The 2005 Tour de France was the 92nd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 2–24 July, with 21 stages covering a distance 3,593 km (2,233 mi). It has no overall winner—although American cyclist Lance Armstrong originally won the event, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced on 24 August 2012 that they had disqualified Armstrong from all his results since 1 August 1998, including his seven Tour de France wins from 1999 to 2005. The verdict was subsequently confirmed by the UCI.
| 2005 UCI ProTour, race 17 of 28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Route of the 2005 Tour de France | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Race details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dates | 2–24 July 2005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stages | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distance | 3,593 km (2,233 mi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Winning time | 86h 15' 02" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The first stages were held in the département of the Vendée, for the third time in 12 years. The 2005 Tour was announced on 28 October 2004. It was a clockwise route, visiting the Alps before the Pyrenees. Armstrong took the top step on the podium, for what was then the seventh consecutive time. He was accompanied on the podium by Ivan Basso and Jan Ullrich, but in 2012 Ullrich's results were annulled.[4] The points classification was won by Thor Hushovd, and the mountains classification by Michael Rasmussen.
The race was seen by 15 million spectators along the road, and by 2 billion viewers on TV.[5]
Teams
editIn 2005, the UCI had started the ProTour: 20 teams were given a ProTour licence, and were required to start in all ProTour races, which included the Tour de France. The Tour de France organisation was not happy with this rule, as they wanted to be able to decide which teams would join their race. While negotiations were still ongoing, it was decided to use the UCI rule for the 2005 Tour, so all 20 ProTour teams were automatically invited. The Tour organisation could invite one extra team with a wildcard, and used this to invite AG2R Prévoyance.[6] All teams were composed of nine cyclists, so 189 riders in 21 teams commenced the 2005 Tour de France.[7] Of them, 155 riders finished.
The teams entering the race were:[8]
- AG2R Prévoyance
- Bouygues Télécom
- Cofidis
- Crédit Agricole
- Team CSC
- Davitamon–Lotto
- Discovery Channel
- Domina Vacanze
- Euskaltel–Euskadi
- Fassa Bortolo
- Française des Jeux
- Gerolsteiner
- Illes Balears–Caisse d'Epargne
- Lampre–Caffita
- Liberty Seguros–Würth
- Liquigas–Bianchi
- Phonak
- Quick-Step–Innergetic
- Rabobank
- Saunier Duval–Prodir
- T-Mobile Team
Pre-race favourites
editThe main favourite was (then) six-time winner Armstrong (now stripped of all his victories). Armstrong had had doubts if he should start the 2005 Tour,[9] but decided in February 2005 that he would race. His main rival Ullrich was happy with this decision, as he thought it would be a better race with Armstrong present.[6]
In previous years, Ullrich never had the full support of his team to win the general classification, as his team was also aiming for stage victories. In 2005, Erik Zabel, who had won the points classification six times, was left out of the team, and Ullrich was supported by Klöden and Vinokourov, who both had already reached the podium on the Tour.[6]
On the day before the Tour started, Ullrich crashed into his team director's car, but was not seriously injured.[6]
Route and stages
editThe Tour commemorated the death of Fabio Casartelli. During the 15th stage the riders passed the Col de Portet d'Aspet, where Casartelli died exactly 10 years earlier, in the 1995 Tour de France.[10] The Tour also commemorated the first time there was an official mountain climb in the Tour, the Ballon d'Alsace.[11] During the 9th stage this mountain was passed again, exactly 100 years after the first ascent in the Tour.
