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Éléments de mathématique

Éléments de mathématique (English: Elements of Mathematics) is a series of mathematics books written by the pseudonymous French collective Nicolas Bourbaki. Begun in 1939, the series has been published in several volumes, and remains in progress. The series is noted as a large-scale, self-contained, formal treatment of mathematics.[1][2]

Éléments de mathématique
(Elements of Mathematics)
1970 edition of Théorie des ensembles (Theory of Sets), first volume of the series
AuthorNicolas Bourbaki
Original title
Traité d'analyse (Treatise on Analysis)
CountryFrance
LanguageFrench, English
DisciplineMathematics
PublisherHermann (historical), Masson (historical), Springer (current)
Published1939-present
No. of books29 (French), 15 (English)
Websitehttps://www.bourbaki.fr/Ouvrages.html

The members of the Bourbaki group originally intended the work as a textbook on analysis, with the working title Traité d'analyse (Treatise on Analysis). While planning the structure of the work they became more ambitious, expanding its scope to cover several branches of modern mathematics. Once the plan of the work was expanded to treat other fields in depth, the title Éléments de mathématique was adopted. Topics treated in the series include set theory, abstract algebra, topology, analysis, Lie groups and Lie algebras.

The unusual singular "mathématique" (mathematic) of the title is deliberate, meant to convey the authors' belief in the unity of mathematics.[3][4] A companion volume, Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques (Elements of the History of Mathematics), collects and reproduces several of the historical notes that previously appeared in the work.

History

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In late 1934, a group of mathematicians including André Weil resolved to collectively write a textbook on mathematical analysis. They intended their work as a modern replacement for Édouard Goursat's Course in Mathematical Analysis (1902) —and also to fill a void in instructional material caused by the death of a generation of mathematics students in World War I. The group adopted the collective pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki, after the French general Charles-Denis Bourbaki. During the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Bourbaki group expanded the plan of their work beyond analysis, and began publishing texts under the title Éléments de mathématique.[5]

Volumes of the Éléments have appeared periodically since the publication of the first Fascicule ("Installment") in 1939 by Éditions Hermann, with several being published during the 1950s and 1960s, Bourbaki's most productive period and time of greatest influence.[6] Several years have sometimes passed before the publication of a new volume, and various factors have contributed to a slow pace of publication. The group's working style is slow and rigorous, and a final product is not deemed acceptable unless it is unanimously approved by the group.[7] Further, World War II interrupted Bourbaki's activities during its early years. In the 1970s a legal dispute arose with Hermann, the group's original publisher, concerning copyright and royalty payments. The Bourbaki group won the involved lawsuit, retaining copyright over the work authored under the pseudonym, but at a price: the legal battle had dominated the group's attention during the 1970s, preventing them from doing productive mathematical work under the Bourbaki name.[8][9] Following the lawsuit and during the 1980s, publication of new volumes was resumed via Éditions Masson. From the 1980s through the 2000s Bourbaki published very infrequently, with the result that in 1998 Le Monde pronounced the collective "dead".[10] However, in 2012 Bourbaki resumed publication of the Éléments with a revised and expanded edition of the eighth chapter of Algebra, the first of new books on algebraic topology (covering also material that had originally been planned as the eleventh chapter of the group's book on general topology)[11] and the two volumes of significantly expanded book on spectral theory. Furthermore, two entirely new books (on category theory and modular forms) are stated to be under preparation.[12][13]

Springer Verlag became Bourbaki's current publisher during the 21st century, reprinting the Éléments while also publishing new volumes. Some early versions of the Éléments can be viewed at an online archive,[14] and the mathematical historian Liliane Beaulieu has documented the sequence of publication.[15]

The Éléments have had a complex publication history. From the 1940s through the 1960s, Bourbaki published the Éléments in booklet form as small installments of individual chapters, known in the French as fascicules.[15] Despite having settled on a logical sequence for the work (see below), Bourbaki did not publish the Éléments in the order of its logical structure.[3] Rather, the group planned the arc of the work in broad strokes and published disparate chapters wherever they could agree on a final product, with the understanding that (logically) later chapters published (chronologically) first would ultimately have to be grounded in the later publication of logically earlier chapters. The first installment of the Éléments to be published was the Summary of Results for the Theory of Sets in 1939; the first proper chapter of content on set theory—with proofs and theorems—did not appear until 1954. Independently of the work's logical structure, the early fascicules were assigned chronological numberings by the publisher Hermann for historical reference.[15] Gradually, the small fascicules were collected and reprinted in larger volumes, forming the basis of the modern edition of the work.

