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A TRAPPIST telescope image of the giant H II region Tarantula Nebula. Giant H II regions measuring hundreds to thousands light-years across are some of the largest emission nebulae .

Below is a list of the largest nebulae so far discovered, ordered by actual size (not angular diameter).

Overview

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Lyman-alpha nebulae[1]

List

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This list is prone to change because of inconsistencies between studies, their great distances from our stellar neighbourhood, and constant development of technology and engineering. Nebulae's boundaries are also undefined, and is also prone to change. Lastly, scientists are still defining the parameters and defining features of nebulae. Because of all these scientific inconsistencies, this list might be unreliable.

By physical diameter

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List of the largest nebulae
Nebula name/designation Major axis diameter
(in light-years) 		Minor axis diameter
(in light years) 		Comoving distance
(in thousands of light-years) 		Angular diameter
(in arcseconds) 		Type Angular diameter
estimation method 		References
TON 618 Extended LαB 326,200 LαB [2]
Lyman-alpha blob 1 293,500 LαB [3]
Q2343-BX418 Extended LαB 150,000 2.7 LαB [4]
Himiko 55,450 LαB? [5]
Tarantula Nebula 1,859 1,162 159.8 8.0 H II [6][a]
NGC 604 1,591 989.2 2,834 14.0 H II [7][8][b]
NGC 2404 1,553 ~ 16,010 H II [9][10]
Gum Nebula 1,468 942.6 1.468 Em [11]
NGC 595 1,426 742.0 2,834 H II [12]
N11 1,255 1,209 159.8 H II [13]
Local Bubble 1,076 ± 39.14 1,076 ± 39.14 — Mc
N44 929.9 836.9 159.8 Em [14]
Sh2-310 772.0 ~ 5.545 28,800 H II [15][c]
NGC 592 577.0 ~ 2,834 Em; H II [16][17]
N119 570.8 427.3 159.8 H II [18]

Listed below are some notable nebulae under 500 light-years in diameter, for the purpose of comparison. All links to NED are available, except for the Milky Way, which is linked to the relevant paper detailing its size.

Notable nebulae with diameters 500ly or less
Nebula name/designation Major axis diameter (in light-years) Minor axis diameter (in light years) Comoving distance
(in thousands of light-years) 		Apparent visible magnitude Type Notes Link for object
Carina Nebula 460 ly (140 pc)[19] H II Nearest giant H II region to Earth
Dragonfish Nebula 450 ly (140 pc)[20] Em
RCW 49 350 ly (110 pc)[21] H II
Heart Nebula 330 ly (100 pc) H II
Westerhout 5 (Soul Nebula) 330 ly (100 pc) H II
Henize 70 (N70 or DEM L301)[22] 300 ly (92 pc)[23] H II The N 70 Nebula, in the Large Magellanic Cloud has a shell structure and is really a bubble in space. It is a "Super Bubble".
Barnard's Loop 300 ly (92 pc)[24][25] H II
Sh2-54 252 ly (77 pc)[26][27] H II
Prawn Nebula 250 ly (77 pc)[28] H II
NGC 7822 150 ly (46 pc)[29] 
Em
IC 2944 142 ly (44 pc)[30][31] Em
Eagle Nebula 140 ly (43 pc)[32] H II Part of another diffuse nebula IC 4703.
Rosette Nebula 130 ly (40 pc) H II
Lagoon Nebula 110 ly (34 pc) H II
NGC 3576 100 ly (31 pc) Em
Veil Nebula 100 ly (31 pc) SNR

By angular diameter

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Celestial object Angular diameter or size Relative size
Magellanic Stream over 100°
Gum Nebula 36° 1,000 ly
Milky Way 30° (by 360°) 105,700 ly
Serpens-Aquila Rift 20° by 10° 575 ly or more
Canis Major Overdensity 12° by 12°
Smith's Cloud 11°
Large Magellanic Cloud 10.75° by 9.17° Brightest galaxy in the night sky, 0.9 apparent magnitude (V)
Barnard's loop 10°
Zeta Ophiuchi Sh2-27 nebula 10°
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 7.5° by 3.6°
Coalsack nebula 7° by 5°
Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex 4.5° by 6.5°
Hyades 5°30′ Brightest star cluster in the night sky, 0.5 apparent magnitude (V)
Small Magellanic Cloud 5°20′ by 3°5′
Andromeda Galaxy 3°10′ by 1° About six times the size of the Sun or the Moon. Only the much smaller core is visible without long-exposure photography.
Veil Nebula 3°
Heart Nebula 2.5° by 2.5°
Westerhout 5 2.3° by 1.25°
Sh2-54 2.3°
Carina Nebula 2° by 2° Brightest nebula in the night sky, 1.0 apparent magnitude (V)
North America Nebula 2° by 100′
Orion Nebula 1°5′ by 1°
Sun 31′27″ – 32′32″ 30–31 times the maximum value for Venus (orange bar below) / 1887–1952″
Moon 29′20″ – 34′6″ 28–32.5 times the maximum value for Venus (orange bar below) / 1760–2046″
Helix Nebula About 16′ by 28′
Spire in Eagle Nebula 4′40″ Length is 280″

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,895 ly
  2. ^ distance × sin( diameter_angle ) = 1,520 ly
  3. ^ Those measurements are based on an apparent diameter of 480 arcminutes (') plus an assumed distance of 1.5 kpc and the current distance of VY CMa which is about 1.17 kpc as the nebula is sometimes found to have the same distance as VY CMa.

