Magnificent Mile
Magnificent Mile | |
|---|---|
Neighborhood and street | |
| Magnificent Mile | |
Chicago's Magnificent Mile looking South | |
| Nickname: The Mag Mile | |
Streetmap | |
| Coordinates: 41°53′43″N 87°37′28″W / 41.89535°N 87.62432°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Cook |
| City | Chicago |
| Community areas | List |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
The Magnificent Mile (also The Mag Mile) is a section of Michigan Avenue in Chicago devoted to retail, dining, hotels and tourist attractions. Running from the Chicago River to Oak Street in the Near North Side,[1] the district is located one block east of Rush Street and is the main retail corridor between the Loop and Gold Coast.[2] It is bounded by Streeterville neighborhood to its east and River North to its west.
The real estate developer Arthur Rubloff of Rubloff Company gave the district its nickname in 1947.[1] The Magnificent Mile has many tall buildings and landmarks such as John Hancock, Wrigley Building, Tribune Tower, Chicago Water Tower, and the Allerton, Drake and Intercontinental Hotels.
History
[edit]After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, State Street (anchored by Marshall Field's) in the downtown Loop, especially the Loop Retail Historic District, was the city's retailing center.[3] The convenience of mass transit including streetcars and elevated trains, supported a retail corridor along State Street from Lake Street to Van Buren Street.[3]
By the 1920s, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts.[3] Prior to the bascule bridge construction, swing bridges across the river were open for ship traffic during half the daylight hours.[4] The Rush Street Bridge was the swing bridge for this area.[5] The opening of the Michigan Avenue Bridge in 1920 created a new commercial district.[3]
The concept for the Magnificent Mile was part of the 1909 Burnham Plan of Chicago.[1] It was constructed during the 1920s to replace Pine Street, which had been lined with factories and warehouses near the river, and fine mansion and rowhouse residences farther north.[1] The earliest building constructions varied in style, but challenged new heights in construction.[1] The name the "Magnificent Mile" is a registered trademark of The Magnificent Mile Association, formerly the Greater North Michigan Avenue Association (GNMAA).[6]
After the Great Depression and World War II, Arthur Rubloff and William Zeckendorf bought or controlled most of the property along this stretch of the avenue and supported a plan by Holabird & Root for construction of new buildings and renovation of old ones that took advantage of new zoning laws.[1] Soon the property values driven by the luxury shopping districts were pricing out the nearby artists of Tower Town, just southwest of the Chicago Water Tower.[7] Rubloff and Zeckendorf successfully developed and promoted the area until it became one of the most prestigious addresses of the city. That distinction holds today,[1] and spurred new investment along the Magnificent Mile and throughout the Near North Side.[8]
After 1950, suburban development reduced the Loop's daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped. However, the Magnificent Mile kept a luxury shopping district close to the central business district.[9] The opening of the 74-story Water Tower Place in 1975 marked the return of Chicago to retailing prominence.[3] By 1979, the State Street commercial corridor had lost its commercial vitality and was closed to street traffic for renovation including sidewalk widening until 1996.[3] In August 2020, the Magnificent Mile was looted by large crowds during a night of unrest after Chicago police shot a black person in Englewood.[10] In May 2022, a mass shooting nearby the neighborhood killed two people and critically injured eight others.[11]
Description
[edit]Today, The Magnificent Mile contains a mixture of upscale department stores, restaurants, luxury retailers, residential and commercial buildings, financial services companies, and hotels, catering primarily to tourists and the affluent. The Magnificent Mile includes 3.1 million sq ft (290,000 m2) of retail space, 460 stores, 275 restaurants, 51 hotels, and a host of sightseeing and entertainment attractions to more than 22 million visitors annually.[12]
The American Planning Association selected The Magnificent Mile as one of the 10 Great Streets for 2007 through its Great Places in America program.[13] In recent years, The Magnificent Mile has added trees and flower-filled medians to reflect the changing seasons.
