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Urbanization in India

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Urbanization in Outskirts of Kolkata

Urbanization in India began to accelerate after independence, due to the country's adoption of a mixed economy, which gave rise to the development of the private sector. The population residing in urban areas in India, according to the 1901 census, was 11.4%,[1] increasing to 28.53% by the 2001 census, and is now currently 34% in 2017 according to the World Bank.[2] According to a survey by the United Nations, in 2030 40.76% of country's population is expected to reside in urban areas.[3] As per the World Bank, India, along with China, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United States, will lead the world's urban population surge by 2050.[4]

Mumbai saw large-scale rural-urban migration in the 20th century. In 2018, Mumbai accommodated 22.1 million people, and was the second-largest metropolis by population in India. Delhi has 28 million inhabitants and witnessed the fastest rate of urbanization in the world, with a 4.1% rise in population as per the 2011 census of India.

History

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Navi Mumbai is a planned city to expand the growing urban population of Mumbai

Post-independence, India faced high rates of poverty, unemployment, and a stagnant economy. Post-independence India focused on the domain of science and technology.[5] The mixed economy system was adopted, resulting in the growth of the Public sector in India crippling down the development of Indian economy leading to what is popularly known as Hindu rate of growth.[6] The South Asian region though predominantly rural (accounting for 69.9% rural population as of 2010), has recorded much higher annual growth of urban population. India, the leading country in South Asia has shown an unprecedented increase in the urban population in the last few decades and its urban population has increased about 14 fold from 1901 to 2011. This growth is mainly uneven but not skewed and not concentrated to a single city of the country. India shares most characteristic features of urbanization in the developing countries where the rate of urbanization is faster than the developed countries. For instance, in 1971 there were only about 150 cities whose population was more than one lakh, now this figure has reached to 500. The urban population of India has increased from 25.85 million in 1901 to 377.11 million in 2011.[7]

Urban Population of India (1960–2020)
Year Population % of Total
1960 79,932,899 17.92
1965 93,946,480 18.79
1970 110,162,257 19.76
1975 133,010,186 21.33
1980 160,953,420 23.10
1985 189,973,343 24.35
1990 222,374,415 25.55
1995 256,565,748 26.61
2000 293,168,849 27.67
2005 337,558,628 29.24
2010 383,721,793 30.93
2015 433,595,954 32.78
2020 487,702,168 34.93

Modern India

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Map of the urban/total population ratio of Indian states, as per the 2011 census

Since 1941, India has witnessed the rapid growth of its four largest metropolitan cities: Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai.[8] The nation's economy has undergone Industrial Revolution, thus increasing the standard of living of people living in urban areas.[9] The growth of the public sector resulted in development of public transport, roads, water supply, electricity, and other infrastructure of urban areas.

As the percentage contribution of the secondary sector to India's GDP has increased, the percentage contribution from the agricultural sector has declined. It is estimated that the agricultural sector provides employment to 50% of the country's workforce, but accounts for only 18% of the GDP.[10] Many farmers in different states of India are leaving farming, primarily because of high input cost and low income from agriculture. Also, the prolonged use of fertilizers, chemicals, and hybrid seeds has led to a decline in land fertility. Struggling to make a living, many farmers have committed suicide.

Maharashtra was the most urbanized major state in India till 1991, stood behind Tamil Nadu in 2001 and third after it in 2011, with Kerala being second,[11] with the urban-total state population ratio. However, Maharashtra's urban population of 41 million, far exceeds that of Tamil Nadu which is at 27 million, as per the 2001 census.[12] The spatial distribution of large cities in India is uneven as out of 100 most populous cities in the country more than 50 are confined to only 5 states namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The World Bank estimated in 2011 that two thirds of India's GDP was generated in cities.[13]

In 2014, World Bank projected that by 2030, India's top five cities would have economies comparable to middle income countries in 2014.[14]

Causes of urbanization in India

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The main causes of urbanization in India are:

  • Expansion in government services, as a result of the Second World War
  • Migration of people during the partition of India[15][16][17]
  • Industrial development in urban areas
  • India's eleventh Five-Year Plan, which targeted urbanization as a means to accelerate economic development[18]
  • Economic opportunities, including employment
  • Better opportunities for education
  • Infrastructure facilities in urban areas[19]
  • Growth of the private sector after 1990[20]
  • Land fragmentation: some villages have been erased due to construction of roads, highways, dams, and other infrastructure
  • Non-profitability of farming

Urban unemployment

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The National Sample Survey Organisation reported the following urban unemployment rates for the period July 2011–June 2012:[21]

Category of persons Male Female Person
Unemployment rate (per 1000 persons in the labour force) 30 52 34

References

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  1. ^ Kamaldeo Narain Singh (1 January 1978). Urban Development In India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-080-8. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  2. ^ "Urban population (% of total) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  3. ^ "Urbanization in India faster than rest of the world". Hindustan Times. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  4. ^ Business Standard (15 June 2012). "Victims of urbanization: India, Indonesia and China". Rediff.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ N. M. Khilnani (1993). Socio-Political Dimensions of Modern India. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-81-85880-06-8. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  6. ^ TR Jain; Mukesh Trehan; Ranju Trehan. Indian Economy and Business Environment (for BBA). FK Publications. pp. 250=. ISBN 978-81-87344-71-1. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  7. ^ Nandy, S. N. "Urbanization in India – Past, Present and Future Consequences". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Viswambhar Nath; Surinder K. Aggarwal (1 January 2007). Urbanization, Urban Development, and Metropolitan Cities in India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-81-8069-412-7. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  9. ^ "The Indian Industrial Revolution". Srcindore.org. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  10. ^ "The Economic Survey 2017-18 ;" (PDF). The Times of India.
  11. ^ "Rural-Urban distribution of population" (PDF). Census of India Press Release. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  12. ^ "Urbanization" (PDF). Planning Commission (India). Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  13. ^ "Urbanization in India". World Bank. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Why the world should be watching India's fast-growing cities". World Economic Forum. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  15. ^ Viswambhar Nath; Surinder K. Aggarwal (1 January 2007). Urbanization, Urban Development, and Metropolitan Cities in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 6. ISBN 978-81-8069-412-7. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  16. ^ The Indian and Pakistan year book. Bennett, Coleman & Co. 1951. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  17. ^ Jonathan M. Harris; Tufts University. Global Development and Environment Institute (1 March 2001). A Survey of Sustainable Development: Social And Economic Dimensions. Island Press. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-1-55963-863-0. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  18. ^ Amitabh Kundu. Trends and processes of urbanization in india. IIED. p. 1. GGKEY:NNAEQJ0WFTW. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  19. ^ Pradhan, Rudra Prakash. "Does infrastructure play role in urbanization: evidence from India". Indian Journal of Economics and Business. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Role of private sector in India's growth ~ Business News This Week". Businessnewsthisweek.com. 8 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  21. ^ "Status of Urban Employment in the Country". PIB. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

Bibliography

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