References

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  1. ^ A bot will complete this citation soon. Click here to jump the queue arXiv:1612.00491.
  2. ^ Li, Jianrui; Emonts, B. H. C.; Cai, Z.; Prochaska, J. X.; Yoon, I.; Lehnert, M. D.; Zhang, S.; Wu, Y.; Li, Jianan; Li, Mingyu; Lacy, M.; Villar-Martín, M. (25 November 2021). "Massive Molecular Outflow and 100 kpc Extended Cold Halo Gas in the Enormous Lyα Nebula of QSO 1228+3128". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 922 (2): L29. arXiv:2111.06409. Bibcode:2021ApJ...922L..29L. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac390d. S2CID 244102865. Retrieved 29 January 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ "Giant Space Blob Glows from Within". ESO Press Release. 17 August 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  4. ^ A bot will complete this citation soon. Click here to jump the queue arXiv:1807.00065.
  5. ^ Hsu, Jeremy (2009-04-22). "Giant Mystery Blob Discovered Near Dawn of Time". SPACE.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  6. ^ "Results for Tarantula Nebula". SEDS Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 30 Doradus .. 49 kpc +- 3 kpc
  7. ^ Barba, Rodolfo (2004). "An in-depth analysis of a prototypical giant H II region: NGC 604". HST Proposal ID #10419: 10419. Bibcode:2004hst..prop10419B.
  8. ^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 604. Archived from the original on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
  9. ^ https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=NGC+2404&extend=no&hconst=67.74&omegam=0.3089&omegav=0.6911&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
  10. ^ http://library.navoiy-uni.uz/files/O'Meara%20C.%20O.%20-%20The%20Caldwell%20Objects%20(1st%20edition)(2002)(484s).pdf [bare URL PDF]
  11. ^ https://stellarscenes.net/object_e/gum.htm
  12. ^ "NGC 595: A Great Diffuse Nebula in M33". Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013.
  13. ^ https://astrodrudis.com/astrogallery/n11/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ^ https://astrodrudis.com/astrogallery/n44/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ Sharpless, Stewart (1959). "A Catalogue of H II Regions". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 4: 257. Bibcode:1959ApJS....4..257S. doi:10.1086/190049.
  16. ^ "NGC 592 NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database Results". ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-10-31. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  17. ^ "Site of Professor C. Seligman: NGC 550 - 599". cseligman.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  18. ^ Ambrocio-Cruz, P.; Rosado, M.; Laval, A.; Le Coarer, E.; Russeil, D.; Amram, P. (July 22, 2008). "Kinematic field of the S-shaped nebula N119 in the LMC" (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica. 44: 355. Bibcode:2008RMxAA..44..355A. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  19. ^ "NGC 3372 - The Eta Carinae Nebula". Atlas of the Universe. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  20. ^ "Dragonfish Coming at You in Infrared". NASA. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  21. ^ NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Cosmic Construction Zone RCW 49 (3 June 2004)
  22. ^ "N70. HENIZE 70 – Astrodrudis". Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  23. ^ "N70 Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud". www.eso.org. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  24. ^ Wilson, B.A.; Dame, T.M.; Masheder, M.R.W.; Thaddeus, P. (2005). "A uniform CO survey of the molecular clouds in Orion and Monoceros". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 430 (2): 523–539. arXiv:astro-ph/0411089. Bibcode:2005A&A...430..523W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035943. S2CID 13916583. Archived from the original on 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  25. ^ O'Dell, C.R.; Ferland, G.J.; Porter, R.L.; van Hoof, P.A.M. (2011). "Physical Conditions in Barnard's Loop, Components of the Orion-eridanus Bubble, and Implications for the Warm Ionized Medium Component of the Interstellar Medium". The Astrophysical Journal. 733 (1): 9. arXiv:1103.2789. Bibcode:2011ApJ...733....9O. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/9. S2CID 5019523.
  26. ^ Sharpless, Stewart (December 1959). "A Catalogue of H II Regions". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 4: 257. Bibcode:1959ApJS....4..257S. doi:10.1086/190049.
  27. ^ Reipurth, B. (December 2008). "The Young Cluster NGC 6604 and the Serpens OB2 Association". Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume II: The Southern Sky. 5: 590. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..590R.
  28. ^ "Cosmic Recycling". Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  29. ^ Seligman, Courtney. "New General Catalogue objects: NGC 7800 - 7840". cseligman.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  30. ^ Thackeray, A. D.; Wesselink, A. J. (1965). "A photometric and spectroscopic study of the cluster IC 2944". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 131: 121–135. Bibcode:1965MNRAS.131..121T. doi:10.1093/mnras/131.1.121.
  31. ^ SEDS: IC 2944
  32. ^ "Messier 16". Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
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