The large majority of the Éléments has been translated into an English edition, although this translation is incomplete. Currently the complete French edition of the work consists of 12 books printed in 29 volumes, with 73 chapters. The English edition completely reproduces seven books and partially reproduces two, with three unavailable; it comprises 14 volumes, reproducing 58 of the original's 73 chapters.[16][17][18][a] However, the English General Topology is not based on latest revised French edition (of 1971 and 1974) and misses some material added there (for example on quaternions and rotation groups in Chapter VIII).

Structure

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Éléments de mathématique is divided into books, volumes, and chapters. A book refers to a broad area of investigation or branch of mathematics (Algebra, Integration); a given book is sometimes published in multiple volumes (physical books) or else in a single volume. The work is further subdivided into chapters with some volumes consisting of a single chapter.

Typically of mathematics textbooks, the Éléments' chapters present definitions, mathematical notation, proofs of theorems and exercises, forming the core mathematical content of the work. The chapters are supplemented by historical notes and summaries of results. The former usually appear after a given chapter to contextualize the development of its topics, and the latter are occasionally used sections in which a book's major results are collected and stated without proof. Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques is a compilation volume of several of the historical note sections previously published in the Éléments proper, through the book on Lie groups and Lie algebras.

When Bourbaki's founders originally planned the Treatise on Analysis, they conceived of an introductory and foundational section of the text, which would describe all prerequisite concepts from scratch. This proposed area of the text was referred to as the "Abstract Packet" (Paquet Abstrait). During the early planning stages the founders greatly expanded the scope of the abstract packet, with the result that it would require several volumes for its expression rather than a section or chapter in a single volume. This portion of the Éléments was gradually realized as its first three books, dealing with set theory, abstract algebra, and general topology.[5][19]

Today, the Éléments divide into two parts. Bourbaki structured the first part of the work into six sequentially numbered books: I. Theory of Sets, II. Algebra, III. General Topology, IV. Functions of a Real Variable, V. Topological Vector Spaces, and VI. Integration. The first six books are given the unifying subtitle Les structures fondamentales de l’analyse (Fundamental Structures of Analysis),[15][20] fulfilling Bourbaki's original intent to write a rigorous treatise on analysis, together with a thorough presentation of set theory, algebra and general topology.

Throughout the Fundamental Structures of Analysis, any statements or proofs presented within a given chapter assume as given the results established in previous chapters, or previously in the same chapter. In detail, the logical structure within the first six books is as follows, with each section taking as given all preceding material:

  • I: Theory of Sets
  • II (1): Algebra, chapters 1-3
  • III (1): General Topology, chapters 1-3
  • II (2): Algebra, from chapter 4 onwards
  • III (2): General topology, from chapter 4 onwards
  • IV: Functions of a Real Variable
  • V: Topological Vector Spaces
  • VI: Integration[b]

Thus the six books are also "logically ordered", with the caveat that some material presented in the later chapters of Algebra, the second book, invokes results from the early chapters of General Topology, the third book.[c]

Following the Fundamental Structures of Analysis, the second part of the Éléments consists of books treating more modern research topics: Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Commutative Algebra, Spectral Theory, Differential and Analytic Manifolds, and Algebraic Topology. Whereas the Éléments' first six books followed a strict, sequential logical structure, each book in the second part is dependent on the results established in the first six books, but not on those of the second part's other books.[3] The second part of the work also lacks a unifying subtitle comparable to the Fundamental Structures of Analysis.

Volumes

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The Éléments are published in French and English volumes, detailed below.