The 2005 Tour de France was divided into 21 stages. These stages belong to different categories: 8 were flat stages, 5 were medium mountain stages, 5 were high mountain stages, 2 were individual time trials and 1 was a team time trial.[11] The distinction between flat stage, medium mountain stage and high mountain stage is important for the points classification. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,642 m (8,668 ft) at the summit of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 11.[12] There were two rest days, in Grenoble and in Pau.[13]
The traditional prologue on the first day was replaced by an individual time trial of more than twice the length of a standard prologue.[10] This stage crossed from the mainland of France to the Île de Noirmoutier. The most famous route to this island is the Passage du Gois, a road that is under water at high tide. This road was included in the 1999 Tour. Several of the favourites crashed there that year, and ended that stage 7 minutes behind the peloton. This year they took the bridge to the island. Later in the race, there was one more time trial, on the penultimate day. Also, there were just three uphill finishes (Courchevel, Ax-3 Domaines and Pla d'Adet), a lower number than in previous years. The finish line of the last stage was, as has been since 1975, on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.
In the stages that were not time trials, there were intermediate sprints. Cyclist who crossed the intermediate sprints first received points for the points classification, and bonification seconds for the general classification. Until stage 8, there were three intermediate sprints, and from stage 9 on there were two.[14]
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Winner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 July | Fromentine to Noirmoutier-en-l'Île | 19.0 km (11.8 mi) | Individual time trial | ||
| 2 | 3 July | Challans to Les Essarts | 181.5 km (112.8 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 3 | 4 July | La Châtaigneraie to Tours | 212.5 km (132.0 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 4 | 5 July | Tours to Blois | 67.5 km (41.9 mi) | Team time trial | Discovery Channel | |
| 5 | 6 July | Chambord to Montargis | 183.0 km (113.7 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 6 | 7 July | Troyes to Nancy | 199.0 km (123.7 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 7 | 8 July | Lunéville to Karlsruhe (Germany) | 228.5 km (142.0 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 8 | 9 July | Pforzheim (Germany) to Gérardmer | 231.5 km (143.8 mi) | Hilly stage | ||
| 9 | 10 July | Gérardmer to Mulhouse | 171.0 km (106.3 mi) | Hilly stage | ||
| 11 July | Grenoble | Rest day | ||||
| 10 | 12 July | Grenoble to Courchevel | 177.0 km (110.0 mi) | Mountain stage | ||
| 11 | 13 July | Courchevel to Briançon | 173.0 km (107.5 mi) | Mountain stage | ||
| 12 | 14 July | Briançon to Digne-les-Bains | 187.0 km (116.2 mi) | Hilly stage | ||
| 13 | 15 July | Miramas to Montpellier | 173.5 km (107.8 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 14 | 16 July | Agde to Ax 3 Domaines | 220.5 km (137.0 mi) | Mountain stage | ||
| 15 | 17 July | Lézat-sur-Lèze to Saint-Lary-Soulan Pla d'Adet | 205.5 km (127.7 mi) | Mountain stage | ||
| 18 July | Pau | Rest day | ||||
| 16 | 19 July | Mourenx to Pau | 180.5 km (112.2 mi) | Mountain stage | ||
| 17 | 20 July | Pau to Revel | 239.5 km (148.8 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| 18 | 21 July | Albi to Mende | 189.0 km (117.4 mi) | Hilly stage | ||
| 19 | 22 July | Issoire to Le Puy-en-Velay | 153.5 km (95.4 mi) | Hilly stage | ||
| 20 | 23 July | Saint-Étienne to Saint-Étienne | 55.5 km (34.5 mi) | Individual time trial | ||
| 21 | 24 July | Corbeil-Essonnes to Paris (Champs-Élysées) | 144.5 km (89.8 mi) | Plain stage | ||
| Total | 3,593 km (2,233 mi)[18] | |||||
Race overview
editIn Stage 1, David Zabriskie, a former teammate of Lance Armstrong, beat Armstrong by two seconds.[16] In the team time trial of stage 4, Zabriskie fell in the last kilometres, and Armstrong took over the lead.[16]
Armstrong initially refused to wear the yellow jersey in the fifth stage[c] but was forced by the Tour organisation, who threatened to remove him from the race.[6]
In the tenth stage, the start was moved from Grenoble to Froges.[13]
Before the 20th stage, an individual time trial, Michael Rasmussen occupied the third place in the general classification. During that stage, Rasmussen fell multiple times and changed bicycles multiple times, and lost so much time that he ended up at the seventh place in the general classification.[16] All total throughout the stage he changed bikes twice, changed wheels twice, began to hesitate going through corners and went off the road. His final time during this ITT was still better than half the field.[16]
The race jury invoked the 'rain rule'[19] for the Champs-Élysées, meaning that Lance Armstrong became the winner of the General classification the first time the race passed the finish line, rather than the eighth time as normal. The time bonification for the winner of the stage was still given, and Alexander Vinokourov profited from this as he won the stage after an escape in the last kilometre (the first time since 1994 that the final stage did not end in a sprint[16]), and passed Levi Leipheimer in the general classification to end fifth.[20]
During the final ceremonies in Paris, Armstrong was allowed to talk to the crowds, the first time in the Tour's history that a winner was given this chance.[21] It has since become a regular occurrence.
