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| Legionella cherrii | |
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| Species: | L. cherrii
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| Binomial name | |
| Legionella cherrii Brenner et al. 1985 [1]
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| Type strain | |
| ATCC 35252, BCRC 17044, CCRC 17044, CCUG 29666, CIP 103842, DSM 19213, NCTC 11976, ORW[2] | |
Legionella cherrii (abbreviated as L. cherrii) is an aerobic, flagellated, gram negative bacteria from the genus Legionella that lacks the ability to form spores. It was isolated from a heated water sample in Minnesota. [1] L. cherrii is similar to another Legionella species called Legionella pneumophila and is believed to cause major respiratory problems. [3]
History
[edit]Discovery
[edit]The bacteria was first discovered by R. L. Tyndall and C. B. Duncan in 1982 who were a part of D.J. Brenner's team that discovered ten new species of Legionella. [1] The isolation process initiated after collecting water samples and transferring them into guinea pig tissues before plating them onto buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (BCYE). [1] Afterwords, L. cherrii strains on the CYE were cultured around 36 degrees Celsius in an environment containing 2.5% carbon dioxide. [1]
Etymology
[edit]The genus Legionella is named after the 1976 pneumonia (Legionella pneumophila) outbreak at the American Legion convention at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia.[3] The genus was previously unknown, but it was established three years later. [3] The species term cherrii is derived from the scientist William B. Cherry due to his contributions on the studies of Legionellae. [1]
Characterization and Genomics
[edit]Legionella cherrii is rod shaped and considered an oxidase-negative bacteria since it lacks cytochrome c oxidase and does not use oxygen in its electron transport chain. [1] Brenner et. al performed an oxidase test under the instructions of Weaver and Feeley.[1] L. cherrii also has the ability to auto-fluoresce a bluish-white color which was tested by placing the specimen under a Woods lamp-a mechanism that uses backlight to highlight bacteria-and measured under 366nm wavelengths.[1] BCYE agar cultures were grown around 36 degrees Celsius.[1] L. cherrii lacks the ability to reduce nitrate, does not contain a urease, or convert D-glucose to acid. [1] This was determined by following Orrison et. al and Weaver and Feeley's methods respectfully.[1] However, L. cherrii can ferment catalase and hydrolyze gelatin. [4] When on a yeast extract agar plate, L. cherrii forms a dissolvable brown pigment containing tyrosine.[4] One or a few flagella aid them in their motility. [1] Legionella organisms’ dependence on L-cysteine as well as their unique fatty acids and isoprenoid ubiquinone, distinguishes them from other aerobic bacteria. [5] Four strains of L. cherrii (ORB, ORZ, SC-65-C3, and ORW) as well as previously classified strains of Legionella were Gram-stained via the Hucker method. [6] The Clark modification of the Leifson method was used also to stain flagellum. [6] Like other Legionella species, L. cherrii does not form spores and is an aerobic, gram-negative bacterium. [1] The genome size was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 and found to be 3.7 Mb. [7] Scaffold assembly was conducted using whole genome shotgun sequencing and 13 scaffolds were found in the complete genome. [7]The G/C content for this particular species of Legionella is 38.8 mol %. [7] 3,111 protein coding genes, 4 rRNA genes, and 36 tRNA genes were also discovered in the genome. [7]
Ecology
[edit]Various strains of L. cherrii were isolated in different areas in 1982. [1] Strains ORW, ORB, and ORZ were discovered in Minnesota via a heated water sample. [1] Another isolate, SC-65-C3, was found in a potable water stern on the island of St. Croix which is located in the Virgin Islands. [1] Legionellae are mostly found in freshwater environments. [5] However, various strains of Legionellae can congregate in water filtration systems, air conditioning units, humidifiers, and equipment used to combat respiratory infections. [5]
Phylogeny
[edit]To determine previously classified Legionellae species relatedness to L. cherrii, Brenner et. al hybridized DNA reactions using an in vitro method with phosphate (32PO4).[1] A similarity percent of 94% or higher was found between the four L. cherrii strains. [1] Reassociation criteria differed between 60 to 75 degrees Celsius depending on the optimal or stringent growth of the bacteria. [1] 0.0-0.5% divergence was found in related sequences. [1] L. steigerwaltii was related to L. cherrii the most, and exhibited a 67% relatedness percent. [1] Following L. steigerwalti, L. dumofii (57%), L anisa (56%), L. bozemanii (51%), and L. gormanii (47%) showed these levels of similarity. [1] Although L. parisiensis is an auto-fluorescent species like L. cherrii, it only had a 24% relatedness percent to L. cherrii. [1] Compared to other Legionella species, L. cherrii is 6-35% related. [1]
Pathogenesis
[edit]Legionella cherrii as well as other Legionellae are considered to be intracellular bacteria that can cause major respiratory problems in humans. [3] Infection occurs when a human host inhales the organism which may be carried in humidified air. [3] It is difficult to distinguish patients with Legionnaire’s disease on the account that most are asymptomatic due to the effect that Legionnaire’s disease is similar to other types of pneumonia. [3] Although L. pneumophila is the leading cause of Legionnaire’s disease, it is likely that other Legionellae (such as L. cherrii) are capable of causing this disease. [3] The cultural growth period for Legionellae is typically 3-4 days. [5] Lung biopsy or bronchoscopy are not necessary to obtain a clinical isolate from a human patient. [5] Pre-plated acidification or using BCYE agar increases the level of selectivity and allows easier access to collecting a Legionella sample from an infected human’s sputum. [5] Not much is known on how to treat Legionnaire’s disease, but one way could be to reduce the amount of biofilm production that Legionellae create. [3]
See Also
[edit]Legionella pneumophila
Legionnaires' disease
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Brenner, D.J.; Steigerwalt, A.G.; Gorman, G.W.; Wilkinson, H.W.; Bibb, W.F.; Haekel, M; Tyndall, R.L.; Campbell, J; Feeley, J.C.; Thacker, W.L.; Skaliy, P.; Martin, W.T.; Brake, B.J.; Fields, B.S.; McEachern, H.V.; Corcoran, L.K. (1985). "Ten New Species of Legionella" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 35 (1): 50-59. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ Straininfo of Legionella cherrii
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fields, B.S.; Benson, R.F.; Besser, R.E. (July 2002). "Legionella and Legionnaires's Disease: 25 Years of Investigation". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 15 (3): 506-526.
- ^ a b Weaver, R.E. (1979). "Cultural and biochemical characterization of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium". "Legionnaires'," the disease, the bacterium and methodology: 20-25.
- ^ a b c d e f Edelstein, P.H. (1987). "Laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by Legionellae". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 6 (1): 4-10.
- ^ a b Clark, W.A. (1976). "A Simplified Leifson Flagella Stain" (PDF). Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 3: 632-634. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d Kyripides, N.; Huntemann, M.; Han, J.; Chen, A.; Mavromatis, K.; Markowitz, V.; Palaniappan, K.; Ivanova, N.; Schaumburg, A.; Pati, A.; Liolios, K.; Nordberg, H.P.; Cantor, M.N.; Hua, S.X.; Woyke, T. "Legionella cherrii DSM 19213 genomic scaffold Q775DRAFT_scaffold00002.2, whole genome shotgun sequence". NCBI. Joint Genome Institute.