Retail
[edit]Many luxury brands moved to Oak Street in the years following the 2007–2008 financial crisis, but The Magnificent Mile still hosts luxury department stores Bloomingdale's, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Nordstrom. Retailers on The Magnificent Mile include: Canada Goose, Cartier, Bottega Veneta, Bulgari, Burberry (its U.S. flagship location), Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Tiffany & Co., Max Mara, St. John, Omega, Stuart Weitzman, Montblanc, Anne Fontaine, Alice+Olivia, Rolex, Ralph Lauren (Ralph Lauren's largest store in the world), Kate Spade, Eskandar, Charles David, Henri Bendel, Hugo Boss, Salvatore Ferragamo, American Girl, Ermenegildo Zegna, Zara, MCM, Tumi, Kiehl's, Michael Kors, J. Crew, Sermoneta, H&M, Marlowe, Paul Stuart, David Yurman, Fogal, Wolford, The Art of Shaving, BHLDN, Buccellati, Victoria's Secret, Banana Republic, Starbucks Reserve Roastery (largest Starbucks in the world), Frette, Pratesi, and many others.[12]
The Magnificent Mile has three urban shopping centers: Water Tower Place, The Shops at North Bridge, and 900 North Michigan Shops. Each spans multiple floors and city blocks and offers various tenants: mall mainstays and more upscale apparel shops, restaurants, and unique attractions, such as museums. In its book The 10 Best of Everything: An Ultimate Guide for Travelers, National Geographic named The Magnificent Mile along with Rodeo Drive and Fifth Avenue as one of the 10 best shopping avenues in the world.[14]
Hotels and dining
[edit]Renowned and critically acclaimed restaurants such as The Signature Room at The 95th, Spiaggia, Tru, The Pump Room, Lawry's The Prime Rib, The Grand Lux, and The Park Hyatt Room provide a variety of dining options. Three 5-star hotels (The Peninsula Chicago, Four Seasons Hotel Chicago, and Ritz-Carlton Chicago) and Illinois' only 4-star hotel (Park Hyatt) are located within about five blocks along The Magnificent Mile.[15][16]
Other hotels such as Intercontinental, Knickerbocker, Westin, Drake Hotel, and the Conrad Chicago offer convenient luxurious accommodations as well.[12] Selected luxury-class hotels are shown below:
| Name | Street Address | Parent Company |
|---|---|---|
| Knickerbocker Hotel | 163 E. Walton Place | Millennium Hotels |
| Westin Michigan Avenue | 909 N. Michigan Avenue | Marriott Hotels |
| Four Seasons Hotel Chicago | 900 N. Michigan Avenue – Floors 32–46 | Four Seasons Hotels |
| Ritz-Carlton Chicago | 845 N. Michigan Avenue | Marriott Hotels |
| Park Hyatt | 800 N. Michigan Avenue (110 E. Chicago) |
Hyatt |
| The Peninsula Chicago | 108 E. Superior Street | The Peninsula Hotels |
| Allerton Hotel | 701 N. Michigan Avenue | |
| Omni Chicago Hotel | 676 N. Michigan Avenue | Omni Hotels |
| The Conrad Chicago | 520 N. Michigan Avenue (521 N. Rush Street) |
Hilton Hotels |
| Hotel Inter-Continental Chicago | 505 N. Michigan Avenue | InterContinental Hotels Group |
| Drake Hotel | 140 E. Walton Place | Hilton Hotels |
Banks
[edit]The largest banks have branches along the strip including the three largest banks in the nation: Bank of America, Citibank, and JPMorgan Chase's Chase Bank.[17] Additionally, the largest banks in Chicago are present, such as Harris Bank,[18] which is technically across the street from The Magnificent Mile. American Express has a Magnificent Mile address for one of its two Chicago service offices. Fidelity Investments has an office at the foot of The Magnificent Mile.
Chicago landmarks
[edit]Historic and landmark presences are shown in the table below, which lists Chicago Landmarks, National Register of Historic Places locations, and National Historic Landmarks along The Magnificent Mile. At the northern edge of this district on the west, one finds the exclusive One Magnificent Mile building and Oak Street running to the west. Also, at the northern edge of the district one finds the Chicago Landmark East Lake Shore Drive District, an extremely expensive and exclusive one-block area of real estate running east from N. Michigan Ave. and facing directly onto Lake Michigan.
