Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Sherif, also known as Ahmed Bey or Hadj Ahmed Bey (Arabic: الحاج أحمد باي) (c. 1784 – c. 1850) was the last bey of Constantine in the Regency of Algiers, ruling from 1826 to 1848.[1] He was the successor of Mohamed Menamenni Bey ben Khan. As head of state, he led the local population in a fierce resistance to the French occupation forces.[2][better source needed] With the position vacant, in 1833 he adopted the title of leader of Algeria, and dey in exile, although this was not recognized by any other country. In 1837 Constantine was taken by the French after an intense siege. He retreated into the Aurès Mountains from where he continued to wage a low-intensity conflict with tribes still loyal to him, until he capitulated in 1848.[3]
Ahmed ben Mohamed Chérif | |
|---|---|
الحاج أحمد باي بن محمد شريف | |
| Bey of Constantine | |
| Appointed by | Hussein Dey |
| Monarch | Hussein Dey |
| First Minister | Ali ben Aissa |
| Preceded by | Mohamed Bey ben Khan |
| Succeeded by | Title abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ahmed ben Mohamed Chérif around 1784 Constantine, Deylik of Algiers, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | c. 1850 Algiers, French Algeria |
| Nationality | Algerian |
| Children | Mohammed Chérif (died 1832) 2 daughters |
| Parent | Mohamed ben Ahmed Chérif (father) El Hadja Rékia (Mother) |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | French conquest of Algeria |
Early life and career
editAhmed Bey was born to a Kouloughli father called Mohamed ben Ahmed Chérif, and an Algerian mother named El Hadja Rékia. He was the grandson of Ahmed Bey el Kolli.[4] When he was barely eighteen years old, the bey Abd Allah gave him the title of caïd of the El Aouassi (chief of Harakta tribes). Following the earthquake in the Blida region the dey controlled, he appointed him to Hunah el Kadous near Algiers, and gave him the enjoyment of haouch Ouled Baba. Ahmed Bey engaged in many pastimes, such as hunting and horse riding. From time to time he took part in expeditions to protect beylikal troops, engaged against hostile Kabyle tribes such as the Beni Menad and the Beni Djenad. During his pilgrimage to Mecca, which lasted fifteen months, he met several famous people in Egypt, including Muhammad Ali Pasha, his son Ibrahim Pasha and Tusun Pasha. He was an avid reformer and wanted to see a modernized and prestigious Algeria loyal to the Ottoman Empire, although autonomous, much like Muhammad Ali's Egypt.[3]
Bey of Constantine and French invasion
editAppointed Bey of Constantine in 1826, he began modernizing the region based of Muhammad Ali's reforms. He first and foremost sought to reform Constantine's politics and military. He established Algeria's first modern manufacturing facilities with all the needed machinery and invited foreign specialists. He established modern military divisions of all few thousand men recruited from Kabyle and Arab tribes. He reformed the political organization of the province, and constructed a new palace for the administration of the province.[5] In 1830 the French invaded Algiers, and took the city. In the capitulation of 1830 the deylik of Algiers was dissolved, and the French sent out letters demanding capitulation to the three governors of the three provinces of Algiers. Only the governor of the Beylik of the West capitulated, with Ahmed Bey and Mustapha Boumezrag Bey of Titteri continuing the resistance, not recognizing the treaty, and declaring jihad to restore the deylik and liberate the French-occupied territories.[5] He came into conflict with Mustapha, who declared himself the new Dey-Pasha of Algiers in exile,[6] Mustapha was forced to capitulate after a French campaign captured his capital in November 1830. Boumezrag was the only leftover of the old deylik, and became a rival of the rising Emir Abdelkader over ideological disagreements; while Abdelkader wanted to install an independent modern Islamic state in Algeria, Ahmed Bey wanted to restore the old Ottoman deylik. In 1832 the French took Annaba.[7] He declared himself the Dey-Pasha of Algiers in 1833 after what he called "popular request" from the population of Algiers.[3]
He continued to organize the defence of Constantine, Algeria, and lead several battles against the French army. He won a massive victory in 1836 against maréchal Clauzel. When Constantine was besieged by the French in 1837, Ahmed Bey managed to escape and to organize resistance in the Aurès Mountains. In 1842, he rallied the tribe of Ouled Nasser, hoping to provide support with the Kabyles, and approached the camp of Ain Roumel. On 25 August 1842, French general Jean-René Sillègue entered the land of the Amouchas, namely a village north of Sétif, and met a gathering of two to three thousand Kabyles who failed to stop him. On September 10, the general defeated the cavalry of Hadj Ahmed Bey at the foot of Djbel Bou Taleb, and managed to destroy his influence on the tribes of the Tell.
Death
editAhmed died on August 30, 1850, 65 years old. According to his wishes, he is buried in Algiers in the Thaalibia Cemetery near the mosque of Sidi Abder Rahman of Algiers in the Casbah of Algiers. His marble mausoleum is surmounted by a turban.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period [1] Jamil M. Abun-Nasr
- ^ Henache, Delila. "Algerian director Ali Aissaoui awarded 'Golden screen 2008' for 'Hello Constantine'" Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Echorouk Online. November 18, 2008. Accessed December 22, 2008
- ^ a b c Biro, Yaelle; Etienne, Noemie (2021-12-20). Rhapsodic Objects: Art, Agency, and Materiality (1700–2000). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-075766-8.
- ^ Guyon, Jean-Louis (1852). Voyage d'Alger aux Ziban, l'ancienne Zebe, en 1847: avec atlas où figurent les principales oasis de cette contrée [...] (in French). Imprimerie du Gouvernement.
- ^ a b Nabli, Mustapha K.; Nugent, Jeffrey B. (1989). The New Institutional Economics and Development: Theory and Applications to Tunisia. North-Holland. ISBN 978-0-444-87487-0.
- ^ Revue de Paris, Revue de Paris: journal critique, politique et littéraire, Paris, 1843, chap. 24, p. 16-17
- ^ Achille Fillias, History of the conquest and colonization of Algeria, 1830-1860 , University of Oxford, 1860
Bibliography
edit- Tocqueville, Alexis de (2006), "Second Letter on Algeria (August 22, 1837)", in Bronner, Stephen Eric; Thompson, Michael (eds.), The Logos Reader: Rational Radicalism and the Future of Politics, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813191483.