Volumes of the Éléments de mathématique
French edition English edition
Book Volume Ch. no. Chapter Book Volume Ch. no. Chapter
Théorie des ensembles Théorie des ensembles[22][23] 1 Description de la mathématique formelle Theory of Sets Theory of Sets[24][25] 1 Description of Formal Mathematics
2 Théorie des ensembles 2 Theory of Sets
3 Ensembles ordonnés, cardinaux, nombres entiers 3 Ordered Sets, Cardinals, Integers
4 Structures 4 Structures
— Fascicule de résultats —[d] Summary of Results
Algèbre Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3[26][27] 1 Structures algébriques Algebra Algebra I: Chapters 1-3[28][29] 1 Algebraic Structures
2 Algèbre linéaire 2 Linear Algebra
3 Algèbres tensorielles, algèbres extérieures, algèbres symétriques 3 Tensor Algebras, Exterior Algebras, Symmetric Algebras
Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7[30][31] 4 Polynômes et fractions rationnelles Algebra II: Chapters 4-7[32][33] 4 Polynomials and Rational Fractions
5 Corps commutatifs 5 Commutative Fields
6 Groupes et corps ordonnés 6 Ordered Groups and Fields
7 Modules sur les anneaux principaux 7 Modules over Principal Ideal Domains
Algèbre: Chapitre 8[34][35] 8 Modules et anneaux semi-simples Algebra: Chapter 8[36] 8 Semi-simple Modules and Rings
Algèbre: Chapitre 9[37][38] 9 Formes sesquilinéaires et formes quadratiques Unavailable in English 9 Sesquilinear and Quadratic Forms
Algèbre: Chapitre 10[39][40] 10 Algèbre homologique 10 Homological Algebra
Topologie générale Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4[41][42] 1 Structures topologiques General Topology General Topology: Chapters 1-4[43][44] 1 Topological Structures
2 Structures uniformes 2 Uniform Structures
3 Groupes topologiques 3 Topological Groups
4 Nombres réels 4 Real Numbers
Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10[45][46] 5 Groupes à un paramètre General Topology: Chapters 5-10[47][48] 5 One-Parameter Groups
6 Espaces numériques et espaces projectifs 6 Real Number Spaces and Projective Spaces
7 Les groupes additifs   7 The Additive Groups  
8 Nombres complexes 8 Complex Numbers
9 Utilisation des nombres réels en topologie générale 9 Use of Real Numbers in General Topology
10 Espaces fonctionnels 10 Function Spaces
Fonctions d'une variable réelle Fonctions d'une variable réelle[49][50] 1 Dérivées Functions of a Real Variable Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory[51][52] 1 Derivatives
2 Primitives et intégrales 2 Primitives and Integrals
3 Fonctions élémentaires 3 Elementary Functions
4 Équations différentielles 4 Differential Equations
5 Etude locale des fonctions 5 Local Study of Functions
6 Développements tayloriens généralisés, formule sommatoire d'Euler-Maclaurin 6 Generalized Taylor Expansions, The Euler-Maclaurin Summation Formula
7 La fonction gamma 7 The Gamma Function
Espaces vectoriels topologiques Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5[53][54] 1 Espaces vectoriels topologiques sur un corps valué Topological Vector Spaces Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5[55][56] 1 Topological Vector Spaces over a Valued Division Ring
2 Ensembles convexes et espaces localement convexes 2 Convex Sets and Locally Convex Spaces
3 Espaces d'applications linéaires continues 3 Spaces of Continuous Linear Mappings
4 La dualité dans les espaces vectoriels topologiques 4 Duality in Topological Vector Spaces
5 Espaces hilbertiens (théorie élémentaire) 5 Hilbertian Spaces (Elementary Theory)
Intégration Intégration:
Chapitres 1 à 4[57][58] 		1 Inégalités de convexité Integration Integration I: Chapters 1-6[59][60] 1 Inequalities of Convexity
