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Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)

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For other uses, see Treaty of Saint Petersburg.

The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 23 September [O.S. 12 September] 1723[1][2] concluded the Russo-Persian War of 1722-1723 between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran. It ratified Iran's forced ceding of its territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus, and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising Derbent (Dagestan), Baku, the respective surrounding lands of Shirvan, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad.[3] The treaty further specified that the Iranian king would receive Russian troops for domestic peacekeeping.[4]

As the Cambridge History of Iran states;

"On 23 September 1723, his ambassador in Saint Petersburg, Ismail Beg, signed a humiliating treaty which stipulated that the Tsar would accord the shah friendship and help against rebels and would maintain the shah in tranquil possession of his throne. In return the shah promised to permanently cede to Russia: ... the towns of Darband (Derbent), Baku, with all the territories belonging to them, as well as the provinces: Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad, so that they might support the forces which His Imperial Majesty [the Tsar] will send to help His Shahian Majesty against rebels, without demanding money for it."[5]

The signatory on the Safavid side was the envoy Ismail Beg,[6] who had been sent by king Tahmasp II himself. When the text of the treaty was brought to the temporary capital of Qazvin in April 1724 by Prince Boris Meshcherskii (a sub-lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Guard regiment), the population was well aware of Russia's actions.[7] Unruly mobs received Meshcherskii and his entourage with violent threats.[8] He was received with customary ceremoniousness by Tahmasp II, but the latter refused to ratify the treaty.[9][10][11] This decision was made as it was clear that the Russians, though having occupied the Iranian territories, were too small to pose a major threat to Iran,[12][13] even though the latter had been seriously weakened through the frantic events of the early 1720s. Furthermore, Tahmasp II knew that they were incapable of aiding him in expelling the Afghan rebels.[14] There's also a possibility that Tahmasp II was aware of Russia's secret negotiations with the Ottoman Empire (see Treaty of Constantinople (1724)). Ismail Beg was forced to flee punishment upon return, and died in exile in Astrakhan some twenty years later.[15]

All conquered and gained territories were returned to Iran which now led by the emerging Nader Qoli Beg (later known as Nader Shah) in 1732 and 1735 respectively, under the terms of the Treaty of Resht and Treaty of Ganja,[16] during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ THE CAUCASUS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE TURKMANCHAY TREATY WAS SIGNED 180 YEARS AGO Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка p 142
  2. ^ William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 21
  3. ^ THE CAUCASUS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE TURKMANCHAY TREATY WAS SIGNED 180 YEARS AGO Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка p 142
  4. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
  5. ^ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 pp. 318-319
  6. ^ William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 319
  7. ^ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p. 319
  8. ^ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p. 319
  9. ^ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p. 319
  10. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
  11. ^ Abraham (Erewantsʻi), George A. Bournoutian. History of the wars: (1721-1736) Mazda Publishers, 1999 (originally released by the Indiana University) ISBN 1568590857 p 1
  12. ^ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p. 319
  13. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
  14. ^ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p. 319
  15. ^ William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 21
  16. ^ THE CAUCASUS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE TURKMANCHAY TREATY WAS SIGNED 180 YEARS AGO Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка p 142
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