Doping
editDuring the race, 143 urine tests and 21 blood tests were conducted. None of them returned positive.[22] Still, there were fears that banned substances were being used; the boss of the Amore & Vita–Beretta team (not racing in the 2005 Tour) questioned the increase in velocities.[23]
In 2010, Hans Michael Holczer, the team boss of Gerolsteiner in 2005, said that the UCI had informed him that Leipheimer had shown blood values just under the doping limit, and that Holczer suspected that Leipheimer was doping. The UCI advised Gerolsteiner to find a reason to remove Leipheimer from the race, but Holczer refused, because his team was still facing bad publicity from a previous doping case.[24]
The top five of the general classification of 2005 would not compete the 2006 edition. Armstrong had retired after the 2005 Tour, and a few days before the 2006 edition, after it became public that (among others) Basso, Ullrich and Mancebo were under investigation in the Operacion Puerto doping case, the Tour organisation and team leaders decided to exclude all cyclists under investigation from joining the Tour. Vinokourov, fifth-placed in 2005, was not under investigation, but his team was reduced to five cyclists, below the minimal required amount of six, so he could also not compete.[25]
In February 2012, the Court of Arbitration for Sport found Ullrich guilty of being engaged in Fuentes' doping program, and decided that Ullrich's results since May 2005, including his results from the 2005 Tour de France, would be disqualified.[4]
Subsequent to Armstrong's statement to withdraw his fight against United States Anti-Doping Agency's (USADA) charges, on 24 August 2012, the USADA said it would ban Armstrong for life and stripped him of his record seven Tour de France titles.[26][27] Later that day it was confirmed in a USADA statement that Armstrong was banned for life and would be disqualified from any and all competitive results obtained on and subsequent to 1 August 1998, including forfeiture of any medals, titles, winnings, finishes, points and prizes.[1] On 22 October 2012, the Union Cycliste Internationale endorsed the USADA sanctions, and decided not to award victories to any other rider or upgrade other placings in any of the affected events.[2]
Michael Rasmussen, winner of the mountains classification, revealed in 2013 that in a doping test his value of immature red blood cells was below the minimum threshold, but that the UCI allowed him to continue in the race because they did not want an incident.[28]
Classification leadership and minor prizes
editThere were four main individual classifications contested in the 2005 Tour de France, as well as a team competition. The most important was the general classification, which was calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage,[29] with time bonuses given at the end of each mass start stage.[30] If a crash had happened within the final 3 km (1.9 mi) of a stage, not including time trials and summit finishes, the riders involved would have received the same time as the group they were in when the crash occurred.[31] The rider with the lowest cumulative time was the winner of the general classification and was considered the overall winner of the Tour.[29] The rider leading the classification wore a yellow jersey.[32]
The second classification was the points classification. Riders received points for finishing in the highest positions in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints during the stage. The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage's type.[29] The leader was identified by a green jersey.[32]
The third classification was the mountains classification. Most stages of the race included one or more categorised climbs, in which points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit first. The climbs were categorised as fourth-, third-, second- or first-category, or hors catégorie for the most difficult climbs.[33] The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[32]
The final individual classification was the young rider classification. This was calculated the same way as the general classification, but the classification was restricted to riders who were born on or after 1 January 1980.[33] The leader wore a white jersey.[32]
The final classification was a team classification. This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie.[33]
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass start stage to the rider considered, by a jury, to have "made the greatest effort and who has demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship".[30] The winner wore a red number bib the following stage.[32] At the conclusion of the Tour, Óscar Pereiro (Phonak) was given the overall super-combativity award.[34] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 11. This prize was won by Alexander Vinokourov.[35]
- In stage 1, Lance Armstrong wore the green jersey.