At the southern edge of the district, the Michigan Avenue Bridge sits among four majestic 1920s skyscrapers, two of which are on The Magnificent Mile (Tribune Tower and the Wrigley Building), and two of which are not (333 North Michigan and London Guarantee Building). These buildings are contributing properties to the Michigan–Wacker Historic District.[19]
| Chicago Landmark[20] | Designation Date | Location | NRHP Date[21][22] | NHL Date[23][24] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drake Hotel[25] | April 18, 1985 | 140 E. Walton Place | May 8, 1980 | |
| Palmolive Building[26] | February 16, 2000 | 919 N. Michigan Avenue | August 21, 2003 | |
| Perkins, Fellows & Hamilton Office and Studio[27] | December 1, 1993 | 814 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Old Chicago Water Tower District[28] | October 6, 1971; amended June 10, 1981 |
806/821 N. Michigan Avenue | April 23, 1975 | |
| Allerton Hotel[29] | May 29, 1998 | 701 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Woman's Athletic Club[30] | October 2, 1991 | 626 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| McGraw-Hill Building[31] | February 7, 1997 | 520 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Tribune Tower[32] | February 1, 1989 | 435 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point, Homesite [33] | 401 N. Michigan Avenue | May 11, 1976 | May 11, 1976 | |
| Michigan Avenue Bridge and Esplanade[34] | October 2, 1991 | Chicago River, between Michigan and Wabash Avenues | ||
| Site of Fort Dearborn[35] | September 15, 1971 | Intersection of N. Michigan Avenue and E. Wacker Drive |
Several of the tallest buildings in the world are located in The Magnificent Mile district. These buildings are:
| Name | Street Address | Height feet / meters |
Floors | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 875 North Michigan Avenue | 875 N. Michigan Avenue | 1,127 / 344 | 100 | 1969 |
| 900 North Michigan | 900 N. Michigan Avenue | 871 / 265 | 66 | 1989 |
| Water Tower Place | 845 N. Michigan Avenue | 859 / 262 | 74 | 1976 |
| Park Tower | 800 N. Michigan Avenue | 844 / 257 | 67 | 2000 |
| Olympia Centre | 737 N. Michigan Avenue | 725 / 221 | 63 | 1986 |
| One Magnificent Mile | 980 N. Michigan Avenue | 673 / 205 | 58 | 1983 |
| Chicago Place | 700 N. Michigan Avenue | 608 / 185 | 49 | 1991 |
| Palmolive Building | 919 N. Michigan Avenue | 565 / 172 | 37 | 1929 |
Malls
[edit]| Mall Image | Construction Date | Floors (Mall/Building) | Anchor Stores | Address | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | (6/66) | Bloomingdale's | 900 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| 1975 | (8/74) | VACANT | 835 N. Michigan Avenue | ||
| 1991 | (8/49) | Saks Fifth Avenue | 700 N. Michigan Avenue | This mall has been closed down and is currently in the process of being converted into office space. | |
| 2000 | (5/-) | Nordstrom | 520 N. Michigan Avenue (600 North Michigan Avenue)* |
Seasonal events
[edit]With each season, the ambiance of The Magnificent Mile changes. This change is signaled by several official events:[12][36]
Median planters were constructed as part of a streetscape improvement project in 1994. In the spring, hundreds of thousands of tulips bloom from mid April until the end of May. In 2008, a public art installation of kinetic sculptures designed by local and international architects was placed in the garden beds.[37]
During the summer, the "Gardens of The Magnificent Mile" festival event occurs. It is a self-guided landscape display walking tour. In 2007 and 2008, fashion dress forms graced the garden beds. The forms were designed by students from the Illinois Institute of Art – Chicago and the International Academy of Design and Technology, as well as prominent designers located on the Avenue.[38][39]
In 2009 and 2010 the first ever Summer Concert Series presented by Walgreens brought top level musical talent to the Avenue for free lunchtime shows for guests, locals, and employees of the Avenue. Past artists include: Collective Soul, Better Than Ezra, Mat Kearney, Michael Franti, Kris Allen, and Guster.