2 Espaces de Riesz 2 Riesz Spaces
3 Mesures sur les espaces localement compacts 3 Measures on Locally Compact Spaces
4 Prolongement d'une mesure et espaces   4 Extension of a Measure,   Spaces
Intégration: Chapitre 5[61][62] 5 Intégration des mesures 5 Integration of Measures
Intégration: Chapitre 6[63][64] 6 Intégration vectorielle 6 Vectorial Integration
Intégration:
Chapitres 7 et 8[65][66] 		7 Mesure de Haar Integration II: Chapters 7-9[67][68] 7 Haar Measure
8 Convolution et représentations 8 Convolution and Representations
Intégration: Chapitre 9[69][70] 9 Mesures sur les espaces topologiques séparés 9 Measures on Hausdorff Topological Spaces
Groupes et algèbres de Lie Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 1[71][72] 1 Algèbres de Lie Lie Groups and Lie Algebras Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3[73][74] 1 Lie Algebras
Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3[75][76] 2 Algèbres de Lie libres 2 Free Lie Algebras
3 Groupes de Lie 3 Lie Groups
Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6[77][78] 4 Groupes de Coxeter et systèmes de Tits Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6[79][80] 4 Coxeter Groups and Tits Systems
5 Groupes engendrés par des réflexions 5 Groups Generated by Reflections
6 Systèmes de racines 6 Root Systems
Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8[81][82] 7 Sous-algèbres de Cartan et éléments réguliers Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9[83][84] 7 Cartan Subalgebras and Regular Elements
8 Algèbres de Lie semi-simples déployées 8 Split Semi-simple Lie Algebras
Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 9[85][86] 9 Groupes de Lie réels compacts 9 Compact Real Lie Groups
Algèbre commutative Algèbre commutative:
Chapitres 1 à 4[87][88] 		1 Modules plats Commutative Algebra Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7[89][90] 1 Flat Modules
2 Localisation 2 Localization
3 Graduations, filtrations et topologies 3 Graduations, Filtrations and Topologies
4 Idéaux premiers associés et décomposition primaire 4 Associated Prime Ideals and Primary Decomposition
Algèbre commutative:
Chapitres 5 à 7[91][92] 		5 Entiers 5 Integers
6 Valuations 6 Valuations
7 Diviseurs 7 Divisors
Algèbre commutative:
Chapitres 8 et 9[93][94] 		8 Dimension Unavailable in English 8 Dimension
9 Anneaux locaux noethériens complets 9 Complete Noetherian Local Rings
Algèbre commutative:
Chapitre 10[95][96] 		10 Profondeur, régularité, dualité 10 Depth, Regularity, Duality
Théories spectrales Théories spectrales:
Chapitres 1 et 2[97][98] 		1 Algèbres normées Spectral Theory Unavailable in English 1 Normed Algebras
2 Groupes localement compacts commutatifs 2 Locally Compact Commutative Groups
Théories spectrales:
Chapitres 3 à 5[99] 		3 Opérateurs compacts et perturbations 3 Compact operators and perturbations
4 Théorie spectrale hilbertienne 4 Hilbert's spectral theory
5 Représentations unitaires 5 Unitary representations
Variétés différentielles et analytiques Variétés différentielles et analytiques — Fascicule de résultats[100][101] Differential and Analytic Manifolds Unavailable in English —[e] Summary of Results
Topologie algébrique Topologie algébrique:
Chapitres 1 à 4[102][103] 		1 Revêtements Algebraic Topology Unavailable in English 1 Covering Spaces
2 Groupoïdes 2 Groupoids
3 Homotopie et groupoïde de Poincaré 3 Homotopy and the Poincaré Groupoid
4 Espaces délaçables 4 Deloopable Spaces
Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques[104][105] — — Elements of the History of Mathematics[106][107] —[f] —