Final standings
edit| Legend | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Denotes the leader of the points classification[32] | Denotes the leader of the mountains classification[32] | ||
| Denotes the leader of the young rider classification[32] | Denotes the winner of the super-combativity award[32] | ||
General classification
edit| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| DSQ | |||
| 2 | Team CSC | + 4' 40" | |
| DSQ | |||
| 4 | Illes Balears–Caisse d'Epargne | + 9' 59" | |
| 5 | T-Mobile Team | + 11' 01" | |
| DSQ | |||
| 7 | Rabobank | + 11' 33" | |
| 8 | Davitamon–Lotto | + 11' 55" | |
| 9 | Phonak | + 12' 44" | |
| 10 | Phonak | + 16' 04" |
Points classification
edit| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crédit Agricole | 194 | |
| 2 | Cofidis | 182 | |
| 3 | Davitamon–Lotto | 178 | |
| 4 | T-Mobile Team | 158 | |
| 5 | Liberty Seguros–Würth | 130 | |
| 6 | Phonak | 118 | |
| 7 | Gerolsteiner | 101 | |
| DSQ | |||
| 9 | Française des Jeux | 91 | |
| 10 | Française des Jeux | 88 |
Mountains classification
edit| Rank | Rider | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rabobank | 185 | |
| 2 | Phonak | 155 | |
| DSQ | |||
| 4 | Crédit Agricole | 93 | |
| 5 | Rabobank | 90 | |
| 6 | Phonak | 88 | |
| 7 | T-Mobile Team | 75 | |
| 8 | Bouygues Télécom | 75 | |
| DSQ | |||
| 10 | Crédit Agricole | 73 |
Young rider classification
edit| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Discovery Channel | 86h 34' 04" | |
| 2 | Crédit Agricole | + 9' 02" | |
| 3 | Liberty Seguros–Würth | + 44' 23" | |
| 4 | Domina Vacanze | + 59' 42" | |
| 5 | Bouygues Télécom | + 1h 12' 36" | |
| 6 | Illes Balears–Caisse d'Epargne | + 1h 24' 43" | |
| 7 | Illes Balears–Caisse d'Epargne | + 1h 35' 10" | |
| 8 | Quick-Step–Innergetic | + 1h 48' 46" | |
| 9 | Française des Jeux | + 1h 48' 46" | |
| 10 | Française des Jeux | + 2h 04' 58" |
Team classification
edit| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | T-Mobile Team | 256h 10' 29" |
| 2 | Discovery Channel | + 14' 57" |
| 3 | Team CSC | + 25' 15" |
| 4 | Illes Balears–Caisse d'Epargne | + 55' 24" |
| 5 | Crédit Agricole | + 1h 06' 09" |
| 6 | Phonak | + 1h 09' 20" |
| 7 | Liberty Seguros–Würth | + 1h 47' 56" |
| 8 | Rabobank | + 2h 26' 30" |
| 9 | Fassa Bortolo | + 2h 48' 58" |
| 10 | AG2R Prévoyance | + 2h 52' 04" |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i On 24 August 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced that they had disqualified Armstrong from all his results since 1998, including his victory in the 2005 Tour de France.[1] The Union Cycliste Internationale, responsible for the international cycling, confirmed this verdict on 22 October 2012.[2]
- ^ a b Although Ullrich's name still appears on the website page of the 2005 Tour, he has been officially stripped of his finish by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[3][4]
- ^ It is a tradition that a cyclist who becomes the new leader because the previous leader was injured, does not wear the yellow jersey. Merckx did so in 1971 after Ocaña fell, Zoetemelk did so in 1980 after Hinault left, and LeMond did so in 1991 after Sørensen crashed.