The tradition of lighting the trees of The Magnificent Mile to start the Christmas season extends more than forty years. More than one million lights are lit and fireworks follow the event.[36] The Magnificent Mile Lights Festival, presented by BMO Harris Bank, is the annual kick-off to Chicago's Christmas season.[40]
The day of the event has special activities and offers across Magnificent Mile businesses, plus interactive holiday booths in Pioneer Court, and a free concert with free concerts featuring popular artists all afternoon on the Harris Stage (past artists have included Jason Mraz, Mitchel Musso, and KT Tunstall). In the evening, Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse lead a procession down Michigan Avenue from Oak Street to Wacker Drive, stopping at each block to light the trees. He brings along other Disney friends, marching bands, celebrities and more. It is considered the first annual Christmas procession of the year.[41]
Transportation and infrastructure
[edit]North Michigan Avenue is a six-lane two-way street that is serviced by Chicago Transit Authority public buses along the Magnificent Mile that connect the area to the entire Chicago metropolitan area. It is also serviced by seasonal trolley service along the street, and the foot of the Magnificent Mile is serviced by seasonal water transit services. Two blocks west along State Street, the Chicago 'L' rapid transit services the street via its Red Line. Pedestrian traffic abounds along the broad sidewalks that are shielded by extensive, mature greenery that provides much of the friendly atmosphere.[13]
In autumn 2011, North Michigan Avenue was completely repaved from the Chicago River to Oak Street with a durable stone-matrix asphalt pavement mix that incorporated high levels of recycled materials, including waste shingles, ground tire rubber, and asphalt millings, diverting some 800 tons of material from landfills.[42] The $1 million project was completed without ever completely halting traffic on the street. In July 2012, the City of Chicago and CDOT were honored with the Environmental Leadership Award from the National Asphalt Pavement Association.[43]
Intersections
[edit]| Cross Street Image | Address[45] | Intersection Type | Cross Street Type | Commerce[46] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S) Street, Pedestrian (N, E) Underpass, Vehicular |
Lighted Intersection (Two-way) | NW: Harris Bank NE: Chicago Park District | |
| 932 North |
NE: Drake Hotel | |||
| 900 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Max Mara at 900 North Michigan NE: Fratelli Rossetti at Westin Hotel | |
| 860 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Fourth Presbyterian Church NE: Best Buy at John Hancock Center | |
| 830 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Topshop, Uniqlo, Columbia Sportswear, H&M NE: Macy's at Water Tower Place | |
| 800 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (Two-Way) | NW: Chicago Water Tower NE: Chicago Avenue Pumping Station | |
| 732 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Tiffany & Co. and The Peninsula Hotel NE: Neiman-Marcus | |
| 700 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Talbots @ Chicago Place NE: Nine West @ Allerton Hotel | |
| 658 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Hanig's Footwear NE: Garmin | |
| 628 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Cartier NE: Burberry | |
| 600 North | Pedestrian (E, W, S, N) Street
|
Lighted Intersection (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Eddie Bauer NE: 605 N. Michigan (Sephora also:American Express, Chase Bank) | |
| 530 North | Pedestrian (N) Street, (E, W) Sidewalk | Lighted Intersection / Vehicular Underpass (One-Way Westbound) | NW: Kenneth Cole NE: Westfield North Bridge | |
| 500 North | Pedestrian (N, E) Street, (W) Sidewalk | Lighted Intersection (Eastbound sidestreet) / Vehicular Underpass (One-Way Eastbound) | NW: Bank of America @ 500 N. Michigan Avenue NE: Intercontinental Hotel | |
| Hubbard Street & Michigan | 430 North | Pedestrian (N, S) Street, (E, W) Sidewalk | Lighted Intersection / Vehicular Underpass | W: Walgreens @ 430 N. Michigan Avenue (Realtor Building) E: Tribune Tower |
| 410 North (upper)/400 North (lower) | Pedestrian (N) Street, (E, W) Sidewalk | Double Jughandle U-Turn lanes | NW: Wrigley Building NE: DuSable Homesite @ 401 N. Michigan Avenue | |
| NW: NE: |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Stamper, John W. (2005). "Magnificent Mile". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- ^ Stamper, John M., "Chicago's North Michigan Avenue", University of Chicago Press, 1991, inner cover, ISBN 0-226-77085-0