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In both cases, the counts of each edition's books and volumes include the historical compilation Elements of the History of Mathematics. However, the chapter count refers to the chapters of mathematical content in the Éléments proper, excluding sections (or chapters) of historical notes reproduced in Elements of the History of Mathematics.
  2. ^ This precise logical structure is indicated in the "To the Reader" front matter in a minority of the English volumes. See pp. v-vi in any of the five following volumes: Algebra II, Functions of a Real Variable, Topological Vector Spaces, Integration I, and Integration II. See the below table for detailed bibliographical information for each volume.
  3. ^ One example of this "reverse order" among the early, foundational chapters of the Éléments is the following. In the fourth chapter of Algebra, an object denoted   is described in terms of its algebraic properties, and a definition given in the third chapter of (the later book) General Topology is cited to establish that the object   is also a topological ring.[21]
  4. ^ The Summary of Results was a section that collected the Theory of Sets' main results, stating them without proof. Although it was the first item to be published in the Éléments, it does not count towards its chapters.
  5. ^ Differential and Analytic Manifolds first appeared as two volumes of summaries of results, later compiled into a single volume. No proper proof-based chapters associated with the book's subject have been published.
  6. ^ Elements of the History of Mathematics is a compilation volume of several of the historical note sections previously published in the Éléments proper. Although the volume is internally organized with 26 chapters, its reproduced historical content does not count toward the chapters of mathematical content within the Éléments.

