross. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 113, 132–133.
- ^ Johnson, John H., ed. (March 20, 1952). "Charlotta Bass named for presidential ticket". Jet (magazine). Vol. 1, no. 21. Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company. p. 9.
- ^ "The Unfavored Daughter: When Margaret Chase Smith Ran in the New Hampshire Primary". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ Risen, Clay (December 23, 2022). "Charlene Mitchell, 92, Dies; First Black Woman to Run for President". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly, 374.
- ^ Winslow, Barbara (2014). Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, 1926–2005. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. ix, 107, 115.
- ^ Cruz, Tania; Yamamoto, Eric K. (Summer 2003). "A Tribute to Patsy Takemoto Mink" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal. 4 (2): 590. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2020.
- ^ Doherty, Brian (March 20, 2014). "Tonie Nathan, R.I.P. (The First Woman to Receive an Electoral Vote for Vice President)". Reason. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
- ^ Clift, Eleanor (2000). Madam President: Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling. New York: Scribner. pp. 16, 60–62.
- ^ "Lenora B Fulani". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Iowa State University. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Brandman, Mariana. "Winona LaDuke". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ Pearce, Matt (December 20, 2016). "How Faith Spotted Eagle Became the First Native American to Win an Electoral Vote for President". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ "Dole announces presidential exploratory committee - March 10, 1999". CNN. March 10, 1999. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Wilgoren, Jodi; Semple, Kirk (January 15, 2004). "Braun Quits Race and Endorses Dean for Presidential Nomination". The New York Times.
- ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Woman to Be a Presidential Candidate in Every Primary and Caucus". Findingdulcinea.com. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ Why Sanders Will Ultimately Back Clinton Archived August 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hillary's Woman Problem". Politico. February 12, 2016.
- ^ "Clinton's Popular-Vote Lead Now Exceeds 1.5 Million—and It's Growing". The Atlantic. November 20, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2008" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2012" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. July 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2016" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2020" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ Gabbatt, Adam (January 7, 2024). "'We are working-class women of color': the long-shot socialist run for the White House". The Guardian. Retrieved January 7, 2024.
- ^ Bachmann wins Ames straw poll Archived November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Goldman, Russell (January 4, 2012). "Michele Bachmann Drops Out of Presidential Race". ABC News.
- ^ "Roseanne Barr is officially running for president". Washington Post. February 2, 2012. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ Federal Election Commission. "2012 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for All Candidates Listed on at least one State Ballot" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
- ^ Bradner, Eric. "Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ^ Tal Kopan, John Berman and Sunlen Serfaty. "Ted Cruz to name Carly Fiorina as VP". CNN. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^ "Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race". Politico.
- ^ Pearce, Matt (December 20, 2016). "How Faith Spotted Eagle Became the First Native American to Win an Electoral Vote for President". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ "Women running for president is the new normal". Vox. March 12, 2019.
- ^ "The 2019 Democratic debate shows how striking it is to have more representation onstage". Vox. June 28, 2019.
- ^ Vox, March 12, 2019.
- ^ "Kamala Harris: The Vice President". The White House. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
- ^ Klein, Betsy (July 21, 2024). "Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination". CNN. Archived from the original on July 21, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
- ^ Hutzler, Alexandra; Reinstein, Julia; Peller, Lauren; El-Bawab, Nadine; Sarnoff, Leah (July 22, 2024). "Election 2024 updates: Harris secures enough delegates to become presumptive nominee". ABC News. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
- ^ Nehamas, Nicholas (August 6, 2024). "Harris Officially Secures Democratic Party's Nomination for President". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Trump wins the White House in a political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters". AP News. November 5, 2024. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
- ^ Weissert, Will (March 4, 2023). "Marianne Williamson opens long shot 2024 challenge to Biden". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Nationwide Popular Vote, excluding MO, MS, IN". The Green Papers. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
- "Mississippi Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- "Missouri Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- "Indiana Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
- "Massachusetts Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- "Illinois Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- "Washington Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- "Rhode Island Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
- "Wisconsin Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
- "Pennslvania Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- "Nebraska Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- "New Jersey Presidential Primary Election Results 2024". NBC News. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
- ^ Lowenkron, Hadriana (July 29, 2024). "Marianne Williamson Ends Longshot 2024 Presidential Bid". Bloomberg News. Yahoo!. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ "Election 2024 delegate tracker". Associated Press. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
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was nominated for the vice presidency against her wishes on the right-wing Constitution Party ticket headed by an equally reluctant Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1952.
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External links
[edit]- Freeman, Jo, The Women Who Ran for President (2007)
- Maurer, Elizabeth. "First but Not the Last: Women who Ran for President". National Women's History Museum. 2016.
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