- ^ a b c d e f Bennett, Larry (2005). "Shopping Districts and Malls". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- ^ Cain, Louis P. (2005). "Infrastructure". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ Stamper, John M., "Chicago's North Michigan Avenue", University of Chicago Press, 1991, pg. 4, ISBN 0-226-77085-0
- ^ "The Official Web Site of the Illinois Bureau of Tourism". Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ Seligman, Amanda (2005). "Towertown". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- ^ Seligman, Amanda (2005). "Near North Side". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ Danzer, Gerald A. (2005). "The Loop". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "Hundreds ransack downtown Chicago businesses after shooting". Detroit News. August 10, 2020.
- ^ "9 shot, 2 fatally, in 'outrageous act of violence' outside Chicago McDonald's". ABC News. May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Magnificent Mile". Chicago Traveler. Search Engine Marketing. 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
- ^ a b Buscemi, Connie; Maxson, John; Johnson, Denny (October 2, 2007). "Chicago's North Michigan Avenue Selected One of 10 Great Street in America: A Seven-Block Urban Wonderland" (PDF) (Press release). American Planning Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ "Top 10 Shopping Avenues". National Geographic. January 21, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010.
- ^ Sardone, Susan Breslow. "Mobil 5-Star Hotels / Award Winners 2007". 2007 About, Inc. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
- ^ Sardone, Susan Breslow (January 6, 2006). "4 Star Hotels in the USA". 2007 About, Inc. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
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- ^ Wagner, Robert. (February 3, 1978) National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Michigan–Wacker Historic District Archived June 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine National Park Service.
- ^ "Chicago Landmarks: Alphabetical Listing". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places: Illinois – Cook County". National Register of Historic Places.com. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ "National Historic Landmarks Program". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ "National Historic Landmarks Survey: Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Illinois" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ East Lake Shore Drive Historic District
- ^ "Palmolive Building". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Perkins, Fellows & Hamilton Office and Studio". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Old Chicago Water Tower District". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Allerton Hotel". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
- ^ "Woman's Athletic Club". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "McGraw-Hill Building". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Tribune Tower". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point, Homesite". National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
- ^ "Michigan Avenue Bridge and Esplanade". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Site of Fort Dearborn". City of Chicago Dept. of Pl. and Devpmt., Landmarks Div. 2003. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ a b "Seasonal Events". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on May 4, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "Tulip Days". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "Gardens of The Magnificent Mile". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "WHEN FLORA AND FASHION COME TOGETHER". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
- ^ "Magnificent Mile Lights Festival". The Magnificent Mile, GNMAA/Centric Web, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on April 25, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ "The 2007 Magnificent Mile Lights Festival: ABC 7 Chicago kicks off the holiday season nationwide with live broadcast of the festival". abc7chicago.com home. November 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ Williams, Cindy; Garrott, Fred (February 6, 2012), "Recycling/reclaiming: A savings spree", Roads & Bridges, retrieved July 30, 2012
- ^ "CDOT Recognized for Environmental Leadership for Innovative Use of Recycled Materials in Michigan Avenue Repaving Project" (Press release). Chicago Department of Transportation. July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
- ^ Moore, R. Jonathan (2005). "Fourth Presbyterian Church". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ Hayner, Don and Tom McNamee, Streetwise Chicago, Loyola University Press, 1988, ISBN
- ^ "Magnificent Mile". Emporis. 2007. Archived from the original on May 4, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
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