References
edit- ^ a b "Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban And Disqualification Of Competitive Results For Doping Violations Stemming From His Involvement In The United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy". United States Anti-Doping Agency. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Lance Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI". BBC News. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ^ "The Tour: Year 2005". Le Tour de France. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
- ^ a b c "Jan Ullrich given two year ban from CAS". Cyclingnews.com. Future Publishing limited. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005: welcome on the official website". Archived from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d e McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour de France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 305–316. ISBN 978-1-59858-608-4.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Riders list". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 27 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Teams". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 30 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Tour bosses announce 2005 route". BBC. 28 October 2004. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ a b Jean-Marie Leblanc (2005). "Edito". Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ a b "The route". Amaury Sport Organisation. 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "92nd Tour de France – Mountain Stages". Cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ a b Augendre 2016, p. 96.
- ^ "The Stakes". Amaury Sport Organisation. 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – List of stages". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 6 August 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f "92ème Tour de France 2005" [92nd Tour de France 2005]. Mémoire du cyclisme (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 2005 – The stage winners". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Augendre 2016, p. 110.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 Newsflashes". letour.fr. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
- ^ Tan, Anthony (24 July 2005). "Suddenly seven". Cyclingnews.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ Thompson 2008, p. 264.
- ^ Thompson 2008, p. 262.
- ^ "Doping fears haunt Tour de France". Royal Society of Chemistry. 22 July 2005. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ Callahan, Ron (4 August 1010). "Gerolsteiner's Holczer implicates Leipheimer & UCI in doping scandal". Bike World News. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ "Four of top five '05 finishers won't start Tour this year". ESPN. 1 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong will be banned from cycling by USADA after saying he won't fight doping charges". The Washington Post. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "USADA to ban Armstrong for life, strip Tour titles". CBS News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "Rasmussen makes doping claims against Hesjedal, Sorensen, Høj and others". VeloNation Press. 30 October 2013.
- ^ a b c Race regulations 2005, p. 16.
- ^ a b Race regulations 2005, p. 18.
- ^ Race regulations 2005, pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Race regulations 2005, pp. 5–6.
- ^ a b c Race regulations 2005, p. 17.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Overall combativity standing". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Vino's back! and Botero better". Cyclingnews.com. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Leaders overview". ProCyclingStats. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 2005" [Information about the Tour de France from 2005]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Tour de France 2005 – Overall standing by time (definitive)". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 31 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Overall points standing". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 27 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Overall climber standing". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 28 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Overall youth standing". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 27 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Tour de France 2005 – Overall team standing". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 28 July 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
Bibliography
edit- Augendre, Jacques (2016). "Guide historique" [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- "Race regulations" (PDF). Tour de France. Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- Thompson, Christopher S. (2008). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25630-9.
Further reading
edit- Bacon, Ellis (2014). Mapping Le Tour. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 226–227. ISBN 9780007543991. OCLC 872700415.
- Roll, Bob; Koeppel, Dan (2005). The Tour de France Companion 2005. New York City: Workman Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7611-3798-6.
- Wilcockson, John; Hood, Andrew (2005). The 2005 Tour de France: Armstrong's Farewell. Boulder, Colorado: VeloPress. ISBN 978-1-931382-68-7.
External links
edit- Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 August 2005)
- 2005 Tour de France at Cyclingnews.com