References

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  1. ^ Mashaal, Maurice (2006). Bourbaki: a Secret Society of Mathematicians. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0821839676.
  2. ^ Aczel, Amir D. (2006). The Artist and the Mathematician: the Story of Nicolas Bourbaki, the Genius Mathematician Who Never Existed. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1560259312.
  3. ^ a b c Mashaal, p. 55.
  4. ^ Aczel, pp. 99–100.
  5. ^ a b Mashaal, p. 11.
  6. ^ Aczel, p. 117.
  7. ^ Aczel, p. 92.
  8. ^ Aczel, pp. 205–206.
  9. ^ Mashaal, pp. 53–54.
  10. ^ Mashaal, p. 146.
  11. ^ Bourbaki 2016, p. xiv.
  12. ^ Bourbaki 2019, p. II.299.
  13. ^ Bourbaki 2023b, p. V.416.
  14. ^ "Archives de l'Association des Collaborateurs de Nicolas Bourbaki".
  15. ^ a b c d "Éléments de Mathématique". Archives Bourbaki.
  16. ^ Ouvrages de N. Bourbaki at the Bourbaki site
  17. ^ Eléments de Mathématique series in Springer
  18. ^ Elements of Mathematics series in Springer
  19. ^ Aczel, p. 86.
  20. ^ Asimov, Isaac (20 March 1991). foreword. A History of Mathematics. By Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (Second ed.). Wiley. p. 629. ISBN 9780471543978.
  21. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1990). Algebra II: Chapters 4-7. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Cohn, P.M.; Howie, J. Chapter 4, p. 26.: Springer. ISBN 9783540007067.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) English paperback edition.
  22. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1970). Théorie des ensembles. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540340348. French paperback edition.
  23. ^ Théorie des ensembles. Springer.
  24. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Theory of Sets. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540225256. English paperback edition.
  25. ^ Theory of Sets. Springer.
  26. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1970). Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540338499. French paperback edition.
  27. ^ Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3. Springer.
  28. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989). Algebra I: Chapters 1-3. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642435. English paperback edition.
  29. ^ Algebra I: Chapters 1-3. Springer.
  30. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1981). Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343981. French paperback edition.
  31. ^ Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7. Springer.
  32. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1990). Algebra II: Chapters 4-7. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Cohn, P.M.; Howie, J. Springer. ISBN 9783540007067. English paperback edition.
  33. ^ Algebra II: Chapters 4-7. Springer.
  34. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2012). Algèbre: Chapitre 8. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 978-3540353157. Revised and expanded edition of 2012
  35. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1958). Algèbre: Chapitre 8. Éléments de mathématique. Paris: Hermann. Original edition of 1958
  36. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2023a). Algebra: Chapitre 8. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 978-3031192920. Translation of the revised and expanded 2012 edition
  37. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1959). Algèbre: Chapitre 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353386. French paperback edition. Original 1959 edition revised in a 1973 edition.
  38. ^ Algèbre: Chapitre 9. Springer.
  39. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1980). Algèbre: Chapitre 10. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540344926. French paperback edition.
  40. ^ Algèbre: Chapitre 10. Springer.
  41. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1971). Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339366. French paperback edition.
  42. ^ Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4. Springer.
  43. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989). General Topology: Chapters 1-4. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642411. English paperback edition.
  44. ^ General Topology: Chapters 1-4. Springer.
  45. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1974). Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343998. French paperback edition.
  46. ^ Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10. Springer.
  47. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989). General Topology: Chapters 5-10. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540645634. English paperback edition.
  48. ^ General Topology: Chapters 5-10. Springer.
  49. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1976). Fonctions d'une variable réelle. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540340362. French paperback edition.
  50. ^ Fonctions d'une variable réelle. Springer.
  51. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Spain, Philip. Springer. ISBN 9783642639326. English paperback edition.
  52. ^ Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory. Springer. (URL number refers to English hardback edition.)
  53. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1981). Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540344971. French paperback edition.
  54. ^ Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5. Springer.
  55. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987). Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Eggleston, H.G.; Madan, S. Springer. ISBN 9783540423386. English paperback edition.
  56. ^ Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5. Springer.
  57. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1965). Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353287. French paperback edition. Original 1965 edition revised in a 1973 edition.
  58. ^ Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4. Springer.
  59. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Integration I: Chapters 1-6. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Berberian, Sterling K. Springer. ISBN 9783642639302. English paperback edition.
  60. ^ Integration I: Chapters 1-6. Springer.
  61. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1967). Intégration: Chapitre 5. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353331. French paperback edition.
  62. ^ Intégration: Chapitre 5. Springer.
  63. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1959). Intégration: Chapitre 6. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353195. French paperback edition.
  64. ^ Intégration: Chapitre 6. Springer.
  65. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1963). Intégration: Chapitres 7 et 8. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353249. French paperback edition.
  66. ^ Intégration: Chapitres 7 et 8. Springer.
  67. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2004). Integration II: Chapters 7-9. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Berberian, Sterling K. Springer. ISBN 9783642058219. English paperback edition.
  68. ^ Integration II: Chapters 7-9. Springer. (URL number refers to English hardback edition.)
  69. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1969). Intégration: Chapitre 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343905. French paperback edition.
  70. ^ Intégration: Chapitre 9. Springer.
  71. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1971). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 1. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540353355. French paperback edition.
  72. ^ Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 1. Springer.
  73. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989). Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642428. English paperback edition.
  74. ^ Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3. Springer.
  75. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1972). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339403. French paperback edition.
  76. ^ Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3. Springer.
  77. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1968). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540344902. French paperback edition.
  78. ^ Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6. Springer.
  79. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2002). Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Pressley, Andrew. Springer. ISBN 9783540691716. English paperback edition.
  80. ^ Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6. Springer.
  81. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1975). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339397. French paperback edition.
  82. ^ Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8. Springer.
  83. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2005). Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Pressley, Andrew. Springer. ISBN 9783540688518. English paperback edition.
  84. ^ Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9. Springer.
  85. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1982). Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343929. French paperback edition.
  86. ^ Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 9. Springer.
  87. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1968). Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339373. French paperback edition.
  88. ^ Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4. Springer.
  89. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1989). Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7. Elements of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783540642398. English paperback edition.
  90. ^ Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7. Springer.
  91. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1964). Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339410. French paperback edition.
  92. ^ Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7. Springer.
  93. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1983). Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 8 et 9. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339427. French paperback edition.
  94. ^ Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 8 et 9. Springer.
  95. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Algèbre commutative: Chapitre 10. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343943. French paperback edition.
  96. ^ Algèbre commutative: Chapitre 10. Springer.
  97. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1967). Théories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 978-3540353300. Reprint of the original 1967 edition
  98. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2019). Théories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2 — Seconde édition, refondue et augmentée. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 978-3030140632. Expanded second edition
  99. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2023b). Théories spectrales: Chapitres 3 à 5. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 978-3031195044.
  100. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1971). Variétés différentielles et analytiques. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540343967. French paperback edition.
  101. ^ Variétés différentielles et analytiques. Springer.
  102. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (2016). Topologie Algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783662493601. French paperback edition.
  103. ^ Topologie Algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4. Springer.
  104. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1974). Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques. Éléments de mathématique. Springer. ISBN 9783540339380. French paperback edition.
  105. ^ Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques. Springer.
  106. ^ Bourbaki, Nicolas (1994). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Elements of Mathematics. Translated by Meldrum, John. Springer. ISBN 9783540647676. English paperback edition.
  107. ^ Elements of the History of Mathematics. Springer